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1 Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
2 Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
Correspondence
Hans-Jürgen Busse
hans-juergen.busse{at}vu-wien.ac.at
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5c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The five strains could be distinguished from each other and from the three established species of the genus Hymenobacter based on relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities (<97 %), unique polar lipids and differing fatty acid profiles and physiological characteristics. In conclusion, the description of four novel species of the genus Hymenobacter appears to be justified, for which the names Hymenobacter norwichensis sp. nov. (type strain NS/50T=LMG 21876T=DSM 15439T), Hymenobacter chitinivorans sp. nov. (type strain Txc1T=LMG 21951T=DSM 11115T), Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens sp. nov. (type strain Txg1T=LMG 21873T=DSM 11116T) and Hymenobacter ocellatus sp. nov. (type strain Myx 2105T=Txo1T=LMG 21873T=DSM 11117T) are proposed. For strain NS/2, a description only is provided without proposal of a name because its status as a novel species was not demonstrated unambiguously.
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). Selected strains were subjected to chemotaxonomic characterization and partial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Based on these results, the isolates were identified as members of numerous different genera including Frigoribacterium (Kämpfer et al., 2000), Micrococcus (Wieser et al., 2002), Sphingomonas (Busse et al., 2003), Bacillus, Terrabacter, Nocardioides, Brevibacterium, Curtobacterium, Cellulomonas, Staphylococcus, Paucimonas, Duganella, Psychrobacter and ‘Taxeobacter’/Hymenobacter (O. Kim, U. Ulrych & H.-J. Busse, unpublished data). Two strains, NS/2 and NS/50T, identified as members of the ‘Taxeobacter’/Hymenobacter lineage, were subjected to a more detailed characterization.
Members of the ‘Taxeobacter’/Hymenobacter lineage belong to the Bacteroidetes line of descent. Cultured representatives of this lineage are Hymenobacter roseosalivarius, Hymenobacter actinosclerus, Hymenobacter aerophilus, ‘Taxeobacter chitinovorans’, ‘Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens’ and ‘Taxeobacter ocellatus’ (Hirsch et al., 1998; Collins et al., 2000; Buczolits et al., 2002; Reichenbach, 1992). As neither the genus name ‘Taxeobacter’ nor the species names ‘Taxeobacter chitinovorans’, ‘Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens’ and ‘Taxeobacter ocellatus’ have been validly published, these names do not have standing in nomenclature. In contrast to other taxa belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes they were reported to have genomic DNA with a high G+C content (55–61 mol%) and to be able to survive under unfavourable conditions such as exposure to increased desiccation (Reichenbach, 1992; Hirsch et al., 1998; Buczolits et al., 2002) and high levels of radiation (Collins et al., 2000). Also, the fact that, among 319 cloned 16S rRNA gene sequences from an air sampling campaign in Salt Lake City (UT, USA), thirteen sequences showed the highest similarities with representatives of this lineage (http://www-bio.llnl.gov/bbrp/html/SLC_air_clones3.html) is in agreement with their assumed desiccation resistance.
Classification of the isolates employed methods used previously for the description of H. aerophilus (Buczolits et al., 2002). The strains were characterized biochemically according to Kämpfer et al. (1991), with the modification reported by Buczolits et al. (2002). Polyamines, quinones, polar lipids and fatty acids were extracted and analysed as described by Busse & Auling (1988), Busse et al. (1997), Tindall (1990), Altenburger et al. (1996), Ventosa et al. (1993) and Kämpfer et al. (1997). Morphological, physiological and biochemical traits are summarized in the species descriptions and Table 1.
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), the two strains shared 95.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and showed highest similarities (97–98 %) to sequences of uncultured strains that were obtained from studies in spacecraft assembly facilities. Strain NS/2 exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T (98.5 %; manuscript under review at the same time as our manuscript) and ‘Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens’ Txg1T (96.4 %), moderate similarities to H. actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (95.7 %), ‘Taxeobacter chitinovorans’ Txc1T (94.8 %), H. aerophilus DSM 13606T (94.2 %) and H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T (93.6 %) and low similarity to ‘Taxeobacter ocellatus’ Myx 2105T (90.6 %). Strain NS/50T exhibited moderate similarities to H. actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (95.5 %), ‘Taxeobacter chitinovorans’ Txc1T (95.3 %), Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T (95.3 %), H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T (94.9 %), ‘Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens’ Txg1T (94.7 %) and H. aerophilus DSM 13606T (93.9 %) and low similarity to ‘Taxeobacter ocellatus’ Myx 2105T (90.5 %). These data indicate that strain NS/50T, and perhaps also NS/2, are representatives of so far unrecognized species of the genus Hymenobacter. In order to classify strains ‘Taxeobacter chitinovorans’ Txc1T, ‘Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens’ Txg1T and ‘Taxeobacter ocellatus’ Myx 2105T in more detail, we included them in our study. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the ‘Taxeobacter’ strains were in the range 90.9–95.0 %, clearly demonstrating that each of them represents a single species. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, the closest related species of the strains studied here, other than Hymenobacter spp., included Adhaeribacter aquaticus MBRG1.5T (87.2–89.2 %) and Pontibacter actiniarum KMM 6156T (86.3–88.1 %). Phylogenetic calculations were in good agreement with the results from sequence comparisons (Fig. 1).
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).
The polar lipid profiles of the five strains consisted of 8–13 components (Table 2). Each of the five strains displayed a distinct polar lipid profile, distinguishing them from H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T, H. actinosclerus CCUG 39621T (Table 2), H. aerophilus DSM 13606T and an unnamed Hymenobacter strain I/74-Cor2 (DSM 13611) (Buczolits et al., 2002). Strain Myx 2105T exhibited the most distinct profile. It lacked the unknown aminophospholipid APL4 that was present in all the other strains and in contrast to all of them it contained three unknown aminolipids (Fig. 2). Among the polar lipids only phosphatidylethanolamine could be identified based on its chromatographic and staining behaviour. In four of five strains, no polar lipids could be detected that showed the chromatographic and staining behaviour of diphosphatidylglycerol. It is important to emphasize this observation because strains Txc1T and Txg1T as well as H. roseosalivarius were reported to contain trace amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol (Hirsch et al., 1998). However, we were also able to detect a spot showing the chromatographic and staining behaviour of diphosphatidylglycerol in the chromatographic analysis of H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T. This observation might be explained by different growth conditions. Due to poor growth on PYES medium, in contrast to the other strains analysed for polar lipids, H. roseosalivarius DSM 11622T was grown on R2A agar and the biomass was harvested by being scraped from the surface of the plate. In conclusion, it is recommended that, for comparison of polar lipid profiles of hymenobacters, standardized growth conditions should be used.
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), as already reported for other Hymenobacter strains (Hirsch et al., 1998; Buczolits et al., 2002). Relative amounts of major fatty acids varied significantly among the five strains allowing their differentiation from each other and from the other Hymenobacter species. Double unsaturated fatty acids or high proportions of C17 : 16c as reported by Hirsch et al. (1998) for strains Txc1T and Txg1T could not be detected. This deviation might be related to different cultivation conditions but this can only be assumed because Hirsch et al. (1998) did not indicate the conditions under which biomass of Txc1T and Txg1T was grown for fatty acid extraction.
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; this issue of IJSEM) is described with which strain NS/2 shares 98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, indicating that they might be members of a single species. The question whether strains NS/2 and Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T are members of a single species can only be answered by results from DNA–DNA hybridization. As the paper describing Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T was reviewed at the same time, one option was to wait until publication of Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T and its accessibility for DNA–DNA hybridization, which would have caused significant delay in the publication of our data. As our studies presented here concentrate on the description of four novel species and the traits of NS/2 are complementary from our point of view, the clarification of the taxonomic status of NS/2 did not justify the delay in publication of the four novel Hymenobacter species. The second option was to remove all data concerning NS/2 from the manuscript, do the necessary DNA–DNA hybridizations and, if the results demonstrated that NS/2 is a representative of a distinct species, to describe it as a novel species later. However, if the degree of DNA–DNA relatedness were to demonstrate that strain NS/2 and Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T are members of a single species all characteristics of NS/2 would be lost for the scientific community because they may not justify an emended description of the novel species of which Hymenobacter rigui WPCB131T is the type strain. Hence, we decided that the third option, to present all data on NS/2 in this study without proposing a name, was the best solution.
Traits of strain NS/2
Size of cells is approximately 3–4x0.8 µm. Cells are Gram-negative according to Gram-staining, KOH (3 %) and aminopeptidase test. Colonies are brick-red-pigmented. Growth occurs on PYES and R2A agar but not on Czapek-Dox agar or MacConkey agar. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate reduction is positive without production of gas. Negative for production of indole from tryptophan, arginine dihydrolase and urease. Positive in the API ZYM system for alkaline phosphatase, esterase C4, esterase lipase C8, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and 
-galactosidase; negative for lipase C14, trypsin, chymotrypsin, 
-galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. Other characteristics are listed in Table 1
. Sensitive to bacitracin (10 IU), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin sulphate (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), vancomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B sulphate (300 IU) and tetracycline (10 µg). sym-Homospermidine is the predominant compound in the polyamine pattern. Quinone system is menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine and four unknown aminophospholipids, two glycolipids, an aminolipid and three polar lipids. The fatty acid profile predominantly contains methyl-branched acids of iso- and anteiso-type. Major fatty acids are (>5 % in decreasing order) iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B), anteiso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 15c. Isolated from the air in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich (UK). Strain NS/2 has been deposited in two culture collections under the numbers DSM 15438 and LMG 21875.
The original description of the genus Hymenobacter (Hirsch et al., 1998) was based on the characteristics of a single species and some unnamed strains. The genus currently contains three species (Hirsch et al., 1998; Collins et al., 2000; Buczolits et al., 2002) and in this study we propose four more species. Hence, we think that an emended description of the genus Hymenobacter is needed.
Emended description of the genus Hymenobacter Hirsch et al. 1999
In addition to the characteristics summarized by Hirsch et al. (1998), several other genus-specific characteristics can be identified. Temperature maximum is up to 42 °C but most strains do not grow at this temperature. All members have a polar lipid profile containing phosphatidylethanolamine, an unknown aminophospholipid (APL3) and two unknown polar lipids (L3, L5) and a mixture of several other unknown aminophospholipids, aminolipids, phospholipids, glycolipids and polar lipids. The fatty acid profile consists of predominantly branched fatty acids of the iso- and anteiso-type with iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B) always present in moderate to major amounts. sym-Homospermidine is the major compound in the polyamine pattern and the quinone system is MK-7. Highly sensitive to the action of numerous antibiotics. The DNA G+C content of species within the genus ranges from 55 to 65 mol%. Currently comprises seven species, Hymenobacter actinosclerus, Hymenobacter aerophilus, Hymenobacter norwichensis, Hymenobacter chitinivorans, Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens, Hymenobacter ocellatus and Hymenobacter roseosalivarius (type species of the genus).
Description of Hymenobacter ocellatus sp. nov.
Hymenobacter ocellatus (o.cel.la'tus. L. masc. adj. ocellatus showing little eyes, referring to the bright granules at the cell poles).
The description is based on characteristics reported by Reichenbach (1992) and our own data. Size of cells is approximately 3–6x1 µm. Cells are Gram-negative according to Gram-staining, KOH (3 %) and aminopeptidase test. Colonies are brick-red-pigmented. Growth occurs on PYES agar, Czapek-Dox agar and R2A agar but not on MacConkey agar. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate reduction is weakly positive without production of N2. Negative for production of indole from tryptophan, arginine dihydrolase and urease. Positive in the API ZYM system for alkaline phosphatase, esterase lipase C8 (weakly), leucine arylamidase (weakly) and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase (weakly); negative for esterase C4, lipase C14, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. Other characteristics are listed in Table 1. Sensitive to bacitracin (10 IU), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin sulphate (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), vancomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B sulphate (300 IU) and tetracycline (10 µg). sym-Homospermidine is the predominant compound in the polyamine pattern. Quinone system is menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine and three unknown aminophospholipids, three aminolipids, two glycolipids, a phospholipid and four polar lipids. The fatty acid profile predominantly contains methyl-branched acids of iso- and anteiso-type. Major fatty acids are (>5 % in decreasing order) iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B), iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The G+C content of the DNA is approximately 65 mol%.
The type strain, Myx 2105T (=Txo1T=LMG 21873T=DSM 11117T), was isolated from South African soil.
Description of Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens sp. nov.
Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens (ge.li.pur.pu.ras'cens. L. n. gelus -us the ice cold; L. part. adj. purpurascens becoming of a purple colour; N.L. part. adj. gelipurpurascens becoming purple in the cold).
The description is based on characteristics reported by Reichenbach (1992) and our own data. Size of cells is approximately 2x0.5 µm. Cells are Gram-negative according to Gram-staining, KOH (3 %) and aminopeptidase test. Colonies are brick-red-pigmented but at temperatures between 2 and 6 °C during growth on a certain medium colonies are deep blood-red (Reichenbach, 1992). Growth occurs on PYES agar, Czapek-Dox agar and R2A agar but not on MacConkey agar. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate reduction is weakly positive without production of N2. Negative for production of indole from tryptophan, arginine dihydrolase and urease. Positive in the API ZYM system for alkaline phosphatase, esterase C4 (weakly), esterase lipase C8 (weakly), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase (weakly) and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase (weakly); negative for lipase C14, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. Other characteristics are listed in Table 1. Sensitive to bacitracin (10 IU), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin sulphate (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), vancomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B sulphate (300 IU) and tetracycline (10 µg). sym-Homospermidine is the predominant compound in the polyamine pattern. Quinone system is menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine and four unknown aminophospholipids, two glycolipids and four polar lipids. The fatty acid profile predominantly contains methyl-branched acids of iso- and anteiso-type. Major fatty acids are (>5 % in decreasing order) anteiso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 15c and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The G+C content of the DNA is approximately 57–58 mol%.
The type strain, Txg1T (=LMG 21873T=DSM 11116T), was isolated from soil.
Description of Hymenobacter chitinivorans sp. nov.
Hymenobacter chitinivorans (chi.ti.ni.vo'rans. N.L. neut. n. chitinum chitin; L. part. adj. vorans devour; N.L. part. adj. chitinivorans devouring chitin).
The description is based on characteristics reported by Reichenbach (1992) and our own data. Size of cells is approximately 4x0.8 µm. Cells are Gram-negative according to Gram-staining, KOH (3 %) and aminopeptidase test. Colonies are brick-red-pigmented. Growth occurs on PYES agar, Czapek-Dox agar and R2A agar but not on MacConkey agar. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate reduction is weakly positive without production of N2. Negative for production of indole from tryptophan, arginine dihydrolase and urease. Chitin is degraded. Positive in the API ZYM system for alkaline phosphatase, esterase C4 (weakly), esterase lipase C8 (weakly), leucine arylamidase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase (weakly); negative for lipase C14, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. Other characteristics are listed in Table 1. Sensitive to bacitracin (10 IU), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin sulphate (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), vancomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B sulphate (300 IU) and tetracycline (10 µg). sym-Homospermidine is the predominant compound in the polyamine pattern. Quinone system is menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine and four unknown aminophospholipids, two glycolipids, a phospholipid and three polar lipids. The fatty acid profile predominantly contains methyl-branched acids of iso- and anteiso-type. Major fatty acids are (>5 % in decreasing order), iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B), summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 15c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The G+C content of the DNA is approximately 61 mol%.
The type strain, Txc1T (=LMG 21951T=DSM 11115T), was isolated from soil.
Description of Hymenobacter norwichensis sp. nov.
Hymenobacter norwichensis (nor.wi.chen'sis. N.L. masc. adj. norwichensis pertaining to Norwich, a city in England, where the type strain was isolated from the air in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts).
Size of cells is approximately 2–3x0.8 µm. Cells are Gram-negative according to Gram-staining, KOH (3 %) and aminopeptidase test. Colonies are brick-red-pigmented. Growth occurs on PYES agar and R2A agar but not on Czapek-Dox agar or MacConkey agar. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Nitrate reduction is positive without production of N2. Negative for production of indole from tryptophan, arginine dihydrolase and urease. Positive in the API ZYM system for alkaline phosphatase, esterase C4 (weakly), esterase lipase C8 (weakly), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase (weakly), acid phosphatase (weakly), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and -glucosidase (weakly); negative for lipase C14, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. Other characteristics are listed in Table 1. Sensitive to bacitracin (10 IU), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin sulphate (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), fusidic acid (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 IU), vancomycin (30 µg), polymyxin B sulphate (300 IU) and tetracycline (10 µg). sym-Homospermidine is the predominant compound in the polyamine pattern. Quinone system is menaquinone MK-7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compound phosphatidylethanolamine and four unknown aminophospholipids, two glycolipids and three polar lipids. The fatty acid profile predominantly contains methyl-branched acids of iso- and anteiso-type. Major fatty acids are (>5 % in decreasing order) iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 17c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 15c, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B).
The type strain, NS/50T (=LMG 21876T=DSM 15439T), was isolated from the air in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich (UK).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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G. Zhang, F. Niu, H.-J. Busse, X. Ma, W. Liu, M. Dong, H. Feng, L. An, and G. Cheng Hymenobacter psychrotolerans sp. nov., isolated from the Qinghai--Tibet Plateau permafrost region Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2008; 58(5): 1215 - 1220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-H. Kim, W.-T. Im, and S.-T. Lee Hymenobacter soli sp. nov., isolated from grass soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2008; 58(4): 941 - 945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. L. Klassen and J. M. Foght Differences in Carotenoid Composition among Hymenobacter and Related Strains Support a Tree-Like Model of Carotenoid Evolution Appl. Envir. Microbiol., April 1, 2008; 74(7): 2016 - 2022. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Q. Zhang, C. Liu, Y. Tang, G. Zhou, P. Shen, C. Fang, and A. Yokota Hymenobacter xinjiangensis sp. nov., a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from the desert of Xinjiang, China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2007; 57(8): 1752 - 1756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. I. Nedashkovskaya, S. B. Kim, D. S. Shin, I. A. Beleneva, and V. V. Mikhailov Fulvivirga kasyanovii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the phylum Bacteroidetes isolated from seawater in a mussel farm Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2007; 57(5): 1046 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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