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1 Center for General Education, Leader University, No. 188, Sec. 5, An-Chung Rd, Tainan, Taiwan
2 Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, PO Box 23-13, Taipei, Taiwan
Correspondence
Wung Yang Shieh
winyang{at}ntu.edu.tw
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ABSTRACT |
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-hydroxybutyratePublished online ahead of print on 16 December 2005 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.64048-0.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain PITT is DQ118948.
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). The taxonomic affiliation of the genera Oceanimonas and Oceanisphaera at the family level remains undetermined and the recognition of a family must await more sequence data (Ivanova et al., 2004).
Members of the family Idiomarinaceae are unique among the Alteromonas-like bacteria in possessing a high content of iso-branched cellular fatty acids (Ivanova et al., 2004). They are also distinguished from other Alteromonas-like bacteria by their poor ability to use carbohydrates as sole sources of carbon and energy (Ivanova et al., 2004). The genus Idiomarina, the only genus of the family Idiomarinaceae, was originally established to accommodate two species, Idiomarina abyssalis (the type species) and Idiomarina zobellii (Ivanova et al., 2000). Both species were recovered from deep-sea water samples taken from the north-western Pacific Ocean. Five more species have been described in recent years, including Idiomarina baltica (Brettar et al., 2003), Idiomarina loihiensis (Donachie et al., 2003), Idiomarina fontislapidosi (Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004), Idiomarina ramblicola (Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004) and Idiomarina seosinensis (Choi & Cho, 2005). These species were isolated from surface water of the central Baltic Sea, hydrothermal fluid from a submarine volcano in Hawaii, soil from a hypersaline wetland in Spain, water from a hypersaline rambla in Spain and water from a solar saltern in Korea, respectively.
During a survey of the diversity of heterotrophic marine bacteria, two bacterial strains were recovered from sea-water samples collected at the shallow coastal region of An-Ping Harbour, Tainan, Taiwan. The data presented in this study show that the two isolates can be classified as representatives of a novel species in the family Idiomarinaceae and deserve a novel genus rank.
An-Ping Harbour is located in the south-west of Taiwan. Sea-water samples were collected from a shallow coastal region of the harbour in the morning at low tide. Each sample was decimally diluted with sterile NaCl/Tris buffer (30 g NaCl and 0·24 g Tris in 1 l deionized water, pH 8·0). Aliquots (0·1 ml) of the decimal dilutions (102–104 times) were spread on polypeptone-yeast extract (PY) plate medium (Shieh et al., 2000). The plates were incubated at 25 °C in the dark for 7 days under aerobic conditions. Individual colonies appearing on the plates were picked off and purified by successive streaking on PY plates. PY stab cultures of the isolates were maintained at 25 °C under aerobic conditions. Two of the isolates, designated strains PIT1T and PIT2, were used for the present study.
PY broth cultures of strains PIT1T and PIT2 were incubated aerobically at 30 °C in the dark for 3 days. The cultures were centrifuged to harvest the cells. Total genomic DNA was extracted and purified from the cells by using a Puregene DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems) in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. Solutions of the purified DNA samples were prepared at concentrations of 200–700 µg ml–1 in sterile distilled water. The DNA solutions were used for PCR amplification. PCR amplification of each bacterial 16S rRNA gene was conducted using a universal primer pair at positions 8–27 and 1488–1511 of the Escherichia coli numbering system (Shieh et al., 2003a). Accessory PCR amplification was performed using either of the primer pairs at positions 8–27 and 518–534 (Muyzer et al., 1993) or positions 907–926 and 1488–1511 (Muyzer & Smalla, 1998). The PCR mixture contained 2·5 µl DNA solution, 1 µl mixture of one of the primer pairs (10 µM each primer), 1 µl mixture of the four deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (2·5 mM; Gene Teks Bioscience), 5 µl 10x Taq buffer (Gene Teks Bioscience), 5 µl 10x BSA (Promega) and 0·5 µl (2 U) Taq DNA polymerase (Gene Teks Bioscience). Each sample was made up to 50 µl with sterile distilled water. PCR amplification was performed in a GeneAmp PCR System 2700 (Applied Biosystems) with the following temperature profile: an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 10 min; 35 cycles of denaturation (1 min at 92 °C), annealing (1·5 min at 52 °C) and extension (1·5 min at 72 °C); and a final extension at 72 °C for 4 min. Amplified DNAs were checked for size and purity by electrophoresis at 100 V for 30 min on 1 % agarose gels in Tris/acetate/EDTA (TAE) buffer (MDBio) with 5 µl aliquots of PCR products. The gels were stained with ethidium bromide (1 µg ml–1) for 5 min in TAE buffer and the DNA bands that appeared on the gels were examined under an image analysing system consisting of a UV transilluminator (Spectroline), a dark box (EDAS 290; Kodak) and a zoom digital camera (DC290; Kodak).
Sequencing reactions of 16S rRNA gene samples, alignment and comparison of the resulting sequences and reference sequences available in the GenBank database, calculation of the distance matrices for the aligned sequences and reconstruction of a phylogenetic tree by the neighbour-joining method were performed as described previously by Shieh et al. (2004). Phylogenetic trees were also reconstructed by using maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1971) and maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1981) methods. The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences used to reconstruct the phylogenetic tree are shown in Fig. 1. Bootstrap confidence values (Felsenstein, 1985) were obtained with 1000 resamplings with an option of stepwise addition.
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). This work was performed at the Bioresources Center for Research and Collection (BCRC), Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Taiwan. Genomic DNA G+C content was determined by HPLC analysis (Shieh & Liu, 1996), which was also performed at the BCRC.
Growth and phenotypic characteristics of strains PIT1T and PIT2 were examined according to the methods of Shieh et al. (2000), with modifications and additional tests as described below. The ability to grow at different temperatures was determined in PY broth and recorded daily for up to 7 days at 20–45 °C and for 20 days at 4–15 °C, unless significant growth was observed. The ability to grow at various NaCl concentrations was determined in PY broth containing 0–15 % NaCl. Utilization of various carbohydrates as sole carbon and energy sources for growth was tested in carbohydrate/mineral (CM) media (Shieh et al., 2004). Anaerobic growth in PY, polypeptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYG) and polypeptone-yeast extract-nitrate (PYN) broth media under argon gas was analysed as described by Shieh et al. (2004). Poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB) accumulation and H2S production from thiosulphate were tested according to the methods of Shieh et al. (1988) and Shieh et al. (2004), respectively. Tests for endospore formation and for activities of arginine dihydrolase and lysine and ornithine decarboxylases essentially followed the methods of Shieh et al. (2003b). Biolog GN2 microplates were used to determine the oxidation of carbohydrates, alcohols, organic acids, amino acids and nucleosides presented as single carbon sources. The API 50CH system (bioMérieux) was used to test either oxidation or fermentation of alcohols and carbohydrates. Constitutive enzyme activities were detected by using the API ZYM system (bioMérieux). Cell suspensions used for the API 50CH tests were prepared in PY broth supplemented with 0·18 g phenol red l–1. For Biolog GN2 and API ZYM tests, samples were prepared by suspending cells in a mineral medium containing 0·54 g NH4Cl, 30 g NaCl, 3 g MgCl2.6H2O, 2 g K2SO4, 0·2 g K2HPO4, 0·01 g CaCl2, 0·006 g FeCl3.6H2O, 0·005 g Na2MoO4.7H2O, 0·004 g CuCl2.2H2O and 6 g Tris dissolved in 1 l deionized water and adjusted to pH 8·0. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by disc diffusion methods as described in previous reports (Shieh et al., 2003a, b). All the test cultures were incubated aerobically at 30 °C in the dark for 7 days, unless stated otherwise.
Almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were determined for strains PIT1T and PIT2 (1465 bp for each). The two sequences were identical except for one nucleotide difference (99·9 % similarity; C versus T at position 590, E. coli 16S rRNA gene numbering system). The sequences were aligned and compared with all bacterial sequences available in the GenBank database. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains PIT1T and PIT2 were members of marine Alteromonas-like bacteria in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The phylogenetic positions of strains PIT1T and PIT2 among selected representatives of Alteromonas-like bacteria are shown in Fig. 1
. Similar results were obtained from maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood algorithms (not shown). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the strains formed a robust cluster with Idiomarina species in the family Idiomarinaceae, with gene sequence similarity levels of 93·3–94·8 % (76–98 differences out of 1465 positions). The gene sequence similarity levels between the two novel strains and I. abyssalis, I. baltica, I. fontislapidosi, I. loihiensis, I. ramblicola, I. seosinensis and I. zobellii were 94·0, 94·8, 94·0, 94·3, 93·3, 93·7 and 94·2 %, respectively. No other known bacterial species shared more than 91·5 % sequence similarity with the two novel strains. Phylogenetically, strains PIT1T and PIT2 could be assigned to a novel genus in the family Idiomarinaceae since they did not share more than 95 % sequence similarity with any known species of Idiomarina and were clearly an outgroup with respect to these species (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994; Rosselló-Mora & Amann, 2001).
One eminent feature of the genus Idiomarina in the family Idiomarinaceae is its uniquely high content of iso-branched fatty acids (Ivanova et al., 2000, 2004) which is atypical in the phylum Proteobacteria, with a few exceptions such as Marinobacter lutaoensis (Shieh et al., 2003b) and the Xanthomonas-branch bacteria (Finkmann et al., 2000). Strains PIT1T and PIT2, like species of the genus Idiomarina, contained C15 : 0 iso (31·7 %) and C17 : 0 iso (11·7 %) as the major cellular fatty acids (Table 1). However, the fatty acid profiles of the two novel strains were significantly different from those of other Idiomarina species. This was indicated by differences in the levels of the minor fatty acids C15 : 1 isoF (5·7–5·9 % versus 0·6–2·3 %), C13 : 0 iso (4·2–4·6 % versus 0–1·8 %) and C18 : 1
7c (1·9–3·4 % versus 5·5–9·3 %) (Table 1).
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, 2003a, b, 2004).
Strains PIT1T and PIT2 were Gram-negative. They produced circular, translucent and non-luminescent colonies on PY agar plates after 2–3 days incubation. Cells grown in PY broth appeared as straight rods that were non-motile, lacking flagella during the late exponential to early stationary phase of growth (Fig. 2). A few of them exhibited sac-like processes (Fig. 2c) or prosthecae (Fig. 2d) from the cell wall; such uncommon structures might possibly originate from extrusion of cytoplasm. Carbohydrate fermentation tests in polypeptone-yeast extract-carbohydrate (PYC) stab media (Shieh et al., 2000) indicated that the strains did not ferment any of the test carbohydrates: D-arabinose, L-arabinose, cellobiose, galactose, glucose, lactose, mannose, melibiose, sucrose, trehalose or xylose. PHB-like granules were not found as intracellular reserve products. Endospores were not found. Neither sporulation nor endospore-like structures were ever observed or confirmed by phase-contrast microscopy or spore staining in the present study. Oxidase and catalase tests were both positive. Indole was not produced. Tween 80 and gelatin were hydrolysed, but neither DNA nor starch was hydrolysed. Nitrate was reduced to nitrite, but not further to N2O or N2. Additional phenotypic characterization data are given below in the species description. Strains PIT1T and PIT2 had DNA G+C contents of 49·3 and 48·6 mol%, respectively.
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The inclusion of Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov. into the family Idiomarinaceae requires an emended description of the family because the family Idiomarinaceae is currently defined as including only motile species that have been isolated from open- and deep-sea waters. The description that the family Idiomarinaceae includes aerobes and facultative anaerobes would be also inappropriate since no species of this family have been reported to be facultative anaerobes capable of fermentative metabolism. Moreover, the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the Idiomarinaceae species are defined as having a signature nucleotide C at position 143, whereas Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis sp. nov. has nucleotide A instead of C at this sequence position.
To date, Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis sp. nov. has only been found in shallow coastal water. The species may also occur in other saline habitats, since it can grow over a wide range of temperatures and salinities.
Emended description of Idiomarinaceae Ivanova et al. 2004
Idiomarinaceae (Idio.ma.ri.na'ce.ae. N.L. fem. n. Idiomarina type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n. Idiomarinaceae the Idiomarina family).
Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria. Motile or non-motile. Do not form endospores or microcysts. Chemo-organotrophs capable of respiratory, but not fermentative, metabolism. Arginine dihydrolase activity is absent. Sodium ions are required for growth. The major cellular fatty acids are C15 : 0 iso and C17 : 0 iso. Members of the family have been isolated from saline habitats with a wide range of salinities, such as coastal and oceanic waters, submarine hydrothermal fluids, solar salterns and inland hypersaline wetlands. The 16S rRNA gene sequences have the following signature nucleotide positions (numbering by comparison with E. coli sequence AE000471): 143 (C or A), 662 (A), 682 (A), 830 (T), 856 (A). The type genus is Idiomarina Ivanova et al. 2000.
Description of Pseudidiomarina gen. nov.
Pseudidiomarina (Pseud'i.di.o.ma.ri'na. Gr. adj. pseudes false; N.L. fem. n. Idiomarina a name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. n. Pseudidiomarina false Idiomarina).
Members are Gram-negative rods belonging to the family Idiomarinaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. Cells grown in broth cultures are non-motile, lacking flagella. Microcysts or endospores are absent. Sodium ions are required for growth. PHB is not accumulated as an intracellular reserve product. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Chemo-organotrophs capable of respiratory, but not fermentative, metabolism. Molecular oxygen is a universal electron acceptor while in some cases nitrate can be used as an alternative electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Mesophilic, grow at 20–30 °C, but not at 4 or 45 °C. Cellular fatty acids are predominantly iso-branched with 15 and 17 carbons. The genus has the following signature nucleotide positions (numbering by comparison with E. coli sequence AE000471): 143 (A), 662 (A), 682 (A), 830 (T), 856 (A). The type species is Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis. The DNA G+C content of the type strain of the type species, PIT1T (=BCRC 17465T=JCM 13360T), is 49·3 mol%.
Description of Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis sp. nov.
Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis (tai.wan.en'sis. N.L. fem. adj. taiwanensis pertaining to Taiwan, where the type strain was isolated).
Description is as for the genus with the following additional characteristics. During the late exponential to early stationary phase of growth, cells in broth cultures are straight rods that measure approximately 0·8–2·4 µm by 0·6–0·8 µm. A small number of the cells produce prosthecae or sac-like processes from the cell wall. Colonies produced on agar plates are circular, translucent, non-pigmented and non-luminescent. Swarming does not occur. Capable of anaerobic growth by reducing nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, but not by fermenting glucose or other carbohydrates as substrates. Grows at 15–42 °C, with optimal growth at 30–35 °C. Grows at NaCl levels of 0·5–11 %, with optimal growth at 1–4 % and no growth at 0 and 12 % NaCl. Grows optimally at about pH 8, no growth at pH 5–6. Gelatinase and lipase tests are positive, but agarase, amylase, caseinase, DNase, arginine dihydrolase and lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests are negative. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite, but not further to N2O or N2. Indole is not produced from tryptophan. H2S is not produced from thiosulphate. The following constitutive enzyme activities are detected in API ZYM tests: alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, 
-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase and naphthol-phosphohydrolase. Oxidative or fermentative acid production was not detected from carbohydrates using the API 50CH system. According to Biolog GN2 tests, L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, D-serine, L-serine, uridine, glycogen, succinic acid and glycyl L-glutamic acid are oxidized. Resistant to the vibriostatic agent O/129 at 10–150 µg. Susceptible to ampicillin (10 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg), cephalothin (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), colistin (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), lincomycin (2 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), novobiocin (30 µg), penicillin G (10 U), polymyxin B (300 U), tetracycline (30 µg) and vancomycin (30 µg). Resistant to clindamycin (2 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), neomycin (30 µg), oxacillin (1 µg) and streptomycin (10 µg).
The type strain, PIT1T (=BCRC 17465T=JCM 13360T), was isolated from shallow coastal water of An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Choi, D. H. & Cho, B. C. (2005). Idiomarina seosinensis sp. nov., isolated from hypersaline water of a solar saltern in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 379–383.
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