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1 Laboratoire de Microbiologie IRD, Biotechnologie Microbienne des Environnements Chauds, UMR D180, IRD ESIL, Universités de Provence et de la Méditerranée, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
2 Laboratoire d'Immuno-Microbiologie Environnementale et Cancérogenèse, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, 70021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
3 Laboratoire des Bio-Procédés, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Route de Sidi Mansour Km 6, BP ‘K’, Sfax 3038, Tunisia
Correspondence
Marc Labat
marc.labat{at}esil.univmed.fr
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7c (22.6 %), C16 : 17c (20.4 %) C19 : 0 cyclo 8c (10.9 %) and C17 : 0 (8 %). Interestingly, the relative percentages of these last two fatty acids were intermediate compared with most species among the family Halomonadaceae for which fatty acid composition has been determined. The DNA G+C content was 53.7 mol%, which is very low among the family Halomonadaceae. Strain LIT2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.06–95.15 % to members of the genus Chromohalobacter, 94.21–94.65 % to members of the genus Halomonas and 93.57 % with the single species representative of the genus Cobetia. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence presented in this paper, we propose the name Modicisalibacter tunisiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate strain LIT2T. The type strain of Modicisalibacter tunisiensis is LIT2T (=CCUG 52917T =CIP 109206T). A reassignment of the descriptive 16S rRNA signature characteristics of the family Halomonadaceae permitted placement of the new genus Modicisalibacter into the family.
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). The halophilic micro-organisms that belong to the Bacteria comprise several representatives that are part of larger phylogenetic groups. The different branches of the phylum Proteobacteria have various halophilic representatives with close relatives that are non-halophilic (Kushner, 1978). Amongst the bacterial families that are part of the class Gammaproteobacteria, the family Halomonadaceae is characterized by halophilic, halotolerant and non-halophilic species that belong to different genera (Franzmann et al., 1988; Prado et al., 2006).
Halomonas, the largest genus in this family, contains 38 species, followed by the genus Chromohalobacter, with seven species. The genus Cobetia was created with the single species Cobetia marina (Arahal et al., 2002). To our knowledge, all the species belonging to these three genera are moderately halophilic, aerobic, Gram-negative, heterotrophic rods. Furthermore, almost all species are motile and capable of reducing nitrate. They have been isolated from different terrestrial and aquatic environments, mainly with moderately to high salt concentrations and/or alkaline pH (Ventosa et al., 1989; Arahal et al., 2001a, b; Quillaguamán et al., 2004a).
This report describes the phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of isolate LIT2T, obtained with two phylogenetically closely related strains (LIT3 and LIT4) from oilfield-water injection samples collected in the south of Tunisia. Based on the physiological and phylogenetic characteristics presented, we propose a new genus and species to accommodate strain LIT2T.
Samples were collected in sterile glass bottles from different water injections of oilfields located in the Sidi Litayem area near Sfax (Tunisia) and stored in the dark at 4 °C until use. Enrichments were performed with a basal medium containing (l–1 distilled water) 100 g NaCl, 0.3 g KH2PO4, 0.3 g K2HPO4, 1 g NH4Cl, 0.33 g MgCl2 . 6H2O, 0.1 g CaCl2, 1 g yeast extract and 1 ml trace-element solution (Widdel & Pfennig, 1981). The pH was adjusted to 7.2 with a 10 M KOH solution. Aliquots of 25 ml were dispensed into flasks and sterilized by autoclaving at 121 °C for 20 min. Substrates were injected from concentrated sterile stock solutions to obtain the expected final concentration to check the need of the strains for other organic substrates.
Samples (2.5 ml) from oilfield-water injections were used to inoculate 25 ml basal medium supplemented with 1 % crude oil as a carbon source. The cultures were then incubated at 37 °C under agitation at 150 r.p.m. Each enrichment culture was subcultured several times under the same conditions prior to isolation. For isolation, aliquots (100 µl) of 10–1 to 10–10 dilutions were plated onto 1 % crude-oil agar basal medium and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Single colonies, originating from different water-injection exhausts and belonging to the same oilfield biotope, were picked and used for screening.
For all experiments, basal medium containing 1 g yeast extract l–1 was used. The pH of the medium was adjusted with 5 M HCl or 10 M KOH to obtain a range between pH 4 and 11. Different amounts of NaCl were weighed directly in flasks prior to dispensing 25 ml medium to obtain the expected NaCl concentration (range 0–250 g l–1); the pH was then readjusted after having added salt in each flask. The temperature range for growth was analysed between 15 and 55 °C (5 °C intervals). Nine strains were isolated from the different enrichment cultures initiated with crude oil. All strains were routinely cultured and maintained in the basal medium supplemented with 1 % crude oil, as described below. Three strains, LIT2T, LIT3 and LIT4, were chosen, and strain LIT2T was characterized further. In addition to the isolate, Chromohalobacter canadensis DSM 6769T, Chromohalobacter israelensis DSM 6768T, Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T, Chromohalobacter marismortui DSM 6770T, Chromohalobacter sarecensis CCUG 47987T, Chromohalobacter nigrandesensis DSM 14323T, Halomonas ventosae DSM 15911T, Halomonas desiderata DSM 9502T, Halomonas campisalis ATCC 700597T, Halomonas alimentaria DSM 15356T and Cobetia marina DSM 4741T were used as references for phenotypic characteristics. These micro-organisms were cultivated under the same conditions.
Optical and electron microscopy were performed as described by Abdelkafi et al. (2005). For heat resistance, cells grown in basal medium containing yeast extract were exposed to temperatures of 80, 90 and 100 °C for 10 min (Abdelkafi et al., 2006a). The cells were cooled quickly to room temperature and then inoculated into fresh glucose-containing medium and growth was recorded after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C under agitation (150 r.p.m.).
The Gram reaction was determined by using the bioMérieux Gram stain kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Catalase activity was determined by bubble production in 3 % (v/v) hydrogen peroxide solution. Oxidase activity was determined by oxidation of 1 % p-aminodimethylaniline oxalate. Other phenotypic characters, including morphological, physiological and biochemical tests, were determined as described previously (Yoon et al., 2001; Romanenko et al., 2003; Quillaguamán et al., 2004a; Abdelkafi et al., 2005). Enzyme activities were examined by using the API ZYM system (bioMérieux). Resistance to antibiotics was determined on Mueller–Hinton agar (Difco 0252; Becton Dickinson) with standard antibiotic discs (bioMérieux). Inhibition diameters were recorded after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C under aerobic conditions. Classification of the strain as sensitive, not sensitive or intermediately sensitive to the antibiotics was proposed according to the disc-manufacturer's instructions (bioMérieux). Fatty acid methyl esters were analysed using the standard procedure of the Microbial Identification System (Microbial ID) and compared to the fatty-acid database. For fatty acid methyl ester analysis, bacteria were grown on blood agar at 30 °C. Bacterial growth was followed by measuring turbidity at 600 nm by using a Shimadzu model UV 160A spectrophotometer as described by Abdelkafi et al. (2006b).
The G+C content of the DNA was determined by the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Braunschweig, Germany) using HPLC as described by Mesbah et al. (1989).
DNA was extracted from nine different isolates, including strain LIT2T, according to the protocol described for the Wizard Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega). The 16S rRNA genes of these isolates were amplified by using primers Fd1 (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1525R (5'-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3') under the following reaction conditions: 1 min at 96 °C, 30 cycles of 20 s at 96 °C, 30 s at 55 °C and 2 min at 72 °C and a final elongation step for 5 min at 72 °C. PCR products were then cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Recombinant clones with inserts of the expected length were sequenced by using the vector-specific primers SP6 (5'-ATTTAGGTGACACTATAGAA-3') and T7 (5'-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3') (Genome Express). Plasmids containing inserts of the expected length were isolated using the Wizard Plus SV Minipreps DNA purification system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's protocol and purified plasmids were sent for sequencing to GATC (Konstanz, Germany). Sequence data were imported into the sequence editor BioEdit version 5.0.9 (Hall, 1999); base calling was examined and a contiguous sequence was obtained. The full sequence was aligned by using the RDP (version 8) Sequence Aligner program (Maidak et al., 2001) and adjusted manually to conform to the 16S rRNA secondary-structure model (Lane et al., 1985). A non-redundant BLAST search (Altschul et al., 1997) identified its closest relatives. Sequences used in the phylogenetic analysis were obtained from the RDP (version 8) (Maidak et al., 2001) and GenBank (Benson et al., 1999) databases. Positions of sequence and alignment ambiguity were omitted and pairwise evolutionary distances were calculated with the method of Jukes & Cantor (1969). A dendrogram was constructed using the neighbour-joining method (Saitou & Nei, 1987). Confidence in the tree topology was determined by using 100 bootstrapped trees (Felsenstein, 1985).
The enrichment cultures were positive for crude-oil tolerance after 1 week of incubation at 37 °C under agitation (150 r.p.m.). After several dilutions and subcultures in the same liquid medium, different stable microbial consortia developed. The morphologically dominant bacterial population was a motile and non-spore-forming bacterium. Subsequently, these enrichment cultures were serially diluted and used to inoculate Petri dishes. Numerous isolates were obtained from these different oilfield-water injection exhausts, and nine different isolates were chosen. The 16S rRNA genes of these nine strains were compared by amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) profiles. Three of the pure colonies (LIT2, LIT3 and LIT4) showed similar ARDRA profiles (data not shown). Strain LIT2T was selected for further characterization.
Characterization and morphology
Table 1 provides a comparison of the taxonomic features of strain LIT2T with those of some species from the genera Chromohalobacter and Halomonas and the type strain of Cobetia marina. The isolate is a mesophilic, Gram-negative, motile and strictly aerobic bacterium. The catalase reaction is positive. Cells are rod-shaped (1.0–4.0 µm long and 0.6–1.0 µm wide). Colonies are smooth, circular, low-convex, cream and 2–3 mm in diameter after 48 h at 37 °C. The temperature range supporting growth is 15–45 °C, the optimal temperature being 37 °C. The pH range for growth is 5–10 with an optimum at pH 7.2. Moderately halophilic, with a NaCl range for growth of 10–250 g l–1 and an optimum at 100 g l–1. In API ZYM analysis, positive reactions occurred for alkaline phosphatase, esterase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and esterase lipase. Negative reactions were observed for naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, 
-glucosidase, -fucosidase, cystine arylamidase, lipase, valine arylamidase, trypsin, -chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, 
-glucuronidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase and -mannosidase. The same biochemical tests were performed with strains LIT3 and LIT4, giving similar results (data not shown). The oxidase reaction distinguished strain LIT2T clearly from all species of the genus Halomonas (Yoon et al., 2002). Strain LIT2T could be differentiated from Cobetia marina by ribose utilization, nitrate reduction, urease activity and by its mobility (Arahal et al., 2002). Strain LIT2T could also be distinguished from species of the genus Chromohalobacter by several representative biochemical tests. For example, strain LIT2T can be clearly distinguished from its closest phylogenetic relative, Chromohalobacter canadensis DSM 6769T (Arahal et al., 2001a), by its citrate reaction, mannose and ribose utilization and by its aesculin hydrolysis. Similarly, strain LIT2T differs from Chromohalobacter israelensis DSM 6768T (Quillaguamán et al., 2004b) by its utilization of maltose, mannose and aesculin. LIT2T can also be distinguished from both Chromohalobacter salexigens DSM 3043T and Chromohalobacter marismortui DSM 6770T by its utilization of mannose, maltose and ribose. Urease activity and H2S production confirmed the differentiation of strain LIT2 from Chromohalobacter salexigens and nitrate reduction and fructose utilization confirmed its differentiation from Chromohalobacter marismortui.
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belonging to the genera Chromohalobacter, Halomonas and Cobetia. Other useful characteristics to differentiate strain LIT2T from other phylogenetically related species belonging to the family Halomonadaceae are listed in Table 1. The growth behaviour of strain LIT2T was studied in the presence of different antibiotics. The strain was susceptible to polymyxin (25 µg) and colistin (50 µg) and was weakly susceptible to penicillin (10 µg), but the strain was resistant to tetracycline (30 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), neomycin (30 µg) and chloramphenicol (30 µg).
Strain LIT2T has a cellular fatty acid profile containing large amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (Table 2). The major fatty acids detected in strain LIT2T were C16 : 0 (26.9 %), C18 : 17c (22.6 %), C16 : 17c (20.4 %), C19 : 0 (10.9 %) and C17 : 0 (8 %). This profile is similar in many points to those of the type strains of previously described species belonging to the genera Chromohalobacter, Halomonas and Cobetia, confirming its position in the family Halomonadaceae (Yoon et al., 2002; Peçonek et al., 2006). Moreover, similar to other members of the family Halomonadaceae, strain LIT2T possessed low levels of the saturated cellular fatty acids C10 : 0 (2.1 %), C12 : 0 (2.8 %), C12 : 0 3-OH (5.6 %) and C14 : 0 (0.7 %). However, important differences were detected in the fatty acid profile of strain LIT2T when compared with the profiles of representative type strains of the genera Chromohalobacter, Halomonas and Cobetia. Indeed, the proportion of C19 : 0 cyclo 8c found in strain LIT2T (10.9 %) is rather different from that reported for Chromohalobacter sarecensis (28 %) and Cobetia marina (2.7 %). Quantitative differences for C17 : 0 might be used to confirm the differentiation of strains LIT2T and LIT3 (ranging from 5.3–8 %) from Halomonas species (ranging from 0.2–1.8 %). In summary, the fatty acid profiles of strains LIT2T and LIT3 differed significantly from those of other members of the family Halomonadaceae (Table 2).
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Almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for strains LIT3, LIT4 and LIT2T. These sequences were aligned and compared with all bacterial sequences available in the GenBank database. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains LIT2T, LIT3 and LIT4 were members of the family Halomonadaceae. A neighbour-joining tree, showing the phylogenetic relationships between strains LIT2T, LIT3 and LIT4 and selected representatives of the Halomonadaceae, is presented in Fig. 1. The phylogenetic analyses showed that strains LIT2T, LIT3 and LIT4 formed a new cluster which was adequate for genus assignment. This new proposed genus is phylogenetically as far from the genus Halomonas as from the genus Chromohalobacter. Thus, strains LIT2T, LIT3 and LIT4 formed a phylogenetically very cohesive group, where strain LIT2T exhibited similarity levels of 95.15–94.06 % with species of the genus Chromohalobacter, 94.65–94.21 % with species of the genus Halomonas and 93.57 % with the type strain of Cobetia marina. Moreover, no other bacterial species shared more than 95.15 % sequence similarity with strain LIT2T. This low level of sequence similarity indicated that strain LIT2T could be assigned to a new genus. The sequence of the type strain contained 12 signatures associated with the family Halomonadaceae (data not shown). By extension, it is also proposed that the related strains LIT3 and LIT4 be placed inside the same species of this new genus.
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Description of Modicisalibacter gen. nov.
Modicisalibacter (Mo'di.ci.sa'li.bac'ter. L. adj. modicus moderate, limited; L. n. sal, salis salt; N.L. masc. n. bacter a rod; N.L. masc. n. Modicisalibacter a moderately halophilic rod).
Cells are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, motile rods. Moderately halophilic. Strictly aerobic and require Na+ for growth. Mesophilic, growing well at 15–45 °C, oxidase-negative and reduce nitrate. Predominant fatty acids are C16 : 0, C18 : 17c, C16 : 17c, C19 : 0 cyclo 8c and C17 : 0. Contents of C19 : 0 cyclo 8c and C17 : 0 differ significantly from those of other members of the Halomonadaceae. The DNA G+C content of the type strain of the type species is 53.7 mol% (HPLC). The genus belongs to the family Halomonadaceae. The type species is Modicisalibacter tunisiensis.
Description of Modicisalibacter tunisiensis sp. nov.
Modicisalibacter tunisiensis (tu.ni.si.en'sis. N.L. masc. adj. tunisiensis of Tunisia, where the first strains were isolated).
Displays the following properties in addition to those in the genus description. Cells are approximately 1.0–4.0 µm long and 0.6–1.0 µm wide. Colonies on marine agar are circular, smooth, convex and 2–3 mm in diameter after 48 h of incubation at 37 °C. Cells grow at 4–45 °C, with optimum growth at 37 °C. The pH range for growth is 5–10, with an optimum at pH 7.2. Optimal growth occurs in the presence of 100 g NaCl l–1. Growth occurs in the range 1–250 g NaCl l–1. Catalase reaction is positive. ONPG hydrolysis is negative. Citrate is not utilized. Urease and arginine dihydrolase are not produced. Gelatin, alginate and aesculin are not hydrolysed. Hydrogen sulfide and indole are not produced. Utilizes D-glucose, D-fructose, tryptone, peptone and Casamino acids. Other characteristics in comparison with closely related species of the genera Chromohalobacter, Halomonas and Cobetia are shown in Table 1. Tests for alkaline phosphatase, esterase, leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and esterase lipase are positive. Tests for naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, -glucosidase, -fucosidase, cystine arylamidase, lipase, valine arylamidase, trypsin, -chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase and -mannosidase are negative. Susceptible to polymyxin (25 µg) and colistin (50 µg), weakly susceptible to penicillin (10 µg) and resistant to tetracycline (30 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), neomycin (30 µg) and chloramphenicol (30 µg). Predominant fatty acids are C16 : 0 (26.9 %), C18 : 17c (22.6 %), C16 : 17c (20.4 %), C19 : 0 cyclo 8c (10.9 %) and C17 : 0 (8 %). C10 : 0, C12 : 0, C12 : 0 3-OH and C14 : 0 are present in smaller amounts.
The type strain is LIT2T (=CCUG 52917T =CIP 109206T), which was isolated from a sample of oilfield-water injection collected in the Sidi Litayem area near Sfax, Tunisia.
Emended description of the family Halomonadaceae Franzmann et al. 1989
The description of the family Halomonadaceae is as given by Franzmann et al. (1988) and emended previously by Dobson & Franzmann (1996) and Ntougias et al. (2007), with a single alteration in the 16S rRNA signature nucleotide characteristics. Alignment of sequences was carried out using the CLUSTAL W submission form according to Ntougias et al. (2007). All previous positions of these 16S rRNA genes are retrieved with the inclusion of the new genus Modicisalibacter except position 640 (A instead of G). The 16S rRNA signature nucleotides characteristic of the family Halomonadaceae can be redefined as follows: position 484 (A or G), position 486 (C or U), position 640 (A or G), position 660 (A), position 668 (A), position 669 (A), position 737 (U), position 738 (U), position 745 (U), position 776 (U), position 1124 (U or G), position 1297 (U), position 1298 (C), position 1423 (A), position 1424 (C or U), position 1439 (U or C), position 1462 (A or G), position 1464 (C or U). The family comprises the genera Carnimonas, Chromohalobacter, Cobetia, Halomonas, Halotalea, Modicisalibacter and Zymobacter.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Z. Ben Ali Gam, R. Oueslati, S. Abdelkafi, L. Casalot, J. L. Tholozan, and M. Labat Desulfovibrio tunisiensis sp. nov., a novel weakly halotolerant, sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from exhaust water of a Tunisian oil refinery Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2009; 59(5): 1059 - 1063. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Arenas, P. I. Banon, J. L. Copa-Patino, C. Sanchez-Porro, A. Ventosa, and J. Soliveri Halomonas ilicicola sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a saltern Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, March 1, 2009; 59(3): 578 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Sanchez-Porro, R. R. de la Haba, N. Soto-Ramirez, M. C. Marquez, R. Montalvo-Rodriguez, and A. Ventosa Description of Kushneria aurantia gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Halomonadaceae, and a proposal for reclassification of Halomonas marisflavi as Kushneria marisflavi comb. nov., of Halomonas indalinina as Kushneria indalinina comb. nov. and of Halomonas avicenniae as Kushneria avicenniae comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, February 1, 2009; 59(2): 397 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-B. Li, L.-P. Zhang, and S.-F. Chen Halomonas korlensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, denitrifying bacterium isolated from saline and alkaline soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2008; 58(11): 2582 - 2588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-H. Wu, X.-W. Xu, Y.-Y. Huo, P. Zhou, X.-F. Zhu, H.-B. Zhang, and M. Wu Halomonas caseinilytica sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from a saline lake on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2008; 58(5): 1259 - 1262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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