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1 Leibniz-Institut für Naturstoff-Forschung und Infektionsbiologie e.V., Hans-Knöll-Institut, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
2 Institute of Biological Sciences (Microbiology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3 Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, CSIC, Apartado 1052, 41080 Sevilla, Spain
4 Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
5 Division of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Correspondence
Ingrid Groth
Ingrid.Groth{at}hki-jena.de
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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A table giving the cellular fatty acid compositions of strains CSC17Ta-90T and CSC17Ta-84 and A. minnesotensis NRRL B-24435T is available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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is a member of the family Pseudonocardiaceae Embley et al. 1988 (as circumscribed by Warwick et al., 1994). Members of this family are characterized by the presence of meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in whole-cell hydrolysates (wall chemotype IV sensu Lechevalier & Lechevalier, 1970), fatty acids that mainly consist of iso- and anteiso-branched components and N-acetylated muramic acid and by the lack of mycolic acids (Takahashi, 2001). Amycolatopsis strains can be separated from members of the other genera classified within the family Pseudonocardiaceae by using a range of chemotaxonomic and morphological markers (Kim & Goodfellow, 1999) and by genus-specific oligonucleotide primers based on 16S rRNA gene sequences (Tan et al., 2006).
Members of the genus Amycolatopsis are Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, non-motile actinomycetes that form branched vegetative hyphae that undergo fragmentation into rod-like and squarish elements. If present, aerial hyphae may be sterile or differentiate into squarish to ovoid spore-like structures (Chun et al., 1999). The genus encompasses alkaliphilic, mesophilic, thermophilic and pathogenic species, which can be distinguished from one another by using a range of phenotypic properties (Saintpierre-Bonaccio et al., 2005; Lee, 2006; Lee et al., 2006). At the time of writing, the genus Amycolatopsis comprised 32 recognized species and subspecies, although there is compelling evidence that the genus is grossly underspeciated and that Amycolatopsis fastidiosa should be classified within a different taxon (Tan et al., 2006). The present polyphasic study was designed to determine the taxonomic position of two Amycolatopsis-like strains that had been isolated from a hypogean environment. The resultant data show that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus Amycolatopsis.
Strains CSC17Ta-84 (=HKI 0329) and CSC17Ta-90T (=HKI 0330T) were isolated from the wall of the last arcosolium near the exit of the Roman catacomb of St Callistus by touching the stone with a sterile cotton swab and suspending the adherent bacteria in 1 : 10-diluted organic medium 79 (Prauser & Falta, 1968). Aliquots of this suspension were spread over nutrient agar (Difco) plates, which were incubated at 28 °C for 14 days. The isolates were purified and maintained on yeast extract/malt extract agar (ISP medium 2; Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) and preserved at –80 °C as a mixture of hyphae and fragmentation spores in organic medium 79 broth and glycerol medium that consisted of K2HPO4 (1.26 %), KH2PO4 (0.36 %), MgSO4 (0.01 %), sodium citrate (0.09 %), (NH4)2SO4 (0.18 %) and glycerol (8.8 %). Stock cultures of the two strains in liquid organic medium 79 supplemented with 5 % DMSO were additionally maintained in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen.
Bacterial growth for chemotaxonomic investigations of the two isolates and the selected marker strains Amycolatopsis minnesotensis NRRL B-24435T, Amycolatopsis sacchari DSM 44468T and Amycolatopsis sulphurea IMET 7649T (=ATCC 27624T) was prepared by cultivating them for 24–48 h at 28 °C in liquid organic medium 79 or bacto-trypticase soy broth (Sigma-Aldrich). For MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) analysis the strains were cultivated on a sterile Sartorius filter (SM 11106) deposited on agar plates with a medium containing soluble starch (1 %), yeast extract (0.2 %), glucose (1 %), glycerol (1 %), cornsteep liquor (0.25 %), peptone (0.2 %), NaCl (0.1 %) and CaCO3 (0.3 %) for 7 days at 28 °C. Morphological and cultural characteristics were studied by cultivating the isolates on ISP media 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Difco) (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) for up to 21 days at 28 °C. Growth parameters were determined by using organic medium 79. The pH range for growth was established in shake flasks of liquid medium adjusted to pH values between 4.5 and 10.0 with either 1 M HCl or 20 % (w/v) Na2CO3 solution. The cultures were incubated for up to 6 days at 28 °C. Physiological tests, including determination of enzyme activities and susceptibility to antibiotics, were carried out as described by Groth et al. (2003).
Standard HPLC and TLC procedures were used to determine the isomers of diaminopimelic acid in whole-organism hydrolysates (Rhuland et al., 1955; Hasegawa et al., 1983), predominant whole-organism sugars (Becker et al., 1965; Saddler et al., 1991), fatty acids (MIDI system; http://www.midi-inc.com/), predominant menaquinones (Collins et al., 1977), muramic acid type (Uchida & Aida, 1984), polar lipids (Minnikin et al., 1979; Collins & Jones, 1980) and the presence of mycolic acids (Minnikin et al., 1975). For MALDI-TOF MS (Erhard et al., 1997), the samples were collected from cellulose acetate filters, homogenized in a suspension of acetonitrile/methanol (1 : 1) and transferred onto a stainless steel template. Each sample was mixed with the matrix (Kroppenstedt et al., 2005) and positive-ion mass spectra were recorded using a MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer (Voyager). The MALDI-TOF MS spectra were analysed by using the Applied Biosystems Software Data Explorer and the peak lists were compared with the SARAMIS software (AnagnosTec).
Chromosomal DNA of isolates CSC17Ta-90T and CSC17Ta-84 was extracted following the method described by Marmur (1961). PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA genes was achieved using the conserved primers 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG) and 1522R (5'-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA) (Edwards et al., 1989) under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95 °C for 1 min prior to the addition of BioTaq followed by 35 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 55 °C for 15 s and 72 °C for 2 min, and a final extension cycle at 72 °C for 10 min. Forward and reverse strands of the amplified DNA fragment were sequenced in an ABI 3700 sequencer (Applied Biosystems). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains were aligned manually using the PHYDIT program (available at http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/
jchun/phydit) against corresponding sequences of representatives of the family Pseudonocardiaceae retrieved from the EMBL and GenBank databases. The algorithm of Jukes & Cantor (1969) was used to transform sequence dissimilarities into evolutionary distances, and phylogenetic trees were inferred by using the least-squares (Fitch & Margoliash, 1967), maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1971) and neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) tree-making methods. The topologies of the resultant trees were evaluated in bootstrap analyses based on 1000 replicates. All of the phylogenetic analyses were carried out by using the PHYLIP suite of programs (Felsenstein, 1993) and the resultant phylogenetic trees were viewed by using TREEVIEW (Page, 1996). The root position of the unrooted Amycolatopsis tree based on the neighbour-joining method was estimated by using Prauserella rugosa DSM 43194T as the outgroup.
Almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were generated for isolates CSC17Ta-84 (1459 nt) and CSC17Ta-90T (1409 nt). Comparison of these sequences with corresponding nucleotide sequences of representatives of the genera classified in the family Pseudonocardiaceae showed that the hypogean organisms belonged to the genus Amycolatopsis (data not shown). In addition, isolates CSC17Ta-90T and CSC17Ta-84 shared a range of chemotaxonomic and morphological markers consistent with their assignment to this genus (Lechevalier et al., 1986; Yassin et al., 1993; Takahashi, 2001) as they produced an extensively branched substrate mycelium that fragmented into rod-like elements, formed sparse to moderate aerial hyphae and contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in whole-organism hydrolysates (wall chemotype IV sensu Lechevalier & Lechevalier, 1970) together with minor amounts of glucose, mannose, rhamnose and ribose. Furthermore, they were characterized by the presence of N-acetylated muramic acid and a complex phospholipid pattern consisting of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, two ninhydrin-positive lipids and several uncharacterized glycolipid and polar lipid components (phospholipid pattern 2 sensu Lechevalier et al., 1977). The fatty acid profiles were rich in iso-branched, straight-chain saturated and unsaturated components. Mycolic acids were not detected. Isolates CSC17Ta-90T and CSC17Ta-84 were also characterized by the presence of MK-11(H4) as the major menaquinone component (52.4 and 54.3 % of the total, respectively) with smaller proportions of MK-12(H4) (18.1 and 18.2 %), MK-9(H4) (8.0 and 8.8 %) and MK-10(H4) (9.0 and 9.1 %). By contrast, representatives of recognized Amycolatopsis species studied to date contain di-, tetra-, hexa- or octa-hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologue (Lechevalier et al., 1986; Yassin et al., 1991; Wink et al., 2003; Lee, 2006). Furthermore, the type strain of Amycolatopsis decaplanina is reported to contain a mixture of tetra-hydrogenated menaquinones with eight and nine isoprene units (Wink et al., 2004).
The two new isolates shared a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.9 %, a value that corresponds to a single nucleotide difference at 1408 locations; isolate CSC17Ta-84 has a guanine but isolate CSC17Ta-90T an adenine at Escherichia coli position 1463 (Brosius et al., 1978). It is evident from Fig. 1 that the new isolates form a branch in the Amycolatopsis gene tree together with the type strain of A. minnesotensis, although this relationship is not supported by a high bootstrap value or by the results from the maximum-parsimony analysis. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between isolates CSC17Ta-84 and CSC17Ta-90T and A. minnesotensis NRRL B-24435T was 98.2 %, a value equivalent to 25 nt differences at 1458 and 1407 locations. In addition, the two isolates show relatively high 16S rRNA gene similarities with the type strains of Amycolatopsis alba (97.5 %), Amycolatopsis azurea (97.4 %), Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. keratiniphila (97.4 %), Amycolatopsis keratiniphila subsp. nogabecina (97.2 %), Amycolatopsis lurida (97.5 %) and A. sacchari (97.3 %). DNA–DNA relatedness studies were not carried out between isolate CSC17Ta-90T and its closest phylogenetic neighbours as it has been shown repeatedly that Amycolatopsis type strains which share much higher 16S rRNA gene similarities than those cited above have DNA–DNA relatedness values well below the 70 % cut-off point recommended by Wayne et al. (1987) for the delineation of strains which belong to the same genomic species (Chun et al., 1999; Labeda et al., 2003; Wink et al., 2003).
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). In addition, they grew well on ISP media 2–7, between 20 and 40 °C and from pH 5 to 9. Strains CSC17Ta-84 and CSC17Ta-90T showed highly similar fatty acid patterns in which 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-C16 : 0) was the major component (27.7 and 27.1 % of the total fatty acid composition, respectively); fatty acids found in much smaller proportions included C17 : 0 (7.3 and 9.3 %), C17 : 1 cis9 (8.4 and 9.8 %), C16 : 0 (7.4 and 7.2 %), iso-C16 : 0 2-OH (7.9 and 6.4 %), iso-C15 : 0 (5.2 and 5.7 %), C18 : 1 cis9 (4.9 and 4.8 %), iso-C16 : 1 (4.2 and 4.4 %), anteiso-C17 : 0 (3.8 and 3.7 %), C16 : 1 cis9 (3.8 and 3.1 %), C18 : 0 (3.3 %) and an unidentified component (3.7 and 3.0 %). Similar complex fatty acid patterns have been recorded for recognized members of the genus Amycolatopsis (Yassin et al., 1993; Wink et al., 2004). However, differences in the profiles obtained from concurrent fatty acid analyses of the two new isolates and their closest phylogenetic neighbour, A. minnesotensis NRRL B-24435T, clearly distinguished strains CSC17Ta-84 and CSC17Ta-90T from this species (see Supplementary Table S1 available in IJSEM Online). The same was true for the MALDI-TOF MS-based fingerprinting data (Fig. 2), which underlined the distinctiveness of strains CSC17Ta-84 and CSC17Ta-90T from A. minnesotensis and all other studied less closely related Amycolatopsis species. Furthermore, these data indicated again the close relationship between the two novel organisms as they shared mass similarity values above 70 % (Kroppenstedt et al., 2005).
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Description of Amycolatopsis nigrescens sp. nov.
Amycolatopsis nigrescens (ni.gres'cens. L. v. nigresco to become black; L. part. adj. nigrescens becoming black).
Aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid–alcohol-fast, non-motile, catalase-positive actinomycete which forms an extensively branched vegetative mycelium (diameter of hyphae 0.7–0.9 µm) that fragments into squarish rod-like elements. The colour of the substrate mycelium changes from orange to black with the production of a dark reddish-black soluble pigment. The substrate mycelium carries sparse to moderate white or pale-orange aerial hyphae. Optimal growth occurs between 28 and 35 °C, but growth is not evident at either 10 or 42 °C. Grows well between pH 5 and 9 and in the presence of 6.0 % (w/v) NaCl, but does not grow at either pH 4.5 or 10 or in the presence of more than 10.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Aesculin and urea are hydrolysed and H2S is produced. Casein, hippurate, Tween 80 and tyrosine are degraded but adenine is not. Utilizes acetate, aconitate, citrate, malate, succinate, D-fructose, D-glucose and D-mannitol as sole carbon sources, but not benzoate, DL-tartrate or cellulose. Produces leucine arylamidase, esterase lipase (C8), N-acetyl-
-glucosamidase and acid phosphatase, but not 
-fucosidase or -glucuronidase (API ZYM tests). Susceptible to (per disc) chloramphenicol (30 µg), imipenem (10 µg), ofloxacin (10 µg), oxytetracycline hydrochloride (30 µg) and rifampicin (30 µg), but resistant to (per disc) lincomycin hydrochloride (2 µg), meticillin (5 µg) and norfloxacin (10 µg). Additional phenotypic properties are given in Table 1
. Chemotaxonomic characters are typical for Amycolatopsis species, apart from the menaquinone profile, which is characterized by the presence of a large proportion of tetra-hydrogenated menaquinones with 11 isoprene units.
The type strain, CSC17Ta-90T (=HKI 0330T=DSM 44992T=NRRL B-24473T), was isolated from the wall of the hypogean Roman catacomb of St Callistus. Strain CSC17Ta-84 (=HKI 0329) is a reference strain.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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50 % are shown. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position.