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1 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
2 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080 Beijing, China
3 Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
4 Genencor International, Leiden, The Netherlands
5 Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
Correspondence
A. Ventosa
ventosa{at}us.es
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains XH-63T, XH-62 and EJ-15 are AM040716, AM040717 and AM040718, respectively.
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). Taxonomically, they are a very heterogeneous physiological group, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative micro-organisms. Aerobic, spore-forming, moderately halophilic, Gram-positive rods are also taxonomically diverse and have been isolated from saline environments such as soils and aquatic habitats (Arahal & Ventosa, 2002). They were originally assigned to the genus Bacillus, but molecular and chemical analyses have shown that they form several phylogenetically distinct lineages within the group classically defined as the genus Bacillus (Ash et al., 1991; Stackebrandt & Liesack, 1993; Nielsen et al., 1994). To date, moderately halophilic bacterial species are present in the genera Bacillus (Ventosa et al., 1989), Halobacillus (Spring et al., 1996; Yoon et al., 2003), Virgibacillus (Heyndrickx et al., 1998; Arahal et al., 1999, 2000; Heyrman et al., 2003), Gracilibacillus (Wainø et al., 1999), Amphibacillus (Zhilina et al., 2001), Filobacillus (Schlesner et al., 2001), Jeotgalibacillus (Yoon et al., 2001), Marinibacillus (Yoon et al., 2001), Oceanobacillus (Lu et al., 2001), Lentibacillus (Yoon et al., 2002; Jeon et al., 2005a), Tenuibacillus (Ren & Zhou, 2005a), Pontibacillus (Lim et al., 2005a, b), Salinibacillus (Ren & Zhou, 2005b), Thalassobacillus (García et al., 2005) and Alkalibacillus (Jeon et al., 2005b). All these genera belong to the family Bacillaceae, having similar properties and close phylogenetic relationships. Wainø et al. (1999) proposed the new genus Gracilibacillus to accommodate a bacterium isolated from the Great Salt Lake, Utah (USA), Gracilibacillus halotolerans, and they transferred Bacillus dipsosauri to this genus as Gracilibacillus dipsosauri. During the course of a broad study of moderately halophilic bacteria from several salt lakes in China, three moderately halophilic Gram-positive bacteria were isolated. Their phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, cell wall compositions, DNA G+C contents and 16S rRNA gene sequences have been determined. The data obtained strongly suggest that these three strains represent a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus and therefore they have been classified as Gracilibacillus orientalis sp. nov.
The three strains were isolated from water (strains XH-63T and XH-62) and sediment (strain EJ-15) samples taken during an expedition in September 2003 of two salt lakes located near Xilin Hot and Ejinor, in Inner Mongolia, China. The lake near Xilin Hot is located at 43° 55' N 115° 37' E and the water was 24 °C, pH 8·5 and had a conductivity of 185 mS cm–1. The lake near Ejinor is located at 45° 14' N 116° 31' E and the water was 28 °C, pH 7·5 and had a conductivity of 161 mS cm–1. The isolation medium and the method used for isolation have been described previously (Ventosa et al., 1983). These strains were cultivated in MH medium with 10 % (w/v) total salts (MH-10 medium). The composition of this medium was (%, w/v): NaCl, 8·1; MgCl2, 0·7; MgSO4, 0·96; CaCl2, 0·036; KCl, 0·2; NaHCO3, 0·006; NaBr, 0·0026; yeast extract (Difco), 1; proteose peptone no. 3 (Difco), 0·5; and glucose, 0·1. The pH was adjusted to 7·2 with 1 M KOH. When necessary, solid media were prepared by adding 2·0 % (w/v) Bacto-agar (Difco). G. dipsosauri DSM 11125T and G. halotolerans DSM 11805T were obtained from the DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany, and cultivated according to the procedures recommended by the DSMZ.
To characterize these isolates phenotypically, standard phenotypic tests were performed, including Gram reaction, cell morphology, motility, growth under anaerobic conditions, catalase and oxidase production, as well as other tests shown in Table 1 or included in the species description. For nutritional tests, a basal medium with the following composition was used (w/v): NaCl, 10·0; KCl, 0·2; MgSO4.7H20, 0·02; KNO3, 0·1; (NH4)2HPO4, 0·1; and KH2PO4, 0·05. To this liquid medium, a 0·1 % (w/v) filter-sterilized substrate was added. Carbohydrates were used at a final concentration of 0·2 % (w/v). When amino acids were used as substrate, the basal medium contained neither KNO3 nor (NH4)2HPO4. All test procedures have been previously described (Ventosa et al., 1982; Quesada et al., 1984; García et al., 1987). Strains were Gram-positive, motile and strictly aerobic. Cells were rod-shaped with a width of 0·7–0·9 µm and length of 2·0–10·0 µm. Spherical endospores were formed at terminal positions in swollen sporangia (Fig. 1), similarly to those produced by G. dipsosauri, the species most closely related phylogenetically. However, the other member of the genus Gracilibacillus, G. halotolerans, produces ellipsoid endospores. The three isolates were moderately halophilic, growing in media containing 1–20 % (w/v) salts and growing optimally in media containing 10 % (w/v) salts. No growth was observed in the absence of NaCl. G. dipsosauri and G. halotolerans are able to grow in media containing 0–15 % and 0–20 % (w/v) NaCl, respectively, and thus they are considered to be extremely halotolerant, although G. dipsosauri was originally described as moderately halophilic by Lawson et al. (1996). Table 1 shows the differential characteristics between these isolates and the species G. dipsosauri and G. halotolerans.
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. PCR amplifications of the 16S rRNA gene were carried out using methods that have been previously described in detail (Mellado et al., 1995). Sequencing was performed using an automated DNA sequencer model 3100 (Applied Biosystems). The 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses were performed with the aid of the ARB software package (Ludwig & Strunk, 1996). 16S rRNA gene sequences were aligned and the alignment was confirmed and checked against both the primary and secondary structure of the 16S rRNA molecule using the alignment tool of the ARB software package. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using three different methods, maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1981), maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1971) and neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987), algorithms integrated in the ARB software for phylogenetic inference.
Almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains XH-63T, XH-62 and EJ-15 were obtained and used for initial BLAST searches in GenBank and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted with sequences of representative strains of the family Bacillaceae and related taxa. A tree constructed by maximum-parsimony analysis clearly showed that the three isolates were part of a cluster that included the genera Gracilibacillus and Paraliobacillus, as shown in Fig. 2. Topologies of phylogenetic trees built using the maximum-likelihood and neighbour-joining algorithms were similar to those of the tree constructed by maximum-parsimony analysis (data not shown). The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three novel isolates shared 99·9–100 % similarity to each other and are on the same phylogenetic branch. The nearest known relatives of the strains XH-63T, XH-62 and EJ-15 were G. dipsosauri (95·7, 95·6 and 95·8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively) and G. halotolerans (95·4, 95·3 and 95·4 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). The other closely related relative was Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis (94·8, 94·7 and 94·9 % similarity, respectively).
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and the G+C contents of the DNAs were determined from the midpoint value of the thermal denaturation profile (Marmur & Doty, 1962) using the equation of Owen & Hill (1979). The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains XH-63T, XH-62 and EJ-15 were 37·1, 36·1 and 37·0 mol%, respectively. These values are within the range of G+C described for the species of the genus Gracilibacillus and are similar to those described for G. dipsosauri (39·4 mol%; Lawson et al., 1996) and G. halotolerans (38·0 mol%; Wainø et al., 1999). On the other hand, these values are similar to that described for P. ryukyuensis (35·6 mol%; Ishikawa et al., 2002). DNA–DNA hybridization was carried out to evaluate the genomic DNA relatedness of the three isolates following the competition procedure of Johnson (1994), described in detail elsewhere (Arahal et al., 2001). Hybridization experiments were carried out under optimal conditions, at a temperature of 44·3 °C, which is within the limits of validity for the filter method (De Ley & Tijtgat, 1970). DNA–DNA hybridization values of strain XH-63T with XH-62 and EJ-15 were 98 and 94 %, respectively. These data clearly support the idea that the three strains are members of a single species (Stackebrandt et al., 2002).
Preparation of cell walls from the three strains and analysis of peptidoglycan structures were carried out using methods described by Schleifer (1985), with the modification that TLC on cellulose sheets was performed instead of paper chromatography. Our isolates possessed a cell wall type based on meso-diaminopimelic acid, which was in common with those of G. dipsosauri, G. halotolerans and the great majority of endospore-forming, Gram-positive bacilli.
The cellular fatty acids of strain XH-63T, selected as a representative strain of the isolates, were analysed with the MIDI system (Microbial ID). Cells were cultured in MH-10 medium at 37 °C for 24 h. The predominant fatty acids of strain XH-63T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C17 : 0. This fatty acid profile is quite similar to those of the species of Gracilibacillus and is in accordance to those previously reported for these two species (Wainø et al., 1999), although a number of differences could be seen in the distribution of the minor fatty acids (Table 2).
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). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA sequence, cell wall type and respiratory lipoquinone analysis clearly suggest that our isolates belong to the genus Gracilibacillus. Furthermore, phenotypic features (temperature and salt ranges for growth, optimal salt concentration for growth, and absence of oxidase and nitrate reductase activities), DNA base composition, fatty acid profile and polar lipid patterns clearly differentiate the three isolates from G. dipsosauri and G. halotolerans. In conclusion, it is proposed that the novel strains represent a novel species of the genus Gracilibacillus, for which the name Gracilibacillus orientalis sp. nov. is proposed.
Description of Gracilibacillus orientalis sp. nov.
Gracilibacillus orientalis (o.ri.en.ta'lis. L. adj. orientalis eastern, bacterium inhabiting the East).
Gram-positive rods, 0·7–0·9x2·0–10·0 µm. Motile, spherical endospores are produced at a terminal position in swollen sporangia. Strictly aerobic. Colonies are 0·3–0·6 mm in diameter, cream, circular, opaque and entire on MH-10 medium after 2 days of cultivation. Moderately halophilic, growing in a wide range (1–20 %, w/v) of salt concentrations, with optimal growth at 10 % (w/v) salts. No growth in the absence of NaCl. Grows at 4–45 °C (optimal at 37 °C) and pH 5·0–9·0 (optimal at pH 7·5). Strictly aerobic. Catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Acid is produced from arabinose, galactose, glycerol, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-lactose, D-mannitol, D-xylose, maltose, D-trehalose and sucrose. Aesculin, gelatin and starch are hydrolysed; casein, Tween 80 and urea are not hydrolysed. H2S is not produced. Indole, methyl red, phenylalanine deaminase, Simmons citrate, arginine dihydrolase, and lysine and ornithine decarboxylase tests are negative. Phosphatase test is positive. The following compounds are utilized as sole carbon and energy sources: acetate, citrate, formate, fumarate, D-fucose, lactose, propanol, D-sorbitol and valerate. The following compounds are not utilized as sole carbon and energy sources: D-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-galactose, maltose, D-mannose, D-melibiose, D-melizitose, L-raffinose, D-trehalose, D-xylose, butanol, ethanol, methanol, benzoate, propionate and succinate. The following compounds are not used as sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources: L-alanine, L-arginine, aspartic acid, L-cysteine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, DL-lysine, L-methionine, L-ornithine, L-threonine, tryptophan and L-serine. Susceptible to bacitracin (10 U), chloramphenicol (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg) and rifampicin (30 µg). Resistant to ampicillin (10 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), neomycin (10 µg), novobiocin (30 µg) and penicillin (10 U). The cell wall contains peptidoglycan of the meso-diaminopimelic acid type. Major isoprenoid quinone is MK-7. The polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and a phospholipid and two amino phospholipids of unknown structure. Additional characteristics of the strains are listed in Table 1
. Cellular fatty acid composition is given in Table 2.
The type strain is XH-63T (=CCM 7326T=AS 1.4250T=CECT 7097T), isolated from a salt lake near Xilin Hot in Inner Mongolia, China.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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