| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Taxonomic Note |
1 Mycoplasma Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency (Weybridge), Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
2 Department of Life Sciences, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
3 Bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen Verbraucherschutz und Veterinärmedizin, Jena, Germany
4 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
5 Department of Microbiology, King's College London, Dental Institute, Floor 28 Guy's Tower, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
Correspondence
Donovan P. Kelly
D.P.Kelly{at}warwick.ac.uk
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
|---|
Deceased 
Supplementary tables giving comparative 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequence similarities between strains 2-D and other strains of the Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium are available with the online version of this paper.
|
MAIN TEXT |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
|---|
; Gasparich et al., 2004; Heldtander et al., 1998; Pettersson et al., 1996; Stakenborg et al., 2005; Tasker et al., 2003; Weisburg et al., 1989; Woubit et al., 2004). The nomenclature of the mycoplasmas isolated from ruminants is, however, still under debate (Nicholas et al., 2002). In 1972, a number of vaginal and preputial mycoplasma isolates from an Australian sheep flock presenting symptoms of clinical pneumonia were characterized and classified as biotype 2-D based on their distinct colony morphology and biochemical characteristics (Carmichael et al., 1972). Two years later, a similar mycoplasma was isolated from an outbreak of vulvovaginitis in Australian ewes and was shown to share biochemical, but not serological properties, with Mycoplasma agalactiae (Cottew et al., 1974); the authors also reported some serological reactions with members of the Mycoplasma mycoides cluster. In 1978, biotype 2-D was classified as the reference strain of the Mycoplasma ovine/caprine serogroup 11 (Erno et al., 1978) based on an earlier classification system devised by Al-Aubaidi et al. (1972). No cross-reactions were seen between biotype 2-D and representative strains of the M. mycoides cluster and other species from small ruminants using a range of serological tests. Livingston & Gauer (1983) reported the isolation of mycoplasmas identical to the 2-D biotype from apparently healthy sheep flocks in the USA. Since this time, there have been further isolations of this mycoplasma from goats with mastitis in India (Prasad et al., 1984), from goats with vulvovaginitis in Nigeria (Chima et al., 1986), from ruminants with unspecified clinical conditions in mainland Europe (Poumarat et al., 1992) and from infertile sheep in the UK (Nicholas et al., 1999). The pathogenic potential of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 was shown by Rana et al., (1993) who reproduced vulvovaginitis experimentally in goats.
In an examination of European mycoplasmas, Poumarat et al. (1992) identified 13 ruminant isolates that reacted strongly with both Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and M. bovigenitalium antisera, suggesting a close relationship between the two species for the first time. M. bovigenitalium, first classified by Freundt (1955), is biochemically very similar to Mycoplasma serogroup 11 as neither ferments glucose, hydrolyses arginine nor possesses phosphatase activity; however, both digest inspissated serum, reduce tetrazolium and produce film and spots. These biochemical characteristics are also shared by two other ruminant mycoplasmas, M. agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis. Interestingly, Poumarat et al. (1992) also demonstrated some serological relationships that were shared between these isolates and members of the M. mycoides cluster.
Subsequently, further similarities between Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and M. bovigenitalium were described, leading to the suggestion that these might in fact be strains of the same species (Nicholas et al., 2002). It can be argued that the reason for the failure to recognize strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 as M. bovigenitalium until quite recently was the erroneous belief in the strict host specificity of mycoplasmas (Edward & Freundt, 1956). As improved media formulations and sensitive molecular biological tools have become available, however, the dogma of host specificity has been successfully challenged with mycoplasmas such as Mycoplasma canis (first isolated from dogs) and Mycoplasma felis (from cats) being found frequently in calves and horses, respectively (Pitcher & Nicholas, 2005).
An important aspect of being able to clarify the taxonomic relationships of these mycoplasmas relates to their disease-causing effects in ruminants. Mycoplasma serogroup 11 induces vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, epididymitis and oophoritis (Ruffin, 2001), is pathogenic to the udder of lactating sheep and produces marked biochemical alterations in the milk (Kumar et al., 1993; Rana et al., 1993). M. bovigenitalium is commonly isolated from the reproductive tracts of cattle and buffaloes and some strains are implicated in mastitis, arthritis, balanoposthitis and genital discards (Afshar et al., 1966; Jackson & Boughton, 1991; Razin & Freundt, 1984; Thiede et al., 2002). Variations in virulence in bovine udder infections exist for different strains of M. bovigenitalium (Mackie & Ball, 1984): a ‘mastitis strain’, isolated from an abnormal dry udder secretion, was highly pathogenic, and a ‘vaginal strain’, isolated from the vaginal mucus of a cow after abortion, produced a low level infection. The type strain of M. bovigenitalium is, however, non-pathogenic (Jurmanová et al., 1978).
In view of these arguments, the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes) recommended that we ‘write a proposal to classify Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and ovine/caprine serogroup 11 as a single species’ (Bradbury, 2007). Now that more strains have become available, we have been able to make physiological and phylogenetic comparisons with up to 13 strains of M. bovigenitalium and 14 strains of the Mycoplasma serogroup 11.
We have carried out growth studies and examined the whole-cell protein patterns and immunological profiles of 11 strains of M. bovigenitalium and seven strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11. We have also reassessed the comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of six strains of M. bovigenitalium and 11 strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11, as well as evaluating the available data on DNA–DNA hybridization among representative strains. The M. bovigenitalium strains used in the new studies were the type strain, NCTC 10122T (=ATCC 19852T=PG11T), and isolates from cattle in the UK with reproductive disease (102B00, 159B01), Germany (398/87, 434/81) and France (2378, 2379, 4031, 4032, 4337, 4339). The strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 used were the reference strain 2-D (Australia) and six UK isolates (52SR98, 47SR99, 52SR99, 95SR99, 96SR99, 126SR99). For comparison, we have included M. agalactiae NCTC 10123T, Mycoplasma alkalescens NCTC 10135T, Mycoplasma arginini NCTC 10129T, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae NCTC 10151T and M. bovis NCTC 10131T.
Mycoplasma strains were grown in static culture in a modified Eaton's PPLO broth (Lin et al., 2006) supplemented with glucose (0.5 % w/v), arginine or organic acids (0.2 % w/v) as the energy substrate. Neither arginine nor glucose stimulated growth of the M. bovigenitalium or Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains, but pyruvate, 
-ketobutyrate and lactate supported the growth of several strains (Table 1). Notably, the patterns of organic acid use showed a complete overlap of the M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains and did not allow distinction between the species on physiological grounds. Interestingly, while strains 52SR98, 52SR99 (Mycoplasma serogroup 11) and M. bovigenitalium strain 434/81 oxidized both -ketobutyrate and lactate (Nicholas et al., 2002), they could not grow on either compound. Similarly, lactate was oxidized by Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains 2-D and 47SR99 and by M. bovigenitalium strains PG11T and 398/87, but lactate did not support the growth of these strains. All the strains tested also showed lipase and phosphatase activities during growth (data not shown), as previously reported for M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 (Poumarat et al., 1992; Razin & Freundt, 1984).
|
. Whole-cell suspensions were used as the antigen preparations for immunoblotting and immunoassay. For comparison with M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11, strains of M. bovis and M. agalactiae were grown with 0.2 % (w/v) pyruvate, strains of M. arginini and M. alkalescens were grown with 0.2 % (w/v) arginine and the M. ovipneumoniae strain was grown with 0.5 % (w/v) glucose.
SDS-PAGE protein profiles were essentially identical for the seven Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains and for ten of the M. bovigenitalium strains. The principal protein bands in all cases were of Mr 30, 40, 45, 50, 75, 86 and 94 kDa. The anomalous M. bovigenitalium strain was 102B00, which showed a different profile with few of its bands common to the other 17 strains. Comparative protein profiles with five other species showed that the M. bovigenitalium type strain and the Mycoplasma serogroup 11 reference strain were very similar to each other, but differed from the other five species (Fig. 1).
|
The cross-reactivity of the whole-cell proteins of 23 strains of M. bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and five other mycoplasma species (listed below) against rabbit hyperimmune serum raised against M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 was also assessed using ELISA. ELISA wells (at 37 °C) were coated with 100 µl mycoplasma antigen (7.5 µg protein; 30 min), washed twice with PBS, blocked with 200 µl skimmed milk (1 h), washed three times with PBST and then reacted with 100 µl rabbit serum (1 : 5000 dilution in PBS) prepared against M. bovigenitalium NCTC 10122T or Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 52SR98. After 30 min, followed by three PBST washings, wells were incubated (1 h) with 100 µl peroxidase-labelled sheep anti-rabbit IgG (1 : 1000 in PBS), washed four times with PBST and treated with 100 µl ABTS peroxidase substrate solution [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] for 10 min. Absorbance was read at 405 nm (A405) and cross-reactivity (%) expressed relative to the A405 of whole-cell proteins from the reference strains, M. bovigenitalium NCTC 10122T and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 52SR98.
Five of the Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains (including reference strain 2-D) showed 100 % cross-reactivity with serum against Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 52SR98 and strains 95SR99 and 96SR99 showed 86–87 % cross-reactivity. Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strains 2-D and 52SR98 showed 81 % cross-reaction to serum against M. bovigenitalium strain PG11T (NCTC 10122T). M. bovigenitalium PG11T also showed 69 % cross-reaction with serum against Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 52SR98. M. bovigenitalium strains 159B01, 398/87, 2378 and 2379 gave 93–100 % cross-reactivity against M. bovigenitalium PG11T serum, but strains 438/81, 4031, 4032, 4337 and 4339 gave only 65–82 %, and strain 102B00 showed only 34 % cross-reactivity. M. alkalescens, M. arginini, M. bovis and M. ovipneumoniae showed 29–38 % cross-reactivity with the two sera tested and M. agalactiae showed 42 % and 51 % cross-reaction, respectively, with serum against M. bovigenitalium NCTC 10122T and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 52SR98.
It is clear from the protein profiles and immunological reactions that most strains of M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 are similar to each other and differ significantly from the other species tested. By the ELISA cross-reaction tests, it is clearly impossible to distinguish between members of the two groups. These data extend the earlier observation that an indirect immunofluorescence test (Gourlay & Howard, 1983) of five strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and two M. bovigenitalium strains with diagnostic hyperimmune sera to both type strains showed the seven strains to be indistinguishable (Nicholas et al., 2002). Growth of the seven strains on agar plates was inhibited to similar degrees by antisera to both Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 2-D and M. bovigenitalium strain PG11T, with the type strains showing virtually the same sensitivity to each antiserum. In contrast, no immunofluorescence reaction or inhibition was seen with antisera raised against M. bovis, M. agalactiae or M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (Nicholas et al., 2002).
It has been shown previously by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis that the type strain of M. bovigenitalium and the reference strain for Mycoplasma serogroup 11 were essentially indistinguishable, but were quite distinct from eight other Mycoplasma species (Nicholas et al., 2002). Furthermore, Sachse et al. (2002) identified a 473 nucleotide region of the 23S rRNA gene which contained both highly conserved segments and sequences that were highly variable among Mycoplasma species. This meant that nearly all mycoplasmas could be distinguished with higher resolution at the species level than could be achieved using by 16S rRNA gene sequences alone. We have enlarged this inter-group comparison for 16 strains of M. bovigenitalium and Mycoplasma serogroup 11 (see Supplementary Table S1 in IJSEM Online) to show that the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of strain 2-D of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 shared 99.3–99.8 % and 98.2–99.5 % gene sequence similarity with 9 other strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and six strains of M. bovigenitalium. Sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of six other mycoplasmas each showed similarity to those of both Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and M. bovigenitalium (see Supplementary Table S2 in IJSEM Online), but at lower similarity levels (86.6–97.4 % gene sequence similarity). The only major anomaly was found with the unusual properties of M. bovigenitalium strain 102B00 that was isolated from a vaginal swab from a cow which had aborted. This strain had been identified by PCR using specific primers and by growth inhibition tests using rabbit sera to the M. bovigenitalium type strain; the variability seen in its protein and immunoblotting profile is not uncommon amongst Mycoplasma species such as M ovipneumoniae, which show remarkable heterogeneity despite being easily speciated by molecular and immunological methods (Parham et al., 2006)
We also showed that DNA–DNA hybridization between Mycoplasma serogroup 11 and M. bovigenitalium did not enable distinction between them (Nicholas et al., 2002). Strains 2-D and PG11T showed 90–94 % cross-hybridization with each other. M. bovigenitalium strains 57B00 and 438/81 showed 96–98 % hybridization with DNA from Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 2-D, but only 87–94 % with M. bovigenitalium PG11T. Similarly, Mycoplasma serogroup 11 strain 3SR99 showed 97–98 % hybridization with DNA from either reference strain, and strain 52SR98 of serogroup 11 showed greater hybridization with M. bovigenitalium DNA (87 %) than with that from strain 2-D (76 %). DNA–DNA hybridization of three strains of M. bovigenitalium and five strains of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 with DNA from both reference strains (PG11T and 2-D) showed 93±4 % hybridization, with no significant difference between the strain groups.
Using a range of criteria (growth substrate spectrum, physiological properties, protein profiles, immunological cross-reactions, 16S and 23S rRNA gene sequence similarity and DNA–DNA hybridization), it is impossible to distinguish between M. bovigenitalium and the strains currently assigned to Mycoplasma serogroup 11. We therefore propose that all these strains be reclassified as strains of M. bovigenitalium. The species description for M. bovigenitalium may need emendation as the original description was based on a very small number of strains and current proposals suggest descriptions of species should be based on at least five strains (Johansson & Bradbury, 2007). Any such emendation should be considered only after the publication of the volume of Bergey's Manual which will include the class Mollicutes.
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
|---|
Al-Aubaidi, J. M., Dardiri, A. H. & Fabricant, J. (1972). Biochemical characterization and antigenic relationship of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides Freundt and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Edward) Freundt. Int J Syst Bacteriol 22, 155–164.
Bradbury, J. M. (2007). International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings, 11 and 16 July 2004, Athens, GA, USA. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 187–191.
Brown, D. R., McLaughlin, G. S. & Brown, M. B. (1995). Taxonomy of the feline mycoplasmas Mycoplasma felifaucium, Mycoplasma feliminutum, Mycoplasma felis, Mycoplasma gatae, Mycoplasma leocaptivus, Mycoplasma leopharyngis, and Mycoplasma simbae by 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 560–564.
Carmichael, L. E., St George, T. D., Sullivan, N. D. & Horsfall, N. (1972). Isolation, propagation and characterization studies of an ovine mycoplasma responsible for proliferative interstitial pneumonia. Cornell Vet 62, 654–679.[Medline]
Chima, J. C., Erno, H. & Ojo, M. O. (1986). Characterisation and identification of caprine genital mycoplasmas. Acta Vet Scand 27, 531–539.[Medline]
Cottew, G. S., Lloyd, L. C., Pasonan, I. M. & Hoare, D. E. (1974). Isolation of a mycoplasma from vulvovaginitis in sheep. Aust Vet J 50, 576[Medline]
Edward, D. G. & Freundt, E. A. (1956). The classification and nomenclature of organisms of the pleuropneumonia group. J Gen Microbiol 14, 197–207.
Erno, H., Al-Aubaidi, J. M., Ojo, M. O., Minga, U. M. & Sikdar, A. (1978). Classification and identification of ovine and caprine mycoplasmas. Acta Vet Scand 19, 392–406.[Medline]
Freundt, E. A. (1955). The classification of the pleuropneumonia-like group of organisms (Borrelomycetales). Int Bull Bacteriol Nomencl Taxon 5, 67–78.
Gasparich, G. E., Whitcomb, R. F., Dodge, D., French, F. E., Glass, J. & Williamson, D. L. (2004). The genus Spiroplasma and its non-helical descendants: phylogenetic classification, correlation with phenotype and roots of the Mycoplasma mycoides clade. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 893–918.
Gourlay, R. N. & Howard, C. J. (1983). Recovery and identification of bovine mycoplasmas. In Methods in Mycoplasmology, vol. 2, pp. 86. Edited by J. G. Tully & S. Razin. London: Academic Press.
Heldtander, M., Pettersson, B., Tully, J. G. & Johansson, K.-E. (1998). Sequences of the 16S rRNA genes and phylogeny of the goat mycoplasmas Mycoplasma adleri, Mycoplasma auris, Mycoplasma cottewii and Mycoplasma yeatsi. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 263–268.
Jackson, G. & Boughton, E. (1991). A mild outbreak of bovine mastitis associated with Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Vet Rec 129, 444–446.[Abstract]
Johansson, R.-E. & Bradbury, J. M. (2007). Minute 15. International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. Subcommittee on the taxonomy of Mollicutes. Minutes of the meetings, 7 and 12 July 2002, Vienna, Austria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 184
Jurmanová, K., Hájková, M., Cerná, J. & Jiránek, E. (1978). The course of mastitides in cows infected into the mammary gland with strains of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium and M. bovis. Vet Med (Praha) 23, 587–596.[Medline]
Kumar, D., Gupta, P. P., Rana, J. S. & Banga, H. S. (1993). Pathology of Mycoplasma serogroup 11 induced mastitis in sheep. Aust Vet J 70, 70–71.[Medline]
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227, 680–685.[CrossRef][Medline]
Lin, Y.-C., Miles, R. J., Nicholas, R. A. J. & Wood, A. P. (2006). A rapid chromogenic microtitre assay of arginine aminopeptidase activity in Mycoplasma strains. Syst Appl Microbiol 29, 589–592.[CrossRef][Medline]
Livingston, C. W. & Gauer, B. B. (1983). Occurrence of Mycoplasma sp. (2D) in Texas sheep flocks. Am J Vet Res 44, 868–869.[Medline]
Mackie, D. P. & Ball, H. J. (1984). Pathogenic variation of three strains of Mycoplasma bovigenitalium for the bovine mammary gland. Vet Rec 114, 456–457.[Medline]
Nicholas, R. A. J., Wessels, M., Orme, P. K., Wood, E. & Sachse, K. (1999). Isolation of Mycoplasma ovine/caprine serogroup 11 from infertile sheep in Britain. Vet Rec 145, 434–435.
Nicholas, R. A. J., Khan, L., Houshaymi, B., Miles, R. J., Ayling, R. D., Hotzel, H. & Sachse, K. (2002). Close genetic and phenotypic relatedness between Mycoplasma ovine/caprine serogroup 11 and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium. Syst Appl Microbiol 25, 396–402.[CrossRef][Medline]
Parham, K., Churchward, C. P., McAuliffe, L., Nicholas, R. A. J. & Ayling, R. D. (2006). A high level of strain variation within the Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae population of the UK has significant implications for disease diagnosis and management. Vet Microbiol 118, 83–90.[CrossRef][Medline]
Pettersson, B., Uhlén, M. & Johansson, K.-E. (1996). Phylogeny of some mycoplasmas from ruminants based on 16S rRNA sequences and definition of a new cluster within the hominis group. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 1093–1098.
Pitcher, D. G. & Nicholas, R. A. J. (2005). Mycoplasma host specificity: fact or fiction? Vet J 170, 300–306.[CrossRef][Medline]
Poumarat, F., Longchambon, D. & Martel, J. L. (1992). Application of dot immunoblotting on membrane filtration (MF dot) to the study of relationships with M. mycoides cluster and within "glucose and arginine negative cluster" of ruminant mycoplasmas. Vet Microbiol 32, 375–390.[CrossRef][Medline]
Prasad, L. N., Gupta, P. P. & Singh, N. (1984). Isolation of mycoplasmas from goat mastitis. Indian J Anim Sci 54, 1172–1174.
Rana, J. S., Gupta, P. P. & Ahuja, S. P. (1993). Biochemical changes of the milk in experimental caprine mastitis induced by Mycoplasma serogroup 11 (2-D). Acta Vet Hung 41, 139–149.[Medline]
Razin, S. & Freundt, E. A. (1984). The mycoplasmas. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, pp. 740–793. Edited by N. R. Krieg. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Ruffin, D. C. (2001). Mycoplasma infections in small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17, 315–332.[Medline]
Sachse, K., Diller, R. & Hotzel, H. (2002). A signature region in the 23S rRNA gene characteristic for Mycoplasma and Acholeplasma spp. harbours target sequences for identification of species, genus and clusters, as well as for distinction of mollicutes from other bacteria. In Abstracts of the 14th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology (IOM), Vienna, Austria, 7–12 July 2002, pp. 174–175.
Stakenborg, T., Vicca, J., Butaye, P., Maes, D., De Baere, T., Verhelst, R., Peeters, J., De Kruf, A., Haesebrouck, F. & Vaneechoutte, M. (2005). Evaluation of amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) for the identification of Mycoplasma species. BMC Infect Dis 5, 46 [CrossRef][Medline]
Tasker, S., Helps, C. R., Day, M. J., Gruffydd-Jones, T. J. & Harbour, D. A. (2003). Use of real-time PCR to detect and quantify Mycoplasma haemofelis and ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’ DNA. J Clin Microbiol 41, 439–441.
Thiede, S., Spergser, J., Rosengarten, R., Jakob, W., Streich, W. J., Krasinska, M. & Frölich, K. (2002). Antibodies against Mycoplasma bovigenitalium in free-living European bison (Bison bonasus) with balanoposthitis. J Wildl Dis 38, 760–763.[Abstract]
Weisburg, W. G., Tully, J. G., Rose, D. L., Petzel, J. P., Oyaizu, H., Yang, D., Mandelco, L., Sechrest, J., Lawrence, T. G. & Van Etten, J. (1989). A phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. J Bacteriol 171, 6455–6467.
Woubit, S., Lorenzon, S., Peyraud, A., Manso-Silvan, L. & Thiaucourt, F. (2004). A specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Vet Microbiol 104, 125–132.[CrossRef][Medline]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
