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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57 (2007), 2513-2518; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.65066-0
© 2007 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Ochrobactrum haematophilum sp. nov. and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense sp. nov., isolated from human clinical specimens

Peter Kämpfer1, Holger C. Scholz2, Birgit Huber3, Enevold Falsen4 and Hans-Jürgen Busse3

1 Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
2 Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, D-80937 Munich, Germany
3 Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Wien, Austria
4 Culture Collection, University of Göteborg, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, SE-413 46 Göteborg, Sweden

Correspondence
Peter Kämpfer
peter.kaempfer{at}agrar.uni-giessen.de


   ABSTRACT
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Three Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria were isolated from clinical specimens between 1992 and 2000. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, these strains (CCUG 30717T, CCUG 43892 and CCUG 38531T) were shown to belong to the Alphaproteobacteria, most closely related to Ochrobactrum grignonense (99.0 and 98.2 % similarity to the type strain). Chemotaxonomic data (major ubiquinone Q-10; major polyamines spermidine, sym-homospermidine and putrescine; major polar lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine; major fatty acids C18 : 1{omega}7c and C19 : 0 cyclo {omega}8c) supported the affiliation of the isolates to the genus Ochrobactrum. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization and physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the isolates from described Ochrobactrum species. Isolates CCUG 30717T and CCUG 43892 were closely related on the basis of DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and therefore represent one novel species, for which the name Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CCUG 30717T (=CIP 109451T). Isolate CCUG 38531T was different from these strains and also from other Ochrobactrum species. For this strain, the name Ochrobactrum haematophilum sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain CCUG 38531T (=CIP 109452T).

Abbreviations: pNA, p-nitroanilide; pNP, p-nitrophenyl

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains CCUG 30717T and CCUG 38531T are respectively AM422371 and AM422370.


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The genus Ochrobactrum was introduced by Holmes et al. (1988)Go and, at the time of writing, the genus comprises the nine species Ochrobactrum anthropi (Holmes et al., 1988Go), O. intermedium (Velasco et al., 1998Go), O. tritici and O. grignonense (Lebuhn et al., 2000Go), O. gallinifaecis (Kämpfer et al., 2003bGo), O. lupini (Trujillo et al., 2005Go), O. oryzae (Tripathi et al., 2006Go), O. pseudintermedium (Zurdo-Piñeiro et al., 2007Go) and O. cytisi (Teyssier et al., 2007Go).

Strains CCUG 30717T and CCUG 38531T were isolated in Sweden in 1992 and 1997, respectively, from human blood and strain CCUG 43892 was isolated in Norway in 2000 from a human ear and the strains were presumptively identified as ‘O. anthropi-like’. All strains showed beige-coloured colonies on nutrient agar (Oxoid) at 37 °C. Subcultivation was done on tryptone soy agar (TSA) at 28 °C for 48 h.

Gram-staining was performed as described by Gerhardt et al. (1994)Go. Cell morphology was observed under a Zeiss light microscope at x1000, with cells grown for 3 days at 28 °C on TSA. The 16S rRNA gene was analysed as described by Kämpfer et al. (2003a)Go. Strains CCUG 30717T and CCUG 43892 showed identical 16S rRNA gene sequences. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the ARB software package (Ludwig et al., 2004Go) and also the software package MEGA version 2.1 (Kumar et al., 2001Go) after multiple alignment of data by CLUSTAL_X (Thompson et al., 1997Go). Distances (distance options according to the Kimura-2 model) were calculated and clustering with the neighbour-joining method and maximum-parsimony was performed by using bootstrap values based on 1000 replications. The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three strains were compared by sequence similarity calculations after a neighbour-joining analysis. The results of these calculations indicated that the closest relative of all strains was O. grignonense (99.0 and 98.2 % similarity to the type strain). Lower sequence similarities were found with strains of all other species of the genus Ochrobactrum with validly published names. A phylogenetic tree is shown in Fig. 1Go.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences available from the EMBL database (accession numbers in parentheses) constructed after multiple alignment of data by CLUSTAL_X (Thompson et al., 1997Go). The tree was constructed as described in the text. Bootstrap values based on 1000 replications are listed as percentages at branching points. Bar, 0.005 substitutions per nucleotide position.

 
In recA-based phylogenetic analyses including the type strains of some Ochrobactrum and Brucella species, strain CCUG 38531T clustered as a separate lineage most closely related to Brucella species (Scholz et al., 2006Go). recA could not be amplified from strains CCUG 30717T and CCUG 43892, as described previously for the type strain of O. grignonense (Scholz et al., 2006Go).

For quinone and polar lipid analysis, cells were grown on PYE medium (Busse et al., 2005Go). Detailed results of chemotaxonomic analyses are given in the species description. The following analytical procedures were performed as described: respiratory quinones (Tindall, 1990Go; Altenburger et al., 1996Go) but using an HPLC consisting of a JASCO PU 2080 Plus pump and JASCO UV-2075 Plus UV/Vis detector; polyamines (Busse & Auling, 1988Go; Busse et al., 1997Go) using a JASCO PU 2080 Plus pump; polar lipids (Ventosa et al., 1993Go); and fatty acids (Kämpfer & Kroppenstedt, 1996Go). The quinone system (Q-10) supports affiliation of the three strains to the Alphaproteobacteria, where the majority of species (including Ochrobactrum species) have Q-10 as the major quinone (Lechner et al., 1995Go; Yokota et al., 1992Go). The polyamine pattern, with the predominant compounds putrescine and spermidine, was in agreement with the patterns reported previously for two species, including O. anthropi (Lechner et al., 1995Go; Hamana & Takeuchi, 1998Go), and is distinct from the polyamine patterns of members of the genera Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium/Ensifer, Aminobacter and Phyllobacterium, which were shown to contain sym-homospermidine as the major compound in their polyamine patterns (Busse & Auling, 1988Go; Auling et al., 1991Go; Hamana & Takeuchi, 1998Go), whereas spermidine is only present in minor to moderate amounts. In contrast, other relatives, such as species of Pseudaminobacter, exhibit polyamine patterns with the predominant compounds putrescine, spermidine and sym-homospermidine, and Mycoplana bullata shows the presence of spermidine as the major compound with moderate amounts of sym-homospermidine (Hamana & Takeuchi, 1998Go; Kämpfer et al., 1999Go). However, in the three strains, we were able to detect significant amounts of sym-homospermidine [9–17 µmol (g dry weight)–1]. Since the Ochrobactrum species examined so far have been reported to lack sym-homospermidine, we have reanalysed all type strains of Ochrobactrum species for their polyamine patterns, and every strain was found to contain at least moderate amounts [>5 µmol (g dry weight)–1] of this polyamine (not shown). These results suggest that, under the standardized conditions for growth of biomass applied here (growth on PYE medium at 28 °C and harvesting the cells at approximately 70 % of the maximum optical density of the culture), Ochrobactrum species are characterized by a polyamine pattern containing the major compound spermidine and moderate to major amounts of putrescine and sym-homospermidine. Absence of sym-homospermidine in representatives of the closely related genus Pseudochrobactrum (Kämpfer et al., 2006Go, 2007Go; B. Huber and H.-J. Busse, unpublished results) appears to be a distinguishing trait between the two genera. The polar lipid profiles of CCUG 30717T (Fig. 2Go), CCUG 43892 and CCUG 38531T were almost indistinguishable and exhibited a high degree of similarity to the profile of O. gallinifaecis (Kämpfer et al., 2003bGo). Like this species, the strains showed the presence of aminolipid AL2, but its content in the profile of CCUG 38531T was lower than in the other two strains (not shown). Since AL2 is lacking in extracts of Pseudochrobactrum species (Kämpfer et al., 2006Go, 2007Go), its presence is apparently another distinguishing trait between Ochrobactrum and Pseudochrobactrum. In this context, it is worth mentioning here that other Ochrobactrum species also contain this characteristic in their polar lipid profiles (B. Huber and H.-J. Busse, unpublished results).


Figure 2
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  		Fig. 2. Two-dimensional TLC of polar lipids of strain CCUG 30717T. PME, Phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; PC, phosphatidylcholine; DPG, diphosphatidylglycerol; PG, phosphatidylglycerol; AL1–3, unknown aminolipids; PL1–6, unknown phospholipids; APL1–3, unknown aminophospholipids; L2–3, unknown polar lipids.

 
The fatty acid profiles of the three strains are shown in Table 1Go. No significant differences in fatty acid profiles have been found for other Ochrobactrum species; however, no hydroxylated fatty acids were detected in strain CCUG 38531T.


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  		Table 1. Major fatty acids (%) of the type strains of species of the genus Ochrobactrum closely related to strains CCUG 30717T, CCUG 43892 and CCUG 38531T

Strains: 1, O. pseudogrignonense sp. nov. CCUG 30717T; 2, O. pseudogrignonense sp. nov. CCUG 43892; 3, O. haematophilum sp. nov. CCUG 38531T; 4, O. grignonense DSM 13338T; 5, O. gallinifaecis Iso 196T; 6, O. intermedium LMG 3301T; 7, O. anthropi CIP 14970T; 8, O. tritici LMG 18957T. All strains were grown on trypticase soy broth agar at 28 °C for 48 h prior to fatty acid analysis. For unsaturated fatty acids, the position of the double bond is located by counting from the methyl ({omega}) end of the carbon chain. cis and trans isomers are indicated by the suffixes c and t, respectively. –, Not detected.

 
Results of the physiological characterization are given in the species description and in Table 2Go (differential characters), using previously described methods (Kämpfer et al., 1991Go). DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed with all three strains and the type strains of all Ochrobactrum species using the method described by Ziemke et al. (1998)Go, except that, for nick translation, 2 µg DNA was labelled during a 3 h incubation at 15 °C. Results for the novel strains and the four most closely related type strains are shown in Table 3Go.


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  		Table 2. Physiological characteristics of the type strains of Ochrobactrum species closely related to strains CCUG 30717T, CCUG 43892 and CCUG 38531T

Strains: 1, O. pseudogrignonense sp. nov. CCUG 30717T and CCUG 43892; 2, O. haematophilum sp. nov. CCUG 38531T; 3, O. grignonense DSM 13338T; 4, O. anthropi CIP 14970T; 5, O. gallinifaecis Iso 196T; 6, O. intermedium LMG 3301T; 7, O. tritici LMG 18957T. +, Positive; –, negative; (+), weakly positive. All strains were positive for hydrolysis of L-alanine p-nitroanilide (pNA) and weak hydrolysis of bis-p-nitrophenyl (pNP) phosphate. All strains were negative for hydrolysis of aesculina*, pNP beta-D-galactopyranosidea, pNP beta-D-glucuronide, pNP {alpha}-D-glucopyranoside, pNP beta-D-glucopyranoside, pNP phosphorylcholine and 2-deoxythymidine-5'-pNP phosphate. All strains were also positive for assimilation of L-arabinosea, D-galactosea, gluconate, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-ribosea, D-xylose, acetate, propionatea, fumaratea, glutarate, DL-lactate, L-malatea, oxoglutaratea, pyruvatea, L-alanine, L-proline, L-serinea and ornithinea. All strains were negative for assimilation of p-arbutin, salicin, putrescine, L-phenylalanine, L-tryptophan, 3-hydroxybenzoate, adipateb, itaconate, mesaconate, phenylacetatea, {alpha}-D-melibiosea and azelate.

 

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  		Table 3. Percentage DNA–DNA reassociation values between the novel strains and related Ochrobactrum type strains

 
Phylogenetic examinations based on almost-entire 16S rRNA gene sequences showed the affiliation of the three strains to the genus Ochrobactrum. They also shared the distinguishing characteristics of the genus, the presence of unknown aminolipid AL2 and a polyamine pattern containing significant amounts of sym-homospermidine in addition to spermidine and putrescine. The relationship of strains CCUG 30717T and CCUG 43892 at the species level as suggested by their identical 16S rRNA gene sequences was confirmed by the results of DNA–DNA hybridizations. In the phylogenetic tree, they were placed next to O. grignonense OgA9aT, but their status as a distinct species was confirmed by DNA–DNA hybridizations with O. grignonense DSM 13338T; O. anthropi CIP 14970T, O. tritici LMG 18957T and O. intermedium LMG 3301T. The results from DNA–DNA hybridizations also demonstrated that CCUG 38531T is a representative of another species of the genus Ochrobactrum. On the basis of unique phenotypic traits and genotypic characterization, we therefore describe two novel Ochrobactrum species.

Description of Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense sp. nov.
Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonense [pseu.do.gri.gno.nen'se. Gr. adj. pseudes false; N.L. neut. adj. grignonense a bacterial species epithet; N.L. neut. adj. pseudogrignonense a false (Ochrobactrum) grignonense].

Cells are non-motile, non-spore-forming rods (approx. 2 µm in length). Gram-negative and oxidase-positive, showing an oxidative metabolism. Good growth occurs on R2A agar, TSA, nutrient agar and MacConkey agar at 25–30 °C. Growth is observed on PYE agar supplemented with 5 % NaCl (w/v) but different results are observed for the two known strains at 7 % NaCl. Growth is observed on PYE agar at 4 °C but not at 42 °C. Beige, translucent and shiny colonies with entire edges are formed within 24 h, with a diameter of approximately 2 mm. The quinone system consists of Q-10 (96–99 %) and Q-9 (2–4 %). The polyamine pattern [(g dry weight)–1] consists of the major compounds spermidine (23–35 µmol) and putrescine (27–34 µmol), moderate amounts of sym-homospermidine (9–10 µmol) and minor amounts of 1,3-diaminopropane (1–2 µmol) and spermine (1 µmol). Predominant polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Moderate amounts of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phosphorus-free aminolipids (AL1 and AL2) and small amounts of several unknown phospholipids, aminophospholipids and an aminolipid are also present. The fatty acid profile is composed largely of C18 : 1{omega}7c (19.2–24.2 %) and C19 : 0 cyclo {omega}8c (50.8–57.8 %). Carbon source utilization and hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates (including differentiating characters for all Ochrobactrum species) are indicated in Table 2Go.

The type strain, CCUG 30717T (=CIP 109451T), was isolated in 1992 from blood of a 28-year-old man in Göteborg, Sweden. Strain CCUG 43892 was isolated in 2000 from the ear of a newborn in Tromsö, Norway.

Description of Ochrobactrum haematophilum sp. nov.
Ochrobactrum haematophilum (hae.ma.to.phi'lum. Gr. n. haema -atis blood; Gr. adj. philos loving; N.L. neut. adj. haematophilum blood-loving).

Cells are non-motile, non-spore-forming rods (approx. 2 µm in length). Gram-negative and oxidase-positive, showing an oxidative metabolism. Good growth occurs on R2A agar, TSA, PYE agar, nutrient agar and MacConkey agar at 25–30 °C. Growth is observed on PYE agar supplemented with 5 % NaCl (w/v) but not with 7 %. No growth is observed on PYE agar at 4 or 42 °C. Beige, translucent and shiny colonies with entire edges form within 24 h, with a diameter of approximately 2 mm. The quinone system consists of Q-10 (98 %) and Q-9 (2 %). The polyamine pattern [(g dry weight)–1] consists of the major compounds spermidine (49 µmol), putrescine (19 µmol) and sym-homospermidine (17 µmol) and minor amounts of 1,3-diaminopropane (3 µmol) and spermine (2 µmol). Predominant polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine. Moderate amounts of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified phosphorus-free aminolipids (AL1 and AL2) and small amounts of several unknown phospholipids, aminophospholipids and an aminolipid are also present. The fatty acid profile is composed largely of C18 : 1{omega}7c (32.7 %) and C19 : 0 cyclo {omega}8c (43.2 %). Carbon source utilization and hydrolysis of chromogenic substrates (including differentiating characters for all Ochrobactrum species) are indicated in Table 2Go.

The type strain, CCUG 38531T (=CIP 109452T), was isolated in 1997 from blood of a 79-year-old man in Falun, Sweden.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
The CCUG is grateful to the depositors and to the devoted staff Elisabeth Inganäs, Maria Ohlén, Sofia Wernersson and Geneviève Mosella.


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P. Kampfer, A. Sessitsch, M. Schloter, B. Huber, H.-J. Busse, and H. C. Scholz
Ochrobactrum rhizosphaerae sp. nov. and Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans sp. nov., isolated from the environment
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2008; 58(6): 1426 - 1431.
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