IJSEM Journal of Clinical Microbiology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplementary Figure
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57 (2007), 2026-2030; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.65138-0
© 2007 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Flavobacterium filum sp. nov., isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Korea

Seung Hyun Ryu1, Minjeong Park1, Yeji Jeon1, Jung Ro Lee1, Woojun Park2 and Che Ok Jeon1

1 Division of Applied Life Science, EB-NCRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
2 Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea

Correspondence
Che Ok Jeon
cojeon{at}gnu.ac.kr


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
MAIN TEXT
 REFERENCES
 
A Gram-negative bacterium, designated strain EMB34T, was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Korea. Growth was observed between 10 and 40 °C (optimum, 25–35 °C) and between pH 6.0 and 9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5–8.0). The cells were non-motile rods, linked with extracellular fibrils. The predominant fatty acids of strain EMB34T were iso-C15 : 0, C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and the strain contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as the polar lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 34.2 mol% and the major quinone was menaquinone-6. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB34T formed a distinct phyletic line within the genus Flavobacterium. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with other Flavobacterium species were less than 94.5 %. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, it is clear that strain EMB34T represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium filum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EMB34T (=KCTC 12610T=DSM 17961T).

Abbreviations: ML, maximum-likelihood; MP, maximum-parsimony; NJ, neighbour-joining

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain EMB34T is DQ372981.

A transmission electron micrograph showing cells of strain EMB34T linked by extracellular fibrils is available as a supplementary figure with the online version of this paper.


   MAIN TEXT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 MAIN TEXT
REFERENCES
 
Since the genus Flavobacterium, which belongs to the phylum Bacteroidetes, was established (Bergey et al., 1923Go), its description has been emended repeatedly and many novel Flavobacterium species have been described from diverse habitats such as micromats, fresh water and seawater, Antarctic lakes, soil, gut of an earthworm and sediments (Bernardet et al., 1996Go; McCammon & Bowman, 2000Go; Van Trappen et al., 2004Go; Kämpfer et al., 2006Go; Cousin et al., 2007Go). Physiological characteristics of Flavobacterium strains are also very diverse: they can be psychrophilic, psychrotolerant or mesophilic, they can be halotolerant, halophilic or sensitive to salts and they produce a variety of enzymes (Humphry et al., 2001Go; Tamaki et al., 2003Go; Aslam et al., 2005Go; Zhang et al., 2006Go), suggesting that they may have important roles in environmental habitats. Activated sludge processes have been used to remove organic compounds as well as nutrients from wastewater and insights regarding their bacterial communities are a prerequisite for understanding the mechanisms involved. Therefore, efforts have been made in our laboratory to isolate and characterize members of the bacterial community in activated sludge (Park et al., 2006Go, 2007Go). Here we describe the taxonomic characterization of a novel species belonging to the genus Flavobacterium.

Strain EMB34T was isolated from a wastewater treatment plant in Korea that performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The sludge sample was serially diluted with 1 % (w/v) saline solution, spread on R2A agar (Difco) and incubated at 20 °C for 5 days. The strain was grown routinely aerobically on R2A agar at 30 °C for 3 days.

Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of strain EMB34T was carried out as described previously by Lane (1991Go). The resulting 16S rRNA gene sequence (1436 nucleotides) was compared with available 16S rRNA gene sequences from GenBank using the BLAST program (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) to determine an approximate phylogenetic affiliation, and gene sequences were aligned with those of closely related species by using CLUSTAL W software (Thompson et al., 1994Go). Phylogenetic trees were constructed by using three different algorithms, neighbour-joining (NJ), maximum-likelihood (ML) and maximum-parsimony (MP), available in the PHYLIP software, version 3.6 (Felsenstein, 2002Go). Sequence similarity values between the novel strain and related organisms were computed using the program FASTA3 in EBI (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/fasta33/nucleotide.html). Bootstrap analysis was performed according to the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980Go) of the NJ method in the PHYLIP package. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain EMB34T formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Flavobacterium (Fig. 1Go). The overall topologies of the ML and MP trees were essentially the same as that of the NJ tree (data not shown). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses showed that strain EMB34T was most closely related to Flavobacterium flevense ATCC 27944T, Flavobacterium aquatile ATCC 11947T and Flavobacterium omnivorum JCM 11313T, with similarities of 94.4, 94.1 and 93.9 %, respectively. Sequence similarities with other Flavobacterium species were less than 93.5 %.


Figure 1
View larger version (61K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showing the phylogenetic relationships of strain EMB34T and related taxa. Bootstrap values are shown as percentages of 1000 replicates, when greater than 50 %. Capnocytophaga ochracea ATCC 33596 was used as an outgroup. Bar, 0.01 changes per nucleotide position.

 
Gram staining was performed using a bioMérieux Gram Stain kit according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Cell morphology, flagella and gliding motility were studied using phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (JEM-1010; JEOL) as described previously (Jeon et al., 2005Go) and by Bernardet et al. (2002). The physiological characteristics of strain EMB34T were examined by growing the isolate on R2A agar at various temperatures (5–50 °C at 5 °C intervals) and in R2A broth adjusted to various pH values (5.0–10.0 at 0.5 pH unit intervals) (Gomori, 1955Go). Salt tolerance was tested on R2A agar supplemented with 0–3 % (w/v, 0.5 % intervals) NaCl for 5 days at 30 °C. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed in duplicate using filter-paper discs (diameter, 8 mm) containing the following antibiotics: ampicillin (10 µg), polymyxin B (100 U), streptomycin (50 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), chloramphenicol (100 µg), gentamicin (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), lincomycin (15 µg), oleandomycin (15 µg), neomycin (30 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg) and novobiocin (50 µg). Oxidase activity was tested by determining oxidation of 1 % (w/v) tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (Merck) and catalase activity was evaluated by determining the production of oxygen bubbles in a 3 % (v/v) aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. The production of flexirubin-type pigments and of extracellular glycans was investigated using the KOH and Congo red tests, respectively, according to the minimal standards for the description of new taxa in the family Flavobacteriaceae (Bernardet et al., 2002Go). Hydrolysis of casein, gelatin, Tween 80, Tween 20, aesculin, urea, tyrosine, starch and carboxymethylcellulose was investigated on R2A agar after 7 days incubation at 30 °C, according to previously described methods (Lanyi, 1987Go; Gerhardt et al., 1994Go). Nitrate reduction was performed according to the method of Lanyi (1987)Go and acid production from carbohydrates was tested as described by Leifson (1963)Go. Additional enzymic activities and biochemical features were determined using API ZYM and API 20E kits as recommended by the manufacturer (bioMérieux), except that the kits were incubated for 3 days at 30 °C.

Transmission electron micrographs showed that the cells were surrounded and linked with what appeared to be extracellular fibrils (see Supplementary Fig. S1 in IJSEM Online). Phenotypic characteristics of strain EMB34T are presented in Table 1Go and in the description of the novel species. Some of the characteristics are in accordance with those of members of the genus Flavobacterium, whereas others allow the differentiation of strain EMB34T from closely related Flavobacterium species (Table 1Go).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1. Characteristics of strain EMB34T and related Flavobacterium species

Taxa: 1, strain EMB34T; 2, F. aquatile ATCC 11947T (data from Bernardet et al., 1996Go); 3, F. flevense ATCC 27944T (Bernardet et al., 1996Go; Van Trappen et al., 2004Go); 4, F. omnivorum JCM 11313T (Zhu et al., 2003Go); 5, F. saliperosum CGMCC 1.3801T (Wang et al., 2006Go); 6, F. croceum EMB47T (Park et al., 2006Go); 7, F. soli DS-6T (Yoon et al., 2006Go); 8, F. johnsoniae (Bernardet et al., 1996Go); 9, F. psychrophilum (Bernardet et al., 1996Go). +, Positive; –, negative; V, variable among strains; (V), variable among references according to Bernardet et al. (1996)Go; (+), weakly positive; NA, not available.

 
Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was performed according to the instructions of the Microbial Identification System (MIDI; Microbial ID). Analyses of polar lipids and isoprenoid quinones were carried out using the methods described by Komagata & Suzuki (1987)Go. The DNA G+C content of strain EMB34T was determined using a HPLC fitted with a reversed-phase column (GROM-SIL 100 ODS-2FE; GROM), according to the method of Tamaoka & Komagata (1984)Go. The major respiratory lipoquinone of strain EMB34T was menaquinone-6 (MK-6). The cellular membrane contained iso-C15 : 0 (19.7 %), C15 : 0 (17.2 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (16.8 %), iso-C16 : 0 3-OH (9.7 %) and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (9.2 %) as the major fatty acids. The polar lipid composition was dominated by a large amount of phosphatidylethanolamine, but a small amount of phosphatidylinositol was also present. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain EMB34T was 34.2 mol%. The fatty acid composition, major lipoquinone and polar lipids and G+C content are in accordance with those of members of the genus Flavobacterium (Bernardet et al., 2002Go; Van Trappen et al., 2004Go, 2005Go; Aslam et al., 2005Go; Wang et al., 2006Go; Yoon et al., 2006Go). Based on biochemical and phylogenetic data, it is concluded that strain EMB34T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium filum sp. nov. is proposed.

Description of Flavobacterium filum sp. nov.
Flavobacterium filum [fi'lum. L. neut. n. filum (nominative in apposition), a thread, a Flavobacterium species called the thread].

Cells are Gram-negative straight rods, 0.4–0.7 µm in width and 1.3–1.8 µm in length, linked by extracellular fibrils and devoid of flagellar and gliding motility. Colonies on R2A agar are pale-yellow, glistening, translucent, sticky, slightly raised and circular with entire margins. Growth occurs at 10–40 °C (optimum, 25–35 °C) and at pH 6.0–9.5 (optimum, 7.5–8.0). Nitrate is reduced to nitrite and nitrogen is produced. Oxidase-negative and catalase-positive. Grows at 30 °C on R2A agar, Luria–Bertani agar and trypticase soy agar (Difco), but not on nutrient agar (Difco) at 30 °C. Grows optimally on R2A agar without addition of NaCl; growth is severely inhibited on R2A agar containing more than 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. No anaerobic growth after 7 days on R2A agar, but weak growth occurs after 16 days, suggesting that growth may occur by anaerobic respiration using nitrate or nitrite as an electron acceptor. Casein is hydrolysed. Gelatin, Tween 80, Tween 20, aesculin, urea, tyrosine, starch and carboxymethylcellulose are not hydrolysed. Congo red is not absorbed by colonies and flexirubin-type pigments are not produced. Indole, H2S and acetoin are not produced and citrate is not utilized (API 20E kit). Acid is produced from raffinose, D-glucose, myo-inositol, lactose and melibiose, but not from D-fructose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, L-arabinose, arbutin or salicin. In API ZYM kits, leucine arylamidase is produced, but esterase (C4), lipase (C14), cystine arylamidase, {alpha}-chymotrypsin, {alpha}-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, {alpha}-glucosidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, {alpha}-mannosidase, {alpha}-fucosidase, acid phosphatase, tryptophan deaminase, arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase and urease are not produced. Weak enzymic activities are observed for alkaline phosphatase, esterase lipase (C8), valine arylamidase, trypsin and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase. Resistant to polymyxin B, oleandomycin and neomycin, but sensitive to ampicillin, streptomycin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, lincomycin, carbenicillin, novobiocin, gentamicin and kanamycin. Contains a large amount of phosphatidylethanolamine and a small amount of phosphatidylinositol as the polar lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone is MK-6. The cellular fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0 (19.7 %), C15 : 0 (17.2 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (16.8 %), iso-C16 : 0 3-OH (9.7 %), iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (9.2 %), iso-C16 : 0 (5.8 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (3.7 %), iso-C14 : 0 (3.5 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (3.5 %), C15 : 0 3-OH (1.9 %), C15 : 1{omega}6c (1.8 %), iso-C16 : 1 H (1.5 %), iso-C14 : 0 3-OH (1.5 %), C16 : 0 (1.5 %), C16 : 0 3-OH (1.2 %), C14 : 0 (1.0 %) and iso-C13 : 0 (0.7 %). The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 34.2 mol% (HPLC).

The type strain is EMB34T (=KCTC 12610T=DSM 17961T), which was isolated in Korea from a wastewater treatment plant that performed enhanced biological phosphorus removal.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
This study was supported by grants from MOST/KOSEF to the Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center (grant no. R15-2003-012-02002-0) and to the 21C Frontier Microbial Genomics and Application Center Program (grant no. MG05-0104-4-0), Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea. S. H. R. and M. P. were supported by scholarships from the BK21 program of the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development in Korea.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 MAIN TEXT
 REFERENCES
 
Aslam, Z., Im, W. T., Kim, M. K. & Lee, S. T. (2005). Flavobacterium granuli sp. nov., isolated from granules used in a wastewater treatment plant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 747–751.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Bergey, D. H., Harrison, F. C., Breed, R. S., Hammer, B. W. & Huntoon, F. M. (1923). Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 1st edn. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

Bernardet, J.-F., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Berthe, F., Kersters, K. & Vandamme, P. (1996). Cutting a Gordian knot: emended classification and description of the genus Flavobacterium, emended description of the family Flavobacteriaceae, and proposal of Flavobacterium hydatis nom. nov. (basonym, Cytophaga aquatilis Strohl and Tait 1978). Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 128–148.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Bernardet, J. F., Nakagawa, Y. & Holmes, B. (2002). Proposed minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Flavobacteriaceae and emended description of the family. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1049–1070.[Abstract]

Cousin, S., Pauker, O. & Stackebrandt, E. (2007). Flavobacterium aquidurense sp. nov. and Flavobacterium hercynium sp. nov., from a hard-water creek. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 243–249.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Felsenstein, J. (2002). PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package), version 3.6a. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.

Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. M., Wood, W. A. & Krieg, N. R. (1994). Phenotypic characterization. In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 607–654. Edited by P. Gerhardt. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology.

Gomori, G. (1955). Preparation of buffers for use in enzyme studies. Methods Enzymol 1, 138–146.[CrossRef]

Humphry, D. R., George, A., Black, G. W. & Cummings, S. P. (2001). Flavobacterium frigidarium sp. nov., an aerobic, psychrophilic, xylanolytic and laminarinolytic bacterium from Antarctica. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 1235–1243.[Abstract]

Jeon, C. O., Lim, J. M., Lee, J. M., Xu, L. H., Jiang, C. L. & Kim, C. J. (2005). Reclassification of Bacillus haloalkaliphilus Fritze 1996 as Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus gen. nov., comb. nov. and the description of Alkalibacillus salilacus sp. nov., a novel halophilic bacterium isolated from a salt lake in China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 1891–1896.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kämpfer, P., Young, C. C., Sridhar, K. R., Arun, A. B., Lai, W. A., Shen, F. T. & Rekha, P. D. (2006). Transfer of [Flexibacter] sancti, [Flexibacter] filiformis, [Flexibacter] japonensis and [Cytophaga] arvensicola to the genus Chitinophaga and description of Chitinophaga skermanii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 2223–2228.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16, 111–120.[CrossRef][Medline]

Komagata, K. & Suzuki, K. (1987). Lipid and cell-wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19, 161–207.

Lane, D. J. (1991). 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 115–175. Edited by E. Stackebrandt & M. Goodfellow. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.

Lanyi, B. (1987). Classical and rapid identification methods for medically important bacteria. Methods Microbiol 19, 1–67.

Leifson, E. (1963). Determination of carbohydrate metabolism of marine bacteria. J Bacteriol 85, 1183–1184.[Free Full Text]

McCammon, S. A. & Bowman, J. P. (2000). Taxonomy of Antarctic Flavobacterium species: description of Flavobacterium gillisiae sp. nov., Flavobacterium tegetincola sp. nov., and Flavobacterium xanthum sp. nov., nom. rev. and reclassification of [Flavobacterium] salegens as Salegentibacter salegens gen. nov., comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1055–1063.[Abstract]

Park, M., Lu, S., Ryu, S. H., Chung, B. S., Park, W., Kim, C. J. & Jeon, C. O. (2006). Flavobacterium croceum sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 2443–2447.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Park, M., Ryu, S. H., Vu, T. H., Ro, H. S., Yun, P. Y. & Jeon, C. O. (2007). Flavobacterium defluvii sp. nov., isolated from activated sludge. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57, 233–237.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tamaki, H., Hanada, S., Kamagata, Y., Nakamura, K., Nomura, N., Nakano, K. & Matsumura, M. (2003). Flavobacterium limicola sp. nov., a psychrophilic, organic-polymer-degrading bacterium isolated from freshwater sediments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 519–526.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tamaoka, J. & Komagata, K. (1984). Determination of DNA base composition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25, 125–128.[CrossRef]

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 4673–4680.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Van Trappen, S., Vandecandelaere, I., Mergaert, J. & Swings, J. (2004). Flavobacterium degerlachei sp. nov., Flavobacterium frigoris sp. nov. and Flavobacterium micromati sp. nov., novel psychrophilic bacteria isolated from microbial mats in Antarctic lakes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 85–92.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Van Trappen, S., Vandecandelaere, I., Mergaert, J. & Swings, J. (2005). Flavobacterium fryxellicola sp. nov. and Flavobacterium psychrolimnae sp. nov., novel psychrophilic bacteria isolated from microbial mats in Antarctic lakes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 769–772.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Wang, Z.-W., Liu, Y.-H., Dai, X., Wang, B.-J., Jiang, C.-Y. & Liu, S.-J. (2006). Flavobacterium saliperosum sp. nov., isolated from freshwater lake sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 439–442.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. (2006). Flavobacterium soli sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 997–1000.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zhang, D. C., Wang, H. X., Liu, H. C., Dong, X. Z. & Zhou, P. J. (2006). Flavobacterium glaciei sp. nov., a novel psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the China No.1 glacier. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 2921–2925.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zhu, F., Wang, S. & Zhou, P. (2003). Flavobacterium xinjiangense sp. nov. and Flavobacterium omnivorum sp. nov., novel psychrophiles from the China No. 1 glacier. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 853–857.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
H. S. Yoon, Z. Aslam, G. C. Song, S. W. Kim, C. O. Jeon, T. S. Chon, and Y. R. Chung
Flavobacterium sasangense sp. nov., isolated from a wastewater stream polluted with heavy metals
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2009; 59(5): 1162 - 1166.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
Y. Shao, B. S. Chung, S. S. Lee, W. Park, S.-S. Lee, and C. O. Jeon
Zoogloea caeni sp. nov., a floc-forming bacterium isolated from activated sludge
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, March 1, 2009; 59(3): 526 - 530.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
S. H. Ryu, J. H. Park, J. C. Moon, Y. Sung, S.-S. Lee, and C. O. Jeon
Flavobacterium resistens sp. nov., isolated from stream sediment
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2008; 58(10): 2266 - 2270.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplementary Figure
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Ryu, S. H.
Right arrow Articles by Jeon, C. O.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL MICROBIOLOGY J GEN VIROL
J MED MICROBIOL ALL SGM JOURNALS