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ko Takahashi2
mura1,2
1 The Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8642, Japan
2 Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
Correspondence
Yko Takahashi
ytakaha{at}lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp
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ABSTRACT |
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Scanning electron micrographs showing aerial and vegetative mycelia of strain KV-744T are available as a supplementary figure with the online version of this paper.
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MAIN TEXT |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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). The second is isolation of bacterial strains from soil aggregates. The environment for bacteria is known to differ inside and outside soil aggregates (Vargas & Hattori, 1991). We have isolated bacterial strains separately from the inside and outside of soil aggregates and have obtained many isolates (Matsumoto et al., 2006). The third technique is isolation of slow-growing bacteria by long-term cultivation. Janssen et al. (2002) reported that incubation of isolation plates for at least 10 weeks resulted in an increased colony number. We conducted long-term incubation of isolation plates in order to isolate slow-growing bacteria. As a result, strains KV-744T and KV-856 were isolated using the latter two techniques. The genus Actinocatenispora, members of which produce aerial hyphae bearing spore chains, was proposed by Thawai et al. (2006) as a member of the family Micromonosporaceae. At present, the only recognized species of the genus Actinocatenispora is Actinocatenispora thailandica.
Strain KV-744T was isolated from inside soil aggregates collected in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, following the method of Matsumoto et al. (2006) after 2 months of cultivation. Strain KV-856 was isolated after 3 months of cultivation by using the general dilution method from soil collected in Tokyo, Japan.
Morphological characteristics were observed using scanning electron microscopy (model JSM-5600; JEOL) following incubation on glycerol-asparagine agar (ISP 5) for 3 weeks at 27 °C and fixation with 4 % osmium tetroxide vapour. Cultural and physiological characteristics were observed after incubation for 3 weeks at 27 °C. The ability of the test strain to grow on a range of sole carbon sources at 1 % (w/v) was determined using carbon utilization media (Pridham & Gottlieb, 1948) (Nihon Pharmaceutial Co., Ltd). NaCl tolerance and pH and temperature ranges for growth were determined using 1/5-strength nutrient agar. Isomers of diaminopimelic acid in whole-cell hydrolysates were determined using TLC following standard methods (Becker et al., 1965; Hasegawa et al., 1983), and N-acyl types of muramic acid were determined using the method of Uchida & Aida (1977). Purified cell wall was obtained using the method of Kawamoto et al. (1981), and the amino acid composition of hydrolysed cell walls was determined using cellulose TLC with n-butanol/acetic acid/H2O (4 : 1 : 2). Whole-cell sugars were analysed according to Becker et al. (1965), the presence of mycolic acids was examined by TLC following Tomiyasu (1982) and phospholipids were extracted and identified according to the method of Minnikin et al. (1977). Menaquinones were extracted and purified using the method of Collins et al. (1977) and were then analysed by HPLC (model 802-SC; Jasco) on a chromatograph equipped with a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (Shiseido) (Tamaoka et al., 1983). Analysis of fatty acids was performed according to the procedures of the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (Microbial ID). Chromosomal DNA was isolated as described by Saito & Miura (1963), with some modifications. The DNA base composition was estimated by using the HPLC method of Tamaoka & Komagata (1984). DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed as described by Ezaki et al. (1989). DNA for analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences was prepared by using the method of Yu et al. (2002). The 16S rRNA gene was amplified by PCR using previously described methods (Takahashi et al., 2002) and was sequenced directly on an ABI model 3130 automatic DNA sequencer using a BigDye terminator cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). The CLUSTAL W software package (Thompson et al., 1994) was used for multiple alignments with selected sequences for calculating evolutionary distances (Kimura, 1980), and similarity values and a phylogenetic tree were constructed based on the neighbour-joining method (Saitou & Nei, 1987). Data were resampled with 1000 bootstrap replications (Felsenstein, 1985). For the construction of a phylogenetic tree using the maximum-likelihood method (Felsenstein, 1981), the PHYLIP software package was used. Sequence similarity values were determined by visual comparison and manual calculation.
Whole-cell hydrolysates of strains KV-744T and KV-856 contained arabinose, galactose and xylose. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9(H4). Mycolic acids were not detected. The phospholipid detected was phosphatidylethanolamine, but phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid containing glucosamine were absent, which corresponds to phospholipid pattern II sensu of Lechevalier et al. (1977). The above data suggest that the strains are members of the family Micromonosporaceae. The DNA G+C contents were 72 and 73 mol%, respectively. Almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for strains KV-744T and KV-856 and were compared with 16S rRNA gene database sequences of the genera of the family Micromonosporaceae (Fig. 1). Strains KV-744T and KV-856 were most closely related to A. thailandica TT2-10T, the type species of the genus Actinocatenispora, and the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values were 99.2 and 99.3 %, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and the chemotaxonomic data, it is clear that strains KV-744T and KV-856 belong to the genus Actinocatenispora.
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The physiological differences between strains KV-744T and KV-856 and A. thailandica TT2-10T are shown in Table 1. The dominant cellular fatty acids of the two strains and A. thailandica TT2-10T were 14-methylhexadecanoic (ai-C17 : 0), 14-methylpentadecanoic (i-C16 : 0), 15-methylhexadecanoic (i-C17 : 0) and 13-methyltetradecanoic (i-C15 : 0) acids (Table 2).
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Description of Actinocatenispora sera sp. nov.
Actinocatenispora sera (se'ra. L. fem. adj. sera late).
Spores are cylindrical (0.5–0.6x0.8–1.0 µm) and have a smooth surface. Temperature range for growth and the optimum range are 13–37 and 18–25 °C, respectively. Growth occurs at pH 6–9. Melanoid pigments are not produced. Negative for the liquefaction of gelatin and hydrolysis of starch and positive for the reduction of nitrate and coagulation and peptonization of milk. Adonitol, D-glucose, L-rhamnose, xylitol and D-xylose are utilized, but L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, glycerol, myo-inositol, maltose, D-mannose, D-mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, D-ribose, trehalose and sucrose are not. Cellulose is not decomposed. Does not grow in the presence of 5 % NaCl. Predominant cellular fatty acids are ai-C17 : 0, i-C16 : 0, i-C17 : 0 and i-C15 : 0. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 72 mol%.
The type strain, KV-744T (=NRRL B-24477T=NBRC 101916T), was isolated from soil in Niigata Prefecture, Japan.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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