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1Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wl 53204, USA
2Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
3Department of Civil Engineering, NorthWestern University, Evanston, IL 60645, USA
4Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge Laboratories, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA
5Marine Biotechnology Institute, Shimizu Laboratory, Shimizu, Japan
6DSMZ - Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
Author for correspondence: Kasthuri Venkateswaran. Tel: + 1 818 393 1481. Fax: + 1 818 393 4176. e-mail: kjvenkat{at}caltech.edu
ABSTRACT
The genus Shewanella has been studied since 1931 with regard to a variety of topics of relevance to both applied and environmental microbiology. Recent years have seen the introduction of a large number of new Shewanella-like isolates, necessitating a coordinated review of the genus. In this work, the phylogenetic relationships among known shewanellae were examined using a battery of morphological, physiological, molecular and chemotaxonomic characterizations. This polyphasic taxonomy takes into account all available phenotypic and genotypic data and integrates them into a consensus classification. Based on information generated from this study and obtained from the literature, a scheme for the identification of Shewanella species has been compiled. Key phenotypic characteristics were sulfur reduction and halophilicity. Fatty acid and quinone profiling were used to impart an additional layer of information. Molecular characterizations employing small-subunit 16S rDNA sequences were at the limits of resolution for the differentiation of species in some cases. As a result, DNA-DNA hybridization and sequence analyses of a more rapidly evolving molecule (gyrB gene) were performed. Species-specific PCR probes were designed for the gyrB gene and used for the rapid screening of closely related strains. With this polyphasic approach, in addition to the ten described Shewanella species, two new species, Shewanella oneidensis and Shewanella pealeana, were recognized; Shewanella oneidensis sp. nov. is described here for the first time.
Key Words: Shewanella shewanella oneidensis sp. nov. MR-1 polyphasic taxonomy 16S rDNA gyrase B
The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are given in Table 1.
Present address: Geology of Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 170-25,1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA91125, USA.
Present address: Dyntel Corp., Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA.
Present address: Environmental Engineering Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 138-78, 1201 E. California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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C. E. Turick, L. S. Tisa, and F. Caccavo Jr. Melanin Production and Use as a Soluble Electron Shuttle for Fe(III) Oxide Reduction and as a Terminal Electron Acceptor by Shewanella algae BrY Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2002; 68(5): 2436 - 2444. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. B. H. Shyu, D. P. Lies, and D. K. Newman Protective Role of tolC in Efflux of the Electron Shuttle Anthraquinone-2,6-Disulfonate J. Bacteriol., March 15, 2002; 184(6): 1806 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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F. Drouin, J. Melancon, and P. H. Roy The IntI-Like Tyrosine Recombinase of Shewanella oneidensis Is Active as an Integron Integrase J. Bacteriol., March 15, 2002; 184(6): 1811 - 1815. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Gon, J.-C. Patte, J.-P. Dos Santos, and V. Mejean Reconstitution of the Trimethylamine Oxide Reductase Regulatory Elements of Shewanella oneidensis in Escherichia coli J. Bacteriol., March 1, 2002; 184(5): 1262 - 1269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Bano and J. T. Hollibaugh Phylogenetic Composition of Bacterioplankton Assemblages from the Arctic Ocean Appl. Envir. Microbiol., February 1, 2002; 68(2): 505 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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T. J. DiChristina, C. M. Moore, and C. A. Haller Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) Reduction by Shewanella putrefaciens Requires ferE, a Homolog of the pulE (gspE) Type II Protein Secretion Gene J. Bacteriol., January 1, 2002; 184(1): 142 - 151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. E. Murray, D. Lies, G. Li, K. Nealson, J. Zhou, and J. M. Tiedje DNA/DNA hybridization to microarrays reveals gene-specific differences between closely related microbial genomes PNAS, August 1, 2001; (2001) 171178898. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. I. Tsapin, I. Vandenberghe, K. H. Nealson, J. H. Scott, T. E. Meyer, M. A. Cusanovich, E. Harada, T. Kaizu, H. Akutsu, D. Leys, et al. Identification of a Small Tetraheme Cytochrome c and a Flavocytochrome c as Two of the Principal Soluble Cytochromes c in Shewanella oneidensis Strain MR1 Appl. Envir. Microbiol., July 1, 2001; 67(7): 3236 - 3244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. K. Lower, M. F. Hochella Jr., and T. J. Beveridge Bacterial Recognition of Mineral Surfaces: Nanoscale Interactions Between Shewanella and alpha -FeOOH Science, May 18, 2001; 292(5520): 1360 - 1363. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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K. Ozawa, A. I. Tsapin, K. H. Nealson, M. A. Cusanovich, and H. Akutsu Expression of a Tetraheme Protein, Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F Cytochrome c3, in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Appl. Envir. Microbiol., September 1, 2000; 66(9): 4168 - 4171. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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J. K. Fredrickson, H. M. Kostandarithes, S. W. Li, A. E. Plymale, and M. J. Daly Reduction of Fe(III), Cr(VI), U(VI), and Tc(VII) by Deinococcus radiodurans R1 Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 1, 2000; 66(5): 2006 - 2011. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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A. E. Murray, D. Lies, G. Li, K. Nealson, J. Zhou, and J. M. Tiedje DNA/DNA hybridization to microarrays reveals gene-specific differences between closely related microbial genomes PNAS, August 14, 2001; 98(17): 9853 - 9858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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