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1 Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, D-35390 Giessen, Germany
2 Technical Department, MEDISANA AG, D-40724 Hilden, Germany
3 Stadtwerke Solingen GmbH, T 3.2 Labor, D-42699 Solingen, Germany
4 Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, A-1210 Wien, Austria
Correspondence
Peter Kämpfer
peter.kaempfer{at}agrar.uni-giessen.de
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain G1-2T is AM412238.
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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, contains Gram-negative, non-fermentative rods that are characterized chemotaxonomically by the presence of ubiquinone Q-10, sym-homospermidine as the key polyamine, a lipid pattern consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine (with the exception of Sphingomonas echinoides DSM 1805T; Denner et al., 1999), phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid and phosphatidylcholine as the major lipids and by the presence of 2-hydroxymyristic acid (2-OH 14 : 0) and the absence of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in their fatty acid profiles (Busse et al., 1999; Takeuchi et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2005; Yoon et al., 2006). Members of the genus Sphingomonas have been isolated from clinical samples, for example Sphingomonas sanguinis (Yabuuchi et al., 1990: Takeuchi et al., 1993), and also from some very unusual environments such as the Russian space laboratory Mir, from where Sphinogmonas yabuuchiae was isolated (Li et al., 2004). In this study, we describe a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas that shows an intermediate position between S. sanguinis and S. yabuuchiae on the basis of a polyphasic characterization. Strain G1-2T was isolated from the water reservoir of an air humidifier (Medibreeze 60002; Medisana) on DEV nutrient agar at 36 °C. The novel strain was isolated after several unsuccessful attempts to disinfect the air humidifier.
The novel strain was maintained on nutrient agar (Oxoid) at 30 °C and showed a yellow pigmentation when grown on this medium. Cells of strain G1-2T stained Gram-negative with the modified Hucker method (Gerhardt et al., 1994). Cell morphology was observed under a Zeiss light microscope at x1000 using cells grown for 24 h at 30 °C on Medium 65 (DSMZ). The 16S rRNA gene sequence was analysed as described by Kämpfer et al. (2003). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the MEGA version 3.0 software package (Kumar et al., 2004) after multiple alignment of the data by CLUSTAL_X (Thompson et al., 1997). Distances (distance options according to the Kimura-2 model) and clustering with the neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony methods were performed by using bootstrap values based on 1000 replications (Fig. 1). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain G1-2T was a continuous stretch of 1371 bp. Sequence similarity calculations performed after a neighbour-joining analysis indicated that the closest relatives of strain GW1-2T were S. sanguinis IFO 13937T (GenBank accession no. D13726) with 99.2 % sequence similarity, S. yabuuchiae A1-18T (AB071955), 99.2 % similarity, and Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis JCM 7510T (D84525), 99.1 % similarity. Lower sequence similarities (<98 %) were found with all other recognized species of the genus Sphingomonas.
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, b) and Altenburger et al. (1996), respectively. Polyamines were analysed as described by Busse & Auling (1988) and Stolz et al. (2007).
The detection of a quinone system consisting of ubiquinone Q-10 (96 %) and Q-9 (4 %) for strain G1-2T was in accordance with the characteristics of species of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto and of the family Sphingomonadaceae (Busse et al., 1999; Kosako et al., 2000). The polyamine pattern showed a predominance of the sym-homospermidine [48.3 µmol (g dry weight)–1], the key characteristic of Sphingomonas sensu stricto (Busse et al., 1999; Takeuchi et al., 2001), and minor amounts of spermidine [1.0 µmol (g dry weight)–1] and putrescine [0.1 µmol (g dry weight)–1]. The polar lipid profiles of strain G1-2T contained the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, a highly hydrophilic unknown glycolipid GL1 and an unknown phospholipid. Another highly hydrophobic unknown glycolipid GL2, an unknown aminophosphoglycolipid and an unknown polar lipid were also detected in moderate amounts. Minor to trace amounts of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and three unknown polar lipids were also detected (Fig. 2). This profile is in excellent agreement with the characteristics found for species of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto (Busse et al., 1999). The absence of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, as well as presence of only minor amounts of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, are in agreement with the characteristics of the close phylogenetic neighbour S. sanguinis and are useful characteristics for distinguishing the novel strain G1-2T from the majority of other species of the genus Sphingomonas (Busse et al., 1999, 2005). However, the presence of an unknown aminophosphoglycolipid and the presence of only a single sphingoglycolipid in strain G1-2T enables it to be differentiated unambiguously from S. sanguinis which shows a profile containing an unknown glycolipid (GL1) assumed to represent another sphingoglycolipid (Busse et al., 1999).
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; Kämpfer et al., 1997). Strain G1-2T showed a fatty acid profile typical for members of this genus with 2-OH C14 : 0 as the key hydroxylated fatty acid (Table 1).
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, 1997).
Strain G1-2T is capable of assimilating several carbon sources and the utilization profile is similar to that of S. sanguinis and S. yabuuchiae. However, strain G1-2T could be differentiated from S. sanguinis and S. yabuuchiae on the basis of several carbon substrate utilization tests (Table 2). Due to the high similarity of strain G1-2T to S. sanguinis and S. yabuuchiae, DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed with the type strains of these two species using the method described by Ziemke et al. (1998), except that for nick translation 2 µg of DNA was labelled during a 3 h incubation at 15 °C. Strain G1-2T showed relatively low DNA–DNA relatedness values to S. sanguinis IFO 13937T (46 %; reciprocal 39.6 %) and S. yabuuchiae DSM 14562T (51.9 %; reciprocal 43.2 %).
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Description of Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis sp. nov.
Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis (pseu.do.san'gui.nis. Gr. adj. pseudos false; L. gen. n. sanguinis of the blood; N.L. gen. n. pseudosanguinis indicating that the strains are similar to Sphingomonas sanguinis).
Cells are rod-shaped, 0.8–1.5 µm in length and 0.4–0.6 µm in diameter. Colonies are yellow-coloured. The following are used as substrates for growth: L-arabinose, p-arbutin, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-maltose, sucrose, D-trehalose, D-xylose, citrate, fumarate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, L-malate, pyruvate, L-alanine, L-leucine and L-proline. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, gluconate, 
-D-melibiose, L-rhamnose, ribose, salicin, D-adonitol, maltitol, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, acetate, propionate, azelate, cis-aconitate, adipate, 4-aminobutyrate, DL-lactate, L-aspartate, L-histidine, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate and phenylacetate are not used as substrates. Positive in tests for the hydrolysis of aesculin, pNP -D-glucopyranoside, pNP 
-D-glucopyranoside, pNP -D-galactopyranoside, bis-pNP phosphate, pNP phenyl phosphonate, 2-deoxythymidine-5'-pNP phosphate, pNP phosphorylcholine, L-alanine pNA, L-glutamate-
-3-carboxy-pna and L-proline pNA. pNP -D-glucuronide is not hydrolysed. The main polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, a highly hydrophilic unknown glycolipid GL1 and an unknown phospholipid. The species is characterized by the major fatty acids 18 : 1 (Summed feature 7) and 16 : 0. Minor fatty acids are 14 : 0, 18 : 0, 17 : 1
6c and 18 : 15c. The major hydroxy-fatty acid is 2-hydroxy-14 : 0. The major polyamine is sym-homospermidine with the following minor polyamines: diaminopropane, putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine and spermine. Produces predominantly ubiquinone Q-10.
The type strain, G1-2T (=CCUG 54232T=CIP 109431T), was isolated from the surface of an air humidifier.
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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Busse, H. J. & Auling, G. (1988). Polyamine pattern as a chemotaxonomic marker within the Proteobacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 11, 1–8.[Medline]
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Denner, E. B. M., Paukner, S., Kämpfer, P., Moore, E. R. B., Abraham, W. R., Busse, H.-J., Wanner, G. & Lubitz, W. (2001). Sphingomonas pituitosa sp. nov., an exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium that secretes an unusual type of sphingan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 827–841.[Abstract]
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