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1 Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh, 160 036, India
2 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
3 Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU), Amritsar, 143 005, India
Correspondence
S. Mayilraj
mayil{at}imtech.res.in
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). Members of the genus Dietzia are distributed in a variety of habitats like marine, soil and hospital environments (Rainey et al., 1995; Colquhoun et al., 1998; Duckworth et al., 1998; Yassin et al., 2006). At the time of writing, the genus comprises four species, namely Dietzia maris (Rainey et al., 1995), Dietzia natronolimnaea (Duckworth et al., 1998), Dietzia psychralcaliphila (Yumoto et al., 2002) and Dietzia cinnamea (Yassin et al., 2006). Strain K30-10T was isolated from a soil sample collected from Kunjam Pass, a cold desert of the Indian Himalayas. After primary isolation on tryptic soya agar medium (TSA; HiMedia), the strain was maintained as glycerol stocks at –70 °C. The type strains D. maris MTCC 7011T (=DSM 43672T), D. natronolimnaea MTCC 7014T (=DSM 44860T), D. psychralcaliphila MTCC 7010T (=DSM 44820T) and D. cinnamea MTCC 7506T (=DSM 44904T) were obtained from the Microbial Type Culture Collection and Gene Bank (MTCC), Chandigarh, India.
Morphological properties, motility, Gram staining, acid-fast staining and endospore staining were studied according to standard protocols (Murray et al., 1994). Gram reaction was determined using the HiMedia Gram Staining kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Physiological tests like growth at different temperatures, pH and NaCl concentrations (under neutral pH) were examined by growing the strain on basal tryptic soy broth medium (TSB). Utilization of various substrates as sole carbon sources was tested using Biolog GP2 MicroPlates in accordance to the manufacturer's instructions, except that TSA was used instead of Biolog Universal Growth agar medium. The inoculated plates were incubated for 24 h and the results were read with a MicroPlate Reader using Microlog 4.2 software. Catalase and urea hydrolysis were determined as described by Cowan & Steel (1965). Hydrolysis of casein, gelatin, Tween 80 and starch, and the oxidase reaction (using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride) were determined as described by Smibert & Krieg (1994). Nitrate reduction was determined as described by Lanyi (1987). Acid production from various sugars (at 0.5 %) was tested on minimal medium (MgSO4.7H2O, 0.5 g; NaCl, 0.5 g; FeSO4.7H2O, 0.01 g; K2HPO4, 1.0 g; yeast extract, 0.2 g; distilled water, 1 l; 0.2 % solution bromocresol blue used as indicator). Cell-wall sugars and diagnostic amino acids were determined as described by Staneck & Roberts (1974). Phospholipids and menaquinones were extracted and analysed as described by Minnikin et al. (1984). The presence of mycolic acids was demonstrated by TLC (Minnikin & Goodfellow, 1976) and the mycolic acid pattern was determined according to Klatte et al. (1994). The glycolic acid content of the bacterial cell wall was determined as described by Uchida & Aida (1984). For cellular fatty acid analysis, all strains were grown on TSA at 30 °C for 36 h and fatty acid methyl ester analysis was performed with the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIDI) as described previously (Pandey et al., 2002).
Genomic DNA extraction, amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed as described previously (Mayilraj et al., 2005). DNA–DNA hybridization was performed each time with freshly isolated genomic DNA and was repeated three times by the membrane filter method (Tourova & Antonov, 1987). The genomic DNA G+C content was determined spectrophotometrically (Lambda 35; Perkin Elmer) using the thermal denaturation method (Mandel & Marmur, 1968). Phylogenetic analysis was carried out as described previously (Mayilraj et al., 2005).
Chemical and phenotypic properties of strain K30-10T were consistent with its classification in the genus Dietzia. Detailed characteristics are given in Table 1 and the species description. The fatty acid compositions of strain K30-10T and the type strains of the four species of the genus Dietzia are shown in Table 2. The fatty acid methyl ester profile matches qualitatively with that of other species of the genus Dietzia. However, strain K30-10T contained a significant amount of 17 : 1 cis-10 (cis-10-heptadecenoic acid, 7.41 %), which was absent from the other species. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain K30-10T generated in this work (1455 bases) was aligned with sequences of other species of the genus Dietzia retrieved from GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain K30-10T formed a separate branch within the lineage including D. maris (Fig. 1). Highest sequence similarity (97.9 %) was found with D. maris DSM 43672T, whereas sequences from other species of the genus Dietzia were 94.4–96.0 % similar. DNA–DNA hybridization was performed in triplicate under optimal conditions to determine the genetic relatedness between K30-10T and D. maris MTCC 7011T. The DNA–DNA relatedness value between these two strains was 59.2 % (mean of 62.4, 56.7 and 58.6 %), which is well below the 70 % cut-off value recommended for the delineation of bacterial species (Wayne et al., 1987). The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain K30-10T and strains of other Dietzia species was not determined, since it has been shown that organisms with more than 3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence dissimilarity belong to different genomic species (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994). On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic data, strain K30-10T is very clearly distinguishable from species most closely related to it. Therefore, strain K30-10T represents a novel species of the genus Dietzia, for which the name Dietzia kunjamensis sp. nov. is proposed.
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Cells are aerobic, Gram-positive, acid-fast, non-motile and non-endospore-forming. They are rod- and coccoid-like (1.0–1.2x1.1–2.0 µm) and occur in groups. Colonies on TSA are coral-red-pigmented, small, smooth, glistening and convex. Catalase is produced. Negative for H2S production, indole, methyl red and Voges–Proskauer tests and hydrolysis of casein, DNA and starch. Tolerates up to 5 % NaCl and grows at temperatures between 20 and 37 °C, with an optimum growth temperature of 25 °C. Grows at pH 7–10; optimum growth at pH 8.0. Other phenotypic characteristics and utilization of compounds as sole carbon sources are given in Table 1
. The cell-wall amino acid is meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major cell-wall sugars are arabinose and galactose. The acyl type of the glycan chain of peptidoglycan is acetyl. Whole-cell fatty acids consist of predominantly straight-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, C16 : 0 (14.43 %), C16 : 1 10c (6.00 %), C17 : 0 (12.95 %), C17 : 1 10c (7.41 %), C18 : 1 9c (30.39 %) and 10-methyl C18 : 0 (tuberculostearic acid, 10.51 %). Short-chain mycolic acids are present (33–40 carbon atoms). The polar lipids present are phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. Major menaquinone is MK-8(H2). The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 67.0 mol%.
The type strain is K30-10T (=MTCC 7007T=DSM 44907T=JCM 13325T), isolated from soil, 45 cm below an ice glacier, at 4200 m above sea level, Kunjam Pass, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Cowan, S. T. & Steel, K. J. (1965). Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. London: Cambridge University Press.
Duckworth, A. W., Grant, S., Grant, W. D., Jones, B. E. & Meijer, D. (1998). Dietzia natronolimnaios sp. nov., a new member of the genus Dietzia isolated from an East African soda lake. Extremophiles 2, 359–366.[CrossRef][Medline]
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Minnikin, D. E. & Goodfellow, M. (1976). Lipid composition in the classification and identification of Nocardia and related taxa. In The Biology of the Nocardiaceae, pp. 160–219. Edited by M. Goodfellow, G. H. Brownell & J. A. Serrano. London: Academic Press.
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Murray, R. G. E., Raymond, N., Doetsch, R. N. & Robinow, C. F. (1994). Determinative and cytological light microscopy. In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 21–41. Edited by P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, W. A. Wood & N. R. Krieg. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Pandey, K. K., Mayilraj, S. & Chakrabarti, T. (2002). Pseudomonas indica sp. nov., a novel butane-utilizing species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1559–1567.[Abstract]
Rainey, F. A., Klatte, S., Kroppenstedt, R. M. & Stackebrandt, E. (1995). Dietzia, a new genus including Dietzia maris comb. nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 32–36.
Smibert, R. M. & Krieg, N. R. (1994). Phenotypic characterization. In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 607–654. Edited by P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, W. A. Wood & N. R. Krieg. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Stackebrandt, E. & Goebel, B. M. (1994). Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 846–849.
Staneck, J. L. & Roberts, G. D. (1974). Simplified approach to identification of aerobic actinomycetes by thin-layer chromatography. Appl Microbiol 28, 226–231.[Medline]
Tourova, T. P. & Antonov, A. S. (1987). Identification of microorganisms by rapid DNA-DNA hybridization. Methods Microbiol 19, 333–355.
Uchida, K. & Aida, K. (1984). An improved method for the glycolate test for simple identification of the acyl type of bacterial cell walls. J Gen Appl Microbiol 30, 131–134.
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R. & 9 other authors (1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.
Yassin, A. F., Hupfer, H. & Schaal, K. P. (2006). Dietzia cinnamea sp. nov., a novel species isolated from a perianal swab of a patient with a bone marrow transplant. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56, 641–645.
Yumoto, I., Nakamura, A., Iwata, H., Kojima, K., Kusumoto, K., Nodasaka, Y. & Matsuyama, H. (2002). Dietzia psychralcaliphila sp. nov., a novel, facultatively psychrophilic alkaliphile that grows on hydrocarbons. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 85–90.[Abstract]
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