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1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
2 Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
Correspondence
Ying Huang
huangy{at}im.ac.cn
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ABSTRACT |
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A scanning electron micrograph of cells of strain E71T and tables detailing the fatty acid content and menaquinone profile of strain E71T and related species of the genus Glycomyces are available with the online version of this paper.
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MAIN TEXT |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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and the description was later emended by Labeda & Kroppenstedt (2004). It is the type genus of the family Glycomycetaceae, which also contains the genus Stackebrandtia (Labeda & Kroppenstedt, 2005), and belongs to the suborder Glycomycineae (Stackebrandt et al., 1997). At the time of writing, the genus comprises six species, Glycomyces algeriensis, Glycomyces arizonensis, Glycomyces harbinensis, Glycomyces lechevalierae, Glycomyces rutgersensis and Glycomyces tenuis (Labeda et al., 1985; Evtushenko et al., 1991; Labeda & Kroppenstedt, 2004), which were all isolated from soil, and are characterized by a type II cell-wall composition (meso-diaminopimelic acid and glycine), whole-cell sugar pattern consisting of ribose, xylose, mannose and galactose, type PI phospholipids pattern with significant amounts of phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and predominant menaquinones containing 10, 11 and/or 12 isoprene units. During an investigation into the diversity of endophytic actinomycetes from Chinese medicinal plants, a new strain, E71T, was isolated. The aim of the present study was to determine the taxonomic status of this organism.
Stem samples of Sambucus adnata Wall, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, were collected in the rainforest of Jinghong Natural Reserve, Yunnan Province, China, and were surface-sterilized according to the method of Coombs & Franco (2003). Strain E71T was isolated from the stem by using the procedure and medium described by Gu et al. (2006).
Genomic DNA extraction and PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from strain E71T were performed according to an established method (Chun & Goodfellow, 1995). The PCR product was purified and sequenced by using an Applied Biosystems DNA sequencer (model 3730XL) and software provided by the manufacturer. Preliminary comparison of the resultant sequence (1410 nt) against DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases by using a standard nucleotide–nucleotide BLAST search program (Altschul et al., 1997) indicated that strain E71T was closely related to members of the genus Glycomyces but only very distantly related to other taxa. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain E71T was then aligned with corresponding sequences of the type strains of recognized species of the genus Glycomyces retrieved from GenBank by using MEGA software (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis) version 3.1 (Kumar et al., 2004), and phylogenetic trees were constructed according to the neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) and maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1971) algorithms in the same software. Evolutionary distances for the neighbour-joining algorithm were calculated with Kimura's two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980), and close-neighbour-interchange (search level=2, random additions=100) was applied in the maximum-parsimony analysis. The topology of the tree was evaluated by bootstrap analysis (Felsenstein, 1985) on the basis of 1000 replications. It is evident from the resultant phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) that strain E71T forms a distinct monophyletic line within the genus Glycomyces, supported by the two treeing algorithms and by high bootstrap values. The strain is related most closely, albeit loosely, to G. lechevalierae NRRL B-16149T, G. algeriensis NRRL B-16327T, G. harbinensis IFO14487T and G. rutgersensis IFO14488T, with moderately low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2–97.1 %, and is related more distantly to the type strains of G. arizonensis and G. tenuis, with sequence similarities below 96 %.
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, modified Bennett's medium (Jones, 1949) and ATCC medium 172 (Cote et al., 1984). Morphological characteristics were examined by scanning electron (FEI QUANTA) microscopy of 14-day cultures grown on ISP 2 and ATCC medium 172 agar. The new organism showed cultural and morphological characteristics similar to those of G. rutgersensis, except that no pigments were produced. On most media it formed yellowish-white to tan substrate mycelium and abundant white aerial mycelia that fragmented into square-ended conidia (see Supplementary Fig. S1 available in IJSEM Online).
Biomass for chemotaxonomic study was prepared by growing the strain in shake flasks of ISP 2 at 28 °C for 7 days, and harvested by centrifugation, washed with distilled water and freeze-dried. Standard methods were used for the extraction and analysis of the isomers of diaminopimelic acid (Hasegawa et al., 1983), whole-cell sugars (Lechevalier & Lechevalier, 1980), N-acyl type of muramyl residue in the cell-wall peptidoglycan (Uchida et al., 1999), menaquinones (Collins, 1985), polar lipids (Minnikin et al., 1984) and fatty acids (Sasser, 1990; Kämpfer & Kroppenstedt, 1996). G. lechevalierae NRRL B-16149T was used as a reference. Strain E71T showed a range of chemotaxonomic properties in line with its inclusion within the genus Glycomyces. It contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as cell-wall diamino acid; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and several phosphoglycolipids of unknown composition as major polar lipids; a glycolyl type of muramyl acid; and its fatty acid profile was composed mainly of 15-, 16- and 17-carbon iso and anteiso components. The whole-cell sugar pattern consisted of galactose, glucose, xylose and a minor amount of ribose, and was slightly different from that reported for recognized Glycomyces species (Labeda & Kroppenstedt, 2004) in that it contained glucose but not mannose. The predominant menaquinones, which were considered to be species-specific for Glycomyces (Labeda & Kroppenstedt, 2004), clearly differentiated strain E71T from recognized Glycomyces species. Detailed fatty acid and menaquinone data for the new strain and related Glycomyces species are given in the formal species description below, and in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 available in IJSEM Online. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain E71T (70 mol%) was determined by using the thermal denaturation method (Marmur & Doty, 1962) with Escherichia coli K12 as a control.
The physiological characteristics of strain E71T, including acid production from carbohydrates, utilization of sole carbon sources for energy and growth, and decomposition of test substances, were assessed by using the media and methods of Gordon et al. (1974). Although the results demonstrated a few common physiological characteristics among strain E71T and related species of the genus Glycomyces, the data enabled the new strain to be distinguished easily from the latter (Table 1). These data, together with the unique menaquinone profile, distinct position in the Glycomyces phylogenetic tree and relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with the type strains of recognized Glycomyces species, support the designation of strain E71T as a novel species of the genus Glycomyces, for which the name Glycomyces sambucus sp. nov. is proposed.
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Aerobic actinomycete that forms yellowish-white to tan substrate mycelium, depending on the growth medium. White aerial mycelia are produced and fragment into square-ended conidia. No soluble pigments are produced. Acid is not produced from L-lactulose or L-sorbose. D-Cellobiose, L-fucose, D-lactose, maltose, D-mannose, D-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, trehalose, sucrose, glycerol, glycogen, L-arginine, L-leucine, L-ornithine, L-proline, L-tyrosine, L-valine, methyl 
-D-glucoside and salicin are utilized as sole carbon source, but D-fructose, D-inulin, D-lactulose, D-mannitol, dulcitol, D-xylose, erythritol, inositol, L-alanine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, malonate, D-glutamic acid, D-sorbose and L-cysteine are not. D-Melezitose and D-raffinose are weakly utilized as sole carbon source. Temperature range for growth is 20–37 °C. Additional physiological properties are listed in Table 1
. The whole-cell sugar pattern consists of galactose, glucose, xylose and ribose. The predominant menaquinones are MK-11 (69 %) and MK-11 (H4) (26 %). The fatty acid profile comprises major amounts of 16 : 0 iso (28.8 %), 15 : 0 anteiso (26.2 %) and 17 : 0 anteiso (18.0 %), and minor amounts of 15 : 0 iso (8.2 %), 14 : 0 iso (7.2 %), 16 : 0 iso G (5.4 %), 17 : 1 anteiso A (2.8 %) and 17 : 0 iso (1.4 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 70 mol%. Other chemotaxonomic characteristics are typical of the genus Glycomyces.
The type strain, E71T (=CGMCC 4.3147T=DSM 45047T), was isolated from the surface-sterilized stem of Sambucus adnata Wall collected in the rainforest of Jinghong Natural Reserve, Yunnan Province, China.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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