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1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
2 College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, PR China
Correspondence
Zhi-Pei Liu
liuzhp{at}sun.im.ac.cn
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ABSTRACT |
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7c and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content of this strain was 69.4 mol%. A polyphasic analysis supported the conclusion that this strain represents a novel genus and species, which we designated Wenxinia marina gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Wenxinia marina is HY34T (=CGMCC 1.6105T =JCM 14017T).
A transmission electron micrograph of cells of strain HY34T, results of 2D TLC of the polar lipids of strain HY34T and a comparison of the fatty acid profiles of HY34T and related strains are available as supplementary material with the online version of this paper.
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) of the Alphaproteobacteria, which was named after the genus Roseobacter by Giovannoni & Rappé (2000), is the second most abundant group of organisms detected by ribosomal probing (González & Moran, 1997; Zubkov et al., 2001) and 16S rRNA gene cloning (Eilers et al., 2000; Rappé et al., 2000) in marine environments. This clade contains 33 genera (Garrity et al., 2004), and many strains from this group have recently been isolated from diverse marine environments and identified as members of novel genera such as Oceanicola (Cho & Giovannoni, 2004), Thalassobacter (Macián et al., 2005a), Dinoroseobacter (Biebl et al., 2005) and Yangia (Dai et al., 2006). The abundance of this group in marine environments and the diversity of their physiological properties suggest that they play important roles in marine ecosystems such as the degradation of aromatic compounds (Buchan et al., 2001, 2005), in the biogeochemical cycles of elements such as carbon and sulfur (Buchan et al., 2005; Pukall et al., 1999; Wagner-Döbler & Biebl, 2006) and in the oxidation of the greenhouse gas carbon monoxide (Wagner-Döbler & Biebl, 2006).
In our study of the microbial diversity of marine sediment in the South China Sea, an aerobic and heterotrophic, Gram-negative bacterium, strain HY34T, was obtained that is phylogenetically related to members of the genera Rubellimicrobium (Denner et al., 2006), Oceanicola, Silicibacter and Dinoroseobacter. In this communication, we describe the isolation and polyphasic taxonomic study of strain HY34T.
Strain HY34T was isolated from sediment of the Xijiang oilfield in the South China Sea near Fujian province, China, from a depth of about 100 m. For isolation, serially diluted sediment samples were spread onto low-organic marine agar 2216 (LOM) plates [containing 0.5 g peptone and 0.1 g yeast extract l–1; the composition and concentrations of salts are the same as marine broth 2216 (MB)] and cultured at 30 °C for 10 days. Individual colonies were picked up and cultured on marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco). Cell morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy (H600; Hitachi) and scanning electron microscopy (FEI QUANTA 200). The Gram reaction was determined on cells grown on MA at 30 °C for 24 h according to the method described by Gerhardt et al. (1994). Endospore formation was determined after malachite green staining (Dong & Cai, 2001) of cells grown on MA. Cells of strain HY34T are Gram-negative, non-motile and non-spore-forming ovoid or short rods (Supplementary Fig. S1 in IJSEM Online).
The 16S rRNA gene of strain HY34T was amplified using two bacterial universal primers, 27F and 1492R (Lane, 1991). Database searches by using BLAST on NCBI (Altschul et al., 1990) and similarities of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that the most closely related strains were from the genera Oceanicola (92.7–93.8 %) and Silicibacter (92.3–93.3 %). Other close relatives include the type strains of Dinoroseobacter shibae (93.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Paracoccus solventivorans (92.7 %), Ruegeria atlantica (92.6 %), Roseicyclus mahoneyensis (92.4 %), Roseivivax halodurans (92.6 %) and Citreicella thiooxidans (92.6 %). A phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences was constructed by the neighbour-joining method with Kimura's two-parameter calculation model in MEGA version 3.1 (Kumar et al., 2004). The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1) showed that strain HY34T, together with genus Rubellimicrobium, formed a distinct clade within the Roseobacter group, although the similarity of its 16S rRNA gene sequence to that of Rubellimicrobium thermophilum C-lvk-R2A-2T was 92.2 %, a bit lower than that to Oceanicola granulosus HTCC2516T (93.8 %).
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. Enzyme activities were detected by API ZYM (bioMérieux) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Susceptibility to antibiotics was determined using filter-paper discs (Beijing Pharmaceutical Company) containing various antibiotics as specified in the species description. Other phenotypic characteristics were determined according to Dong & Cai (2001) with artificial seawater. Presence of bacteriochlorophyll was checked as described by Dai et al. (2006). The phenotypic properties are given in Table 1 and in the genus and species descriptions.
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-glycols (periodate–Schiff), sugars (-naphthol/sulfuric acid, anisaldehyde/sulfuric acid) and phosphate (Zinzadze reagent) (Ventosa et al., 1993). Quinones were determined according to Collins (1985) and Wu et al. (1989). Fatty acids of strain HY34T (>1 %) are C18 : 17c (57.1 %), C16 : 0 (16.5 %), 11-methyl C18 : 17c (5.4 %), C18 : 0 (3.9 %), C14 : 0 (3.7 %), iso-C15 : 1 G plus iso-C15 : 1 I (3.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) (1.9 %), C12 : 0 (1.6 %) and C13 : 0 2-OH (1.2 %). Strain HY34T contained Q-10 as the major ubiquinone. Strain HY34T contained phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine as the major identified polar lipids (Supplementary Fig. S2). The unidentified glycolipid L1 was also a major polar lipid in strain HY34T, and it was not detected in Ruegeria atlantica DSM 5823T, Marinovum algicola FF3T or other members of Roseobacter clade (Martens et al., 2006). The unidentified phospholipid PL1 was probably identical to the unidentified phospholipid PL2 of Ruegeria atlantica DSM 5823T (Martens et al., 2006). Strain HY34T showed fewer polar lipids when compared with Ruegeria atlantica DSM 5823T and Marinovum algicola FF3T, the two closest relatives. These differences clearly distinguish HY34T from members of the genera Ruegeria and Marinovum and other members of the Roseobacter clade.
The G+C content of the DNA was determined by thermal denaturation (Marmur & Doty, 1962; Seidler & Mandel, 1971) using DNA from Escherichia coli K-12 as a control. The G+C content of strain HY34T was 69.4 mol%, and this value is close to those reported for strains of Oceanicola and Silicibacter (Table 1
).
A comparison of the properties of HY34T and members of related genera showed that strain HY34T was similar to members of Oceanicola and Silicibacter. Differential characteristics of HY34T and related genera are listed in Table 1. Furthermore, strain HY34T was distinct in the presence of C13 : 0 2-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G plus iso-C15 : 1 I and C18 : 19c and the absence of C10 : 0 3-OH; strain HY34T also differed from strains of Oceanicola in the presence of 11-methyl C18 : 17c and the absence of cyc-C19 : 0, and from strains of Silicibacter and Ruegeria atlantica in the absence of C12 : 0 3-OH (Supplementary Table S1). There are also significant phenotypic differences between these taxa, as listed in Table 1.
Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics, we conclude that strain HY34 represents a novel genus and species, for which we propose the name Wenxinia marina gen. nov., sp. nov.
Description of Wenxinia gen. nov.
Wenxinia (Wen.xi'ni.a. N.L. fem. n. Wenxinia named after Professor Wen-Xin Chen, one of the academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and a pioneer of soil microbiology in China).
Cells are Gram-negative, non-motile and non-spore-forming ovoid or short rods. Strictly aerobic and heterotrophic. NaCl is required for growth. Colonies are faint pink when cultured on MA. Bacteriochlorophyll a is absent. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite. The ubiquinone system is Q-10. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and an unidentified glycolipid (L1). The major fatty acids (>10 %) are C18 : 17c and C16 : 0. The type species is Wenxinia marina.
Description of Wenxinia marina sp. nov.
Wenxinia marina (ma.ri'na. L. fem. adj. marina of or belonging to the sea).
Exhibits the following properties in addition to those given in the genus description and in Table 1. Cells are 0.7–0.8 µm wide and 1.3 µm long. Grows at 15–42 °C (optimum 34–38 °C) but not at 10 or 45 °C, at 0.5–9 % NaCl (optimum 1–4 %) but not at 0.4 or 9.2 % and at pH 6.5–8.5 (optimum pH 7.5–8.0) but not at pH 6.0 or 9.0. Indole and H2S are not produced. Hydrolyses urea and Tween 20 and hydrolyses Tweens 40 and 80 weakly; does not hydrolyse agar, casein, starch, DNA or CM-cellulose. Tests for arginine dihydrolase and lecithinase are negative. Accumulates polyhydroxyalkanoates in its cells. Contains phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid as minor polar lipids. Fatty acids of the type strain (>1 %) are C18 : 17c (57.1 %), C16 : 0 (16.5 %), 11-methyl C18 : 17c (5.4 %), C18 : 0 (3.9 %), C14 : 0 (3.7 %), iso-C15 : 1 G plus iso-C15 : 1 I (3.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH; 1.9 %), C12 : 0 (1.6 %) and C13 : 0 2-OH (1.2 %). Utilizes sucrose, lactose, galactose, maltose, melezitose, L-rhamnose, L-fucose, trehalose, cellobiose, gluconate, lactic acid, malate and L-glutamic acid and utilizes D-melibiose, inulin, methyl -D-glucoside, glycerol, sorbitol, butanol, pyruvate, formic acid, L-alanine and L-proline weakly; does not utilize D-raffinose, mannitol, L-sorbose, dulcitol, adonitol, myo-inositol, methanol, ethanol, citrate, malonate, butyric acid or caprate. Forms acid from D-xylose, cellobiose, lactose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-raffinose and forms acid weakly from sucrose, maltose, mannose, trehalose and ribose; does not form acid from other carbon sources tested. Results of API ZYM analysis show strong activities for esterase (C8) and - and 
-glucosidases and weak activities for alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase; no activity is found for acid phosphatase, N-acetyl--cysteine arylamidase, glucosaminidase, - and -galactosidase, -mannosidase, -chymotrypsin, -glucuronidase, -fucosidase and lipase (C14). Resistant to norfloxacin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg) and gentamicin (10 µg; weakly resistant). Sensitive to neomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B (300 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg), vancomycin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), rifampicin (5 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), benzylpenicillin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg) and erythromycin (15 µg). The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 69.4 mol%.
The type strain, HY34T (=CGMCC 1.6105T =JCM 14017T), was isolated from sediment of the Xijiang oilfield in the South China Sea, China.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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50 % are shown at branching points. Terracoccus luteus DSM 44267T was used as an outgroup. Filled circles indicate that the corresponding nodes were also recovered in the tree generated with the maximum-parsimony algorithm. Bar, 0.1 substitutions per nucleotide position.