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1 Marine Biotechnology Research Centre, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, PO Box 29, Ansan 425-600, Republic of Korea
2 Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100 Let Vladivostoku 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
3 Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yusong, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
4 College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
Correspondence
Olga I. Nedashkovskaya
olganedashkovska{at}piboc.dvo.ru
or
olganedashkovska{at}yahoo.com
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). Therefore, members of the genus were described as cold-adapted micro-organisms. Later, mesophilic Algoriphagus spp. were found and the description of the genus Algoriphagus was emended (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2004). Currently the genus Algoriphagus contains nine species, the majority being isolated from marine environments or meromictic saline lakes. Only Algoriphagus terrigena was recovered from a soil sample, from Dokdo (Yoon et al., 2006). The members of the genus Algoriphagus form a phylogenetic cluster with the genera Chimaereicella and Hongiella. Three Hongiella species, H. halophila, H. mannitolivorans and H. ornithinivorans, were isolated from marine sediments of the East Sea (near the Korean Peninsula), and H. marincola was a seawater dweller (Yi & Chun, 2004; Yoon et al., 2004). Later, the species H. halophila was reclassified in the genus Algoriphagus on the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic similarities, and the description of the genus Hongiella was emended (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2004). The genus Chimaereicella was proposed recently for strictly aerobic and mesophilic bacteria isolated from non-saline, highly alkaline groundwater in Southern Portugal (Tiago et al., 2006). From the results of phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene, Chimaereicella alkaliphila AC-74T was equidistant from members of the genera Algoriphagus and Hongiella, showing 94.9–97.0 % similarity. The authors argued the creation of a new genus and species based on fatty acid composition and on the unique isolation source. Recently, another Chimaereicella species, C. boritolerans, which was isolated from a soil sample, was described (Ahmed et al., 2007). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between C. boritolerans and its closest relative C. alkaliphila was 97.6 %. Sequence similarities between C. boritolerans and representative members of the genera Algoriphagus and Hongiella were 94.7–96.0 and 95.1–96.7 %, respectively. During a study of the bacterial diversity of coral Palithoa sp., an unknown heterotrophic, strictly aerobic, pale-pink and rod-shaped bacterium was isolated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that strain KMM 6241T was related to the genus Hongiella of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the novel isolate and members of the genera Algoriphagus, Hongiella and Chimaereicella, together with similar phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics, support reclassification of members of the genera Chimaereicella and Hongiella in the genus Algoriphagus and establishment of a novel species within the genus Algoriphagus, for which the name Algoriphagus vanfongensis sp. nov. is proposed.
Strain KMM 6241T was isolated by direct plating on medium containing (l–1): Bacto peptone (Difco), 5.0 g; sucrose, 5.0 g; glucose, 1.0 g; yeast extract (Difco), 2.5 g; KH2PO4, 0.1 g; MgSO4, 0.1 g; and Bacto agar (Difco), 15.0 g; in 30 % (v/v) natural seawater and 70 % (v/v) distilled water, from 0.1 ml tissue homogenates collected from Vanfong Bay, South China Sea, Vietnam, in January 2005. After primary isolation and purification on marine agar 2216 (Difco), the strains were cultivated on the same medium at 25 °C for 48 h and stored at –80 °C in marine broth (Difco) supplemented with 20 % (v/v) glycerol.
Genomic DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene followed the procedures given by Kim et al. (1998). To establish the precise taxonomic position of strain KMM 6241T, an almost-complete sequence of its 16S rRNA gene (1375 nucleotides) was determined, 1308 nucleotides of which were used for comparative phylogenetic analysis. Sequence data obtained were aligned with those of representative members of the family Flexibacteraceae, class Sphingobacteria, phylum Bacteroidetes using PHYDIT version 3.2 (http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/
jchun/phydit/). Phylogenetic trees were inferred using suitable programs of the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993). Phylogenetic distances were calculated using the Jukes–Cantor model (Jukes & Cantor, 1969) and trees were constructed on the basis of the neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) algorithm. The tree topology was also evaluated using maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993) and maximum-parsimony (Kluge & Farris, 1969) methods. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 resampled datasets using the programs SEQBOOT and CONSENSE of the PHYLIP package.
Phylogenetic analysis based on almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KMM 6241T occupied a distinct lineage within the genus Hongiella and possessed a sequence similarity of 98.2 % with its nearest neighbour, H. ornithinivorans (Fig. 1).
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and the G+C content was determined using the thermal denaturation method (Marmur & Doty, 1962). The G+C content of the DNA of strain KMM 6241T was 43.8 mol%. DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed using HPLC, as described by Grimont et al. (1980). The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain KMM 6241T and H. ornithinivorans was 32 %. Consequently, strain KMM 6241T represents a novel species within the genus Hongiella (Wayne et al., 1987).
Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was carried out according to the standard protocol of the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (Microbial ID). The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain KMM 6241T were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C17 : 1
9c, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 comprising C16 : 17c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, and summed feature 4 comprising iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B. Strains of the genus Hongiella were found to possess a similar fatty acid composition (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2004).
Physiological and biochemical properties of strain KMM 6241T were examined as described by Nedashkovskaya et al. (2004, 2006) and by using the API 20NE gallery (bioMérieux), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Strain KMM 6241T, similar to Hongiella species, grew under aerobic conditions, produced cytochrome oxidase, catalase, alkaline phosphatase and 
-galactosidase, utilized carbohydrates and hydrolysed aesculin (Table 1). However, several differences were found to be useful for distinguishing strain KMM 6241T from recognized species of the genus Hongiella. Moreover, the novel isolate could be clearly distinguished from Hongiella species by its inability to decompose starch and DNA. Therefore, data from the phylogenetic analysis taken together with similarities in fatty acid composition and phenotypic features support the inclusion of strain KMM 6241T in the genus Hongiella. The significant molecular distinctiveness and phenotypic differences allow the creation of a novel species within the genus Hongiella to accommodate strain KMM 6241T.
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; Ahmed et al., 2007) to representatives of the genus Algoriphagus, with similarities of 95.1–97.0 %. C. alkaliphila AC-74T was isolated from a non-saline, highly alkaline groundwater sample and C. boritolerans T-22T was recovered from a soil sample, in contrast to the majority of Algoriphagus species. However, an isolate of non-marine origin, A. terrigena KCTC 12545T, was described recently (Yoon et al., 2006). The cellular fatty acid compositions of members of the above-mentioned genera are in accordance with each other (Table 2). These facts, taken together with the similar phenotypic features, including the presence of oxidase activity and aesculin hydrolysis and the absence of gliding motility and glucose fermentation, indicate that members of the genus Chimaereicella should be reclassified as belonging to the genus Algoriphagus. Comparative examination of the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics of C. alkaliphila AC-74T and C. boritolerans T-22T with those of members of the genus Hongiella also indicate that many similar features are present (Tables 1
and 2). Phylogenetically, members of the genera Chimaereicella and Hongiella demonstrate a very close relatedness, showing 16S rRNA gene similarities of 94.7–96.0 %. In addition, species of the genus Hongiella possess close relatedness with recognized Algoriphagus species with sequence similarities ranging from 93.7 to 96.5 %. Therefore, based on phylogenetic evidence and similar chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that members of the genera Algoriphagus, Chimaereicella and Hongiella should be combined in a single genus, Algoriphagus. We also propose that strain KMM 6241T represents a novel species, Algoriphagus vanfongensis sp. nov.
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Main characteristics are the same as those given in the genus description. In addition, cells are 0.4–0.5x1.0–2.5 µm. Gliding motility is not observed. On marine agar, colonies are circular, 2–3 mm in diameter, convex, shiny, smooth and light-pink-coloured. -Galactosidase-positive. Does not require Na+ ions or seawater for growth, but Na+ ions are sufficient for growth. Grows in 0–8 % NaCl. Optimal growth occurs in 1–4 % NaCl. Growth occurs at 12–35 °C. Flexirubin-type pigments are not formed. Degrades gelatin and aesculin, but not agar, casein, starch, Tweens 20, 40 or 80, urea, cellulose (CM-cellulose and filter paper) or chitin. Produces acid from D-cellobiose, D-glucose, DL-xylose, maltose, L-rhamnose and N-acetylglucosamine, but not from L-arabinose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-lactose, D-melibiose, D-raffinose, L-sorbose, sucrose, trehalose, glycerol, adonitol, dulcitol, myo-inositol or mannitol. Utilizes L-arabinose, D-lactose, D-mannose and sucrose. Does not utilize myo-inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, gluconate, caprate, adipate, malate, citrate or phenylacetate. D-Glucose is not fermented. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole and hydrogen sulfide are not produced. Sensitive to gentamicin, carbenicillin, lincomycin, neomycin, oleandomycin, polymixin B, streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline and erythromycin. Resistant to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin and kanamycin. Fatty acids accounting for greater than 1 % of the total are anteiso-C11 : 0 (2.6 %), iso-C11 : 0 (2.2 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (1.6 %), iso-C15 : 0 (21.5 %), iso-C15 : 1 G (6.8 %), iso-C17 : 19c (4.2 %), iso-C15 : 0 3-OH (5.1 %), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH (10.7 %), iso-C19 :1 I (1.3 %), summed feature 3 (32.6 %) comprising C16 : 17c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, and summed feature 4 (4.9 %) comprising iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B. The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 43.8 mol%.
The type strain is KMM 6241T (=DSM 17529T=KCTC 12716T), which was isolated from coral Palithoa sp. collected in Vanfong Bay, South China Sea, Vietnam.
Emended description of the genus Algoriphagus Bowman et al. 2003, emend. Nedashkovskaya et al. 2004
Algoriphagus (Al.go.ri.pha'gus. L. masc. n. algor cold; Gr. masc. n. phagos glutton; N.L. masc. n. Algoriphagus the cold eater).
Main characteristics are as those given for the genus description by Nedashkovskaya et al. (2004). In addition, produce non-diffusible pink and red pigments. The DNA G+C content is 35–44 mol%. Habitat: sea ice and seawater, algae, marine sediments, soil and fresh water.
Description of Algoriphagus alkaliphilus comb. nov.
Algoriphagus alkaliphilus (al.ka.li.phi'lus. N.L. n. alkali from Arabic article al the, and Arabic n. qaliy ashes of saltwort, soda; Gr. adj. philos loving; N.L. masc. adj. alkaliphilus loving alkaline environments).
Basonym: Chimaereicella alkaliphila Tiago et al. 2006
The description is identical to that given for Chimaereicella alkaliphila by Tiago et al. (2006). The type strain is AC-74T (=CIP 108470T=LMG 22694T), which was isolated from water taken from a borehole at Cabeço de Vide, Southern Portugal.
Description of Algoriphagus boritolerans comb. nov.
Algoriphagus boritolerans (bo'ri.to'le.rans. N.L. n. borum boron; L. part. adj. tolerans tolerating; N.L. part. adj. boritolerans boron-tolerating).
Basonym: Chimaereicella boritolerans Ahmed et al. 2007
The description is identical to that given for Chimaereicella boritolerans by Ahmed et al. (2007).
The type strain is strain T-22T (=ATCC BAA-1189T=DSM 17298T=NBRC 101277T), which was isolated from naturally boron-contaminated soil of Hisarcik area in the Kutahya province of Turkey.
Description of Algoriphagus mannitolivorans comb. nov.
Algoriphagus mannitolivorans (man.ni.to.li.vo'rans. N.L. n. mannitolum mannitol; L. v. vorare to devour; N.L. part. adj. mannitolivorans utilizing mannitol).
Basonym: Hongiella mannitolivorans Yi and Chun 2004
The description is identical to that given for Hongiella mannitolivorans by Yi & Chun (2004). In addition, forms acid from D-cellobiose and sucrose, but not from L-arabinose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-lactose, maltose, D-melibiose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, DL-xylose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-adonitol, glycerol, myo-inositol, D-mannitol or sorbitol. Sensitive to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, carbenicillin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, streptomycin and tetracycline; resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin and polymixin B.
The type strain is JC2050T (=DSM 15301T=IMSNU 14012T=KCTC 12050T), which was isolated from sediment of getbol, the Korean tidal flat.
Description of Algoriphagus marincola comb. nov.
Algoriphagus marincola (ma.rin'co.la. L. gen. n. maris of the sea; L. n. incola inhabitant; N.L. n. marincola inhabitant of the sea).
Basonym: Hongiella marincola Yoon et al. 2004
The description is identical to that given for Hongiella marincola by Yoon et al. (2004). In addition, hydrolyses Tweens 20 and 40. Does not degrade chitin. Does not produce acid from glycerol or N-acetylglucosamine. Sensitive to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, polymixin B, streptomycin and tetracycline; resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, lincomycin and neomycin.
The type strain is strain SW-2T (=DSM 16067T=KCTC 12180T), which was isolated from seawater of the East Sea of Korea.
Description of Algoriphagus ornithinivorans comb. nov.
Algoriphagus ornithinivorans (or'ni.thi.ni.vo'rans. N.L. n. ornithinum ornithine; L. v. vorare to devour; N.L. part. adj. ornithinivorans utilizing ornithine).
Basonym: Hongiella ornithinivorans Yi and Chun 2004
The description is identical to that given for Hongiella ornithinivorans by Yi & Chun (2004). In addition, hydrolyses Tween 40, but not Tween 20. Forms acid from D-glucose, but not from L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-lactose, maltose, D-melibiose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose, DL-xylose, N-acetylglucosamine, D-adonitol, glycerol, myo-inositol, D-mannitol or sorbitol. Sensitive to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, oleandomycin, polymixin B and tetracycline; resistant to gentamicin, neomycin and streptomycin.
The type strain is strain JC2052T (=DSM 15282T=IMSNU 14014T=KCTC 12052T), which was isolated from sediment of getbol, the Korean tidal flat.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Nedashkovskaya, O. I., Kim, S. B., Vancanneyt, M., Lysenko, A. M., Shin, D. S., Park, M. S., Lee, K. H., Jung, W. J., Mikhailov, V. V. & other authors (2006). Echinicola pacifica gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel flexibacterium isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 953–958.
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Yi, H. & Chun, J. (2004). Hongiella mannitolivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., Hongiella halophila sp. nov. and Hongiella ornithinivorans sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 157–162.
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Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J., Jung, S.-Y., Lee, C.-H. & Oh, T.-K. (2005a). Algoriphagus yeomjeoni sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern in the Yellow Sea, Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 865–870.
Yoon, J.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. (2005b). Algoriphagus locisalis sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 1635–1639.
Yoon, J.-H., Lee, M.-H., Kang, S.-J. & Oh, T.-K. (2006). Algoriphagus terrigena sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 777–780.
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