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-glucosidase-negative bacterium related to Corynebacterium xerosis
1 Université de Lyon, Nosoco.tech, ISPB, EA 3090, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, 8 av. Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France
2 Université de Lyon, IUT A, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Dpt Génie Biologique, 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France
3 Centre hospitalier, 335 rue Président Wilson 46000 Cahors, France
4 Faculté de Médecine, Université Louis Pasteur, 3 rue Koeberlé, 67000 Strasbourg, France
5 AP-HM La Timone, 264 rue St Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
Correspondence
François N. R. Renaud
francois.renaud{at}sante.univ-lyon1.fr
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-glucosidase and some biochemical characteristics such as glucose fermentation at 42 °C and carbon assimilation substrates. The name Corynebacterium hansenii sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species; the type strain is C-138T (=CIP 108444T=CCUG 53252T).
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain C-138T is AY684044.
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; Funke et al., 1996, 1997b; Wauters et al., 1998). Consequently, the taxon C. xerosis has been excluded from the API (RAPID) coryne database 2.0 (Funke et al., 1997a). In a recent publication (Vela et al., 2006), eight isolates of C. xerosis were identified from animal clinical specimens. The situation became more confused with the description of Corynebacterium freneyi by Renaud et al. (2001) as, based on phylogenetic analyses, this species was considered to be closely related to C. xerosis and Corynebacterium amycolatum. Among the biochemical characteristics that differentiate these three species, -glucosidase is known to be positive for C. xerosis ATCC 373T and the reference strain ATCC 7711 (but not strain K132, isolated by Wauters et al., 1998), negative for C. amycolatum, with some exceptions, and positive for C. freneyi (Renaud et al., 2001; Auzias et al., 2003). In this report, a novel species isolated from a human source that is -glucosidase-negative is described.
A 77-year-old patient with liposarcoma evolving over a 3 year period was recruited. Surgery was carried out to clean the swelling. The collected pus was cultured aerobically on sheep blood agar in an atmosphere with 10 % CO2. Strain C-138T was isolated in mixed culture with a few colonies of a methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and some colonies of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using Mueller–Hinton medium supplemented with 5 % (v/v) sheep blood. Biochemical characteristics were determined using the API Coryne strip (bioMérieux). Other identification tests (glucose fermentation at 42 °C and growth at 20 °C) were performed according to Wauters et al. (1998). Carbon substrate assimilation tests were determined with the API 50CH system (bioMérieux) (Renaud et al., 1998). Using the protocol described previously by Auzias et al. (2003), the partial sequence (952 bp) of the 16S rRNA gene was aligned and compared with all eubacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the GenBank and EMBL databases. The partial rpoB gene sequence was amplified with primers C2700F and C3130R according to Khamis et al. (2004, 2005), except that the hybridization temperature was 51 °C instead of 57 °C.
Multiple-sequence alignments and similarities (%) of the rpoB and 16S rRNA genes between the various species were obtained with the CLUSTAL W program available from the EMBL-EBI web server (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/clustalw/). PCR analysis of the 16S–23S intergenic spacer region (ITS-PCR) was performed according to the method of Aubel et al. (1997). CfoI was used to digest the amplified products. C. xerosis ATCC 373T, C. amycolatum CIP 103452T and C. freneyi CIP 106767T were also tested for profile comparison purposes. DNA was extracted and purified as described previously (Riegel et al., 1994). Hybridization between labelled DNA of isolate C-138T and the fragmented DNA preparations of C. freneyi CIP 106767T, C. xerosis ATCC 373T and C. amycolatum CIP 103452T was carried out at 60 °C for 16 h in 0.42 M NaCl using the S1 nuclease-trichloroacetic acid method (Riegel et al., 1994).
Gram staining of strain C-138T revealed that it was a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming coryneform bacterium. After 48 h incubation, colonies were yellow-pigmented, very small, dry and rough. The API Coryne code for strain C-138T was 2000325. Strain C-138T was positive for pyrazinamidase, catalase and acid production from glucose, ribose, maltose and sucrose. Fermentation of sugars proceeded slowly during incubation (48 h). Biochemical differentiation of C. xerosis, C. amycolatum and C. freneyi was very difficult. Among the biochemical characteristics that differentiate these three species, -glucosidase is known to be positive for C. xerosis (except for strain K132) and C. freneyi and negative for C. amycolatum, with some exceptions, and the present strain (C-138T). Strain C-138T was able to grow at 20 °C, but did not ferment glucose at 42 °C. Assimilation tests (API 50CH) were positive for D-ribose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose and negative for all other substrates. Strain C-138T was susceptible to almost all tested antibiotics, including amoxicillin, penicillin, imipenem, gentamicin, kanamycin, erythromycin, pristinamycin, rifampicin, vancomycin and teicoplanin. It was resistant to fosfomycin, pefloxacin and tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain C-138T was closely related to strains of C. xerosis and also C. freneyi (similarities >98 %) and C. amycolatum (similarity >97 %). As the similarity was always higher than 97 %, this analysis does not constitute a reliable tool for identification (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994). The dendrogram obtained from sequence analysis of various Corynebacterium strains is shown in Fig. 1; strain C-138T is not included in the group of C. xerosis strains and is not linked to C. freneyi. Partial rpoB sequencing showed that the computed identities between strain C-138T were 95 % with C. freneyi CIP 106767T, 95 % with C. xerosis ATCC 373T and 85 % with C. amycolatum CIP 103452T (Fig. 2). This 95 % similarity value is the cut-off value for differentiating Corynebacterium species (Khamis et al., 2005). In this case, the species could not be differentiated using the rpoB sequencing results. ITS-PCR analysis (Fig. 3) showed that the digestion profiles of strain C-138T (lane 2) and C. xerosis (lane 3) were identical. The profiles of C. freneyi (lane 1) and C. amycolatum (lane 4) differed from each other. In a previous paper (Renaud et al., 2001), the PCR profiles of three C. amycolatum strains, three C. freneyi strains and two C. xerosis strains were analysed. Profiles were identical within each species and differed between the species. This method seems to identify strain C-138T as a strain of C. xerosis. The DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain C-138T and the C. xerosis, C. freneyi and C. amycolatum type strains were <40 %, <47 % and <15 %, respectively. From the data, it is apparent that strain C-138T is genomically different from C. xerosis, C. freneyi and C. amycolatum and should be assigned as a representative of a novel species.
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The description given below and in Table 1 is based on the results of studies of one strain. Cells are Gram-positive, non-spore-forming and non-motile. They are typical club-shaped rods. Colonies are yellow-pigmented, very small (0.5–1.0 mm diameter), dry and rough. Growth is not encouraged in a medium containing lipids. Catalase- and pyrazinamidase-positive. Produces acids from glucose, ribose, maltose and sucrose. Does not reduce nitrates. Does not produce alkaline phosphatase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, 
-glucuronidase, -galactosidase, -glucosidase or N-acetyl--glucosaminidase. Does not hydrolyse aesculin, gelatin or urea. D-Ribose, D-galactose, D-glucose and D-fructose are used as carbon substrates, but D-maltose and D-turanose are not. Glucose is not fermented at 42 °C and growth occurs at 20 °C. Susceptible to almost all tested antibiotics except for fosfomycin, pefloxacin and tetracycline.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Auzias, A., Bollet, C., Ayari, R., Drancourt, M. & Raoult, D. (2003). Corynebacterium freneyi bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol 41, 2777–2778.
Funke, G., Lawson, P. A., Bernard, K. A. & Collins, M. D. (1996). Most Corynebacterium xerosis strains identified in the routine clinical laboratory correspond to Corynebacterium amycolatum. J Clin Microbiol 34, 1124–1128.[Abstract]
Funke, G., Renaud, F. N. R., Freney, J. & Riegel, P. (1997a). Multicenter evaluation of the updated and extended API (RAPID) Coryne database 2.0. J Clin Microbiol 35, 3122–3126.[Abstract]
Funke, G., von Graevenitz, A., Clarridge, J. E., III & Bernard, K. A. (1997b). Clinical microbiology of coryneform bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev 10, 125–159.[Abstract]
Khamis, A., Raoult, D. & La Scola, B. (2004). rpoB gene sequencing for identification of Corynebacterium species. J Clin Microbiol 42, 3925–3931.
Khamis, A., Raoult, D. & La Scola, B. (2005). Comparison between rpoB and 16S rRNA gene sequencing for molecular identification of 168 clinical isolates of Corynebacterium. J Clin Microbiol 43, 1934–1936.
Renaud, F. N. R., Dutaur, M., Daoud, S., Aubel, D., Riegel, P., Monget, D. & Freney, J. (1998). Differentiation of Corynebacterium amycolatum, C. minutissimum, and C. striatum by carbon substrate assimilation tests. J Clin Microbiol 36, 3698–3702.
Renaud, F. N. R., Aubel, D., Riegel, P., Meugnier, H. & Bollet, C. (2001). Corynebacterium freneyi sp. nov., -glucosidase-positive strains related to Corynebacterium xerosis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 1723–1728.[Abstract]
Riegel, P., de Briel, D., Prevost, G., Jehl, F. & Monteil, H. (1994). Genomic diversity among Corynebacterium jeikeium strains and comparison with biochemical characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibilities. J Clin Microbiol 32, 1860–1865.
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Stackebrandt, E. & Goebel, B. M. (1994). Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 846–849.
Vela, A. I., Gracia, E., Fernandez, A., Dominguez, I. & Fernandez-Garayzabal, J. F. (2006). Isolation of Corynebacterium xerosis from animal clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 44, 2242–2243.
Wauters, G., Van Bosterhaut, B., Janssens, M. & Verhaegen, J. (1998). Identification of Corynebacterium amycolatum and other nonlipophilic fermentative corynebacteria of human origin. J Clin Microbiol 36, 1430–1432.
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