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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56 (2006), 745-749; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.63811-0
© 2006 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Photobacterium ganghwense sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from sea water

Yoon-Dong Park1, Keun Sik Baik2, Chi Nam Seong2, Kyung Sook Bae3, Sanggoo Kim1 and Jongsik Chun1

1 School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
2 Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Sunchon National University, Sunchon 540-742, Republic of Korea
3 Korean Collection for Type Cultures, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Taejon 305-600, Republic of Korea

Correspondence
Jongsik Chun
jchun{at}snu.ac.kr


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A marine bacterial strain, designated FR1311T, was isolated from a sea-water sample from Ganghwa Island, South Korea. Cells were Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, motile, oval or rod-shaped and halophilic (optimum sea-salt concentration for growth of 5–6 %). Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that it represented a distinct line of descent within the genus Photobacterium. The major fatty acids were straight-chain saturated (C16 : 0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (C16 : 1{omega}7c and C18 : 1{omega}7c). The predominant respiratory lipoquinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content was 44 mol%. The phenotypic features of strain FR1199T were similar to those of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, but several physiological and chemotaxonomic properties readily distinguish the new isolate from them. On the basis of the polyphasic results revealed in this study, FR1311T is considered to be the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Photobacterium ganghwense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is FR1311T (=IMSNU 60287T=KCTC 12328T=JCM 12487T).

Published online ahead of print on 18 November 2005 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63811-0.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain FR1311T is AY960847.

A transmission electron micrograph of a negatively stained cell of strain FR1311T is available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.


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The genus Photobacterium was first described by Beijerinck (1889)Go and at the time of writing the genus comprises 11 recognized species: Photobacterium phosphoreum (Reichelt & Baumann, 1973Go) (the type species), P. fischeri (Beijerinck, 1889Go; Reichelt & Baumann, 1973Go), P. leiognathi (Boisvert et al., 1967Go; Ast & Dunlap, 2004Go), P. angustum (Reichelt et al., 1976Go), P. damselae (Smith et al., 1991Go), P. iliopiscarium (Onarheim et al., 1994Go; Urakawa et al., 1999Go), P. profundum (Nogi et al., 1998Go), P. indicum (Xie & Yokota, 2004Go), P. lipolyticum (Yoon et al., 2005Go), P. rosenbergii (Thompson et al., 2005Go) and P. frigidiphilum (Seo et al., 2005Go). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences have shown that the genus Photobacterium is closely related to the genus Vibrio (Nogi et al., 1998Go; Anzai et al., 2000Go), and has Q-8 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone and C16 : 1 and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids (Nogi et al., 1998Go). During the course of a study on marine microbial diversity, a halophilic bacterium, designated strain FR1311T, was isolated from a sea-water sample and was the subject of a taxonomic investigation. On the basis of the polyphasic evidence presented, this strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Photobacterium.

A sample was collected in coastal surface sea water from Ganghwa Island, South Korea (37° 35' 39·1'' N 126° 27' 24·5'' E). The sample was diluted with sterilized artificial sea water (ASW; Lyman & Fleming, 1940Go), spread onto a plate containing marine agar 2216 (MA) (Becton Dickinson) and incubated at 25 °C for 3 weeks. The isolate was routinely cultured on MA and maintained as a glycerol suspension (20 %, w/v) at –80 °C.

The 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain, designated FR1311T, was determined using universal primers (Lane, 1991Go) as described by Chun & Goodfellow (1995)Go, and an almost complete sequence was obtained (1462 bp). Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the Fitch–Margoliash (Fitch & Margoliash, 1967Go), maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993Go), maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1971Go) and neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987Go) methods. Evolutionary distance matrices were generated according to Jukes & Cantor (1969)Go. The topology of the resultant neighbour-joining tree was evaluated by bootstrap analyses (Felsenstein, 1985Go) based on 1000 resamplings. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the jPHYDIT program (available at http://chunlab.snu.ac.kr/jphydit/) and PAUP 4.0 (Swofford, 1998Go) as described by Chun et al. (2000)Go.

Preliminary sequence comparison with 16S rRNA gene sequences held in GenBank indicated that the new isolate belongs within the genus Photobacterium. The newly determined sequence was then aligned manually against representatives of the family Vibrionaceae using bacterial 16S rRNA gene secondary structure information. Domains used to construct the phylogenetic trees were the regions available for all sequences (positions 85–1417; Escherichia coli numbering system). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the closest cultured bacterial relatives were the type strains of recognized Photobacterium species (95·5–92·7 %) and Vibrio species (92·7–91·1 %). Strain FR1131T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to P. damselae subsp. damselae ATCC 33539T (95·5 %), followed by P. damselae subsp. piscicida NCIMB 2058T (95·4 %), P. rosenbergii LMG 22223T (94·9 %) and P. leiognathi ATCC 25521T (94·4 %). These values are well below the cut-off value of 97 % suggested for bacterial species definition (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994Go). As shown in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1Go), strain FR1311T formed a distinct phyletic subline within the genus Photobacterium; this relationship was confirmed using the other tree-making algorithms. On the basis of pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, it is clear that the new isolate represents a novel species in the genus Photobacterium.


Figure 1
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  		Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining tree based on nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences showing relationships between strain FR1131T and members of the genus Photobacterium. Numbers at nodes indicate levels of bootstrap support (%) for branch points based on 1000 resamplings. Alteromonas macleodii DSM 6062T was used as an outgroup. Bar, 0·01 nucleotide substitutions per position.

 
For phenotypic tests, strain FR1311T was grown on MA at 30 °C. Cellular morphologies were observed by use of a differential interference microscope (Axioskop 40; Zeiss) and a transmission electron microscope (JEM1010; JEOL) using cells grown at 25 °C for 3 days. Motility was examined using wet mounts. The pH range (pH 3–12) for growth was determined using MA. The requirement of NaCl (0–10 %) for growth was tested using synthetic ZoBell medium (ZoBell, 1941Go; 15 g Bacto agar, 5 g Bacto peptone, 1 g yeast extract, 0·1 g ferric citrate in 1000 ml distilled water). Growth at various temperatures was examined on MA at 4–50 °C. Accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate was determined by the Sudan black staining method (Smibert & Krieg, 1994Go). Biochemical tests were performed using the API 20NE, API 20E and API ZYM kits (bioMérieux). Strips were inoculated with a heavy bacterial suspension in ASW or AUX medium (bioMérieux) supplemented with 2 % sea salts. Catalase and oxidase activities were determined using 3 % (v/v) hydrogen peroxide and Kovacs reagent (Kovacs, 1956Go), respectively. Cell biomass of strain FR1311T for respiratory lipoquinone analysis and for DNA extraction was obtained from cultivation in marine broth 2216 (Becton Dickinson) at 25 °C. Isoprenoid quinones were extracted and analysed as described by Komagata & Suzuki (1987)Go using reversed-phase TLC. Cellular fatty acids were analysed as methyl esters by GLC according to the instructions of the Microbial Identification System (MIDI). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from biomass grown on MA at 30 °C for 2 days. DNA G+C content was determined according to the thermal denaturation method described by Marmur & Doty (1962)Go.

Strain FR1311T was halophilic; it required 1–7 % (w/v) NaCl for growth (optimum 2 %) and was unable to grow on ZoBell medium without NaCl. Results of the biochemical and physiological tests are given in the species description and in Table 1Go. Strain FR1311T had an unsaturated ubiquinone with eight isoprene units (Q-8), in agreement with previous findings that photobacteria contain Q-8 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone (Nogi et al., 1998Go). Strain FR1311T had large amounts of straight-chain and unsaturated fatty acids: the major components were C16 : 0 (21 %), C14 : 0 (3·6 %), C12 : 0 (3·4 %), C18 : 1{omega}7c (29·6 %), C12 : 0 3-OH (2·1 %), C16 : 1{omega}7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (27·8 %) and C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1 (2·7 %). This fatty acid profile is similar to those of recognized Photobacterium species (Nogi et al., 1998Go).


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  		Table 1. Differential physiological and biochemical characteristics between strain FR1311T and other Photobacterium species

Strains: 1, strain FR1311T; 2, P. damselae subsp. damselae ATCC 33539T (data from Smith et al., 1991Go; Nogi et al., 1998Go); 3, P. damselae subsp. piscicida NCIMB 2058T (Gauthier et al., 1995Go); 4, P. rosenbergii LMG 22223T (Thompson et al., 2005Go); 5, P. leiognathi ATCC 25521T (Baumann & Baumann, 1984Go; Nogi et al., 1998Go); 6, P. angustum ATCC 25915T (Baumann & Baumann, 1984Go; Nogi et al., 1998Go); 7, P. iliopiscariumATCC 51760T (Onarheim et al., 1994Go); 8, P. phosphoreum ATCC 11040T (Reichelt & Baumann, 1973Go; Baumann & Baumann, 1984Go; Nogi et al., 1998Go); 9, P. frigidiphilum SL13T (Seo et al., 2005Go); 10, P. indicum NBRC 14233T (Xie & Yokota, 2004Go); 11, P. profundum JCM 10084T (Nogi et al., 1998Go); 12, P. lipolyticum DSM 16190T (Yoon et al., 2005Go). +, Positive reaction or production; –, negative reactionor no production; W, weakly positive; V, variable; ND, data not available.

 
The detailed results of biochemical, substrate utilization and DNA G+C content determinations are given in Table 1Go and the species description. It is evident from Table 1Go that there are several phenotypic characters that readily separate strain FR1311T from phylogenetically related species. Together with 16S rRNA gene and chemotaxonomic analyses, it is evident that strain FR1311T should be classified as a novel species in the genus Photobacterium, for which the name Photobacterium ganghwense sp. nov. is proposed.

Description of Photobacterium ganghwense sp. nov.
Photobacterium ganghwense (gang.hwen'se. N.L. neut. adj. ganghwense pertaining to Ganghwa Island, Korea, the geographical origin of the type strain of the species).

Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and facultatively anaerobic. Colonies on MA are circular, smooth, convex with entire margins, slightly cream-coloured and approximately 3 mm in diameter after 3 days at 30 °C. Cells are motile by means of a polar flagellum (see Supplementary Fig. S1 in IJSEM Online), are oval or rod-shaped and 0·8–1·2x1·3–2·0 µm in size. Spores are not formed. Growth occurs in 1–7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 2 %). Growth occurs at pH 5–11 (optimum pH 8–9) and at 10–45 °C (optimum 35 °C). Bioluminescence is observed. No gas is produced from D-glucose under aerobic conditions. Growth occurs on thiosulfate/citrate/bile salts/sucrose medium (TCBS agar; Oxoid), producing green colonies. Acid is formed from glucose. Does not produce ornithine decarboxylase, urease or tryptophan deaminase. Does not hydrolyse aesculin. Positive for fermentation of glucose, D-inositol and amygdalin. Positive for assimilation of glucose, mannitol, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, gluconate, malate, citrate and phenylacetate. Mannose, caprate and adipate are weakly utilized. Produces alkaline phosphatase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and {alpha}-glucosidase, but not lipase (C14), valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, {alpha}-chymotrypsin, {alpha}-galactosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, {alpha}-mannosidase or beta-fucosidase. Other physiological and biochemical characteristics are given in Table 1Go. Major fatty acids are C18 : 1{omega}7c (29·6 %), C16 : 1{omega}7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (27·8 %) and C16 : 0 (21·1 %). The DNA G+C content is 44 mol%.

The type strain, FR1311T (=IMSNU 60287T=KCTC 12328T=JCM 12487T), was isolated from sea water from Ganghwa Island, South Korea.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
This work was supported, in part, by the Korea Ministry of Science and Technology under National Research Laboratory Program (M10500000110-05J0000-11010) and 21C Frontier Microbial Genomics and Applications Center Program (MG05-0101-2-0).


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