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1 Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100 Let Vladivostoku 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia
2 Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yusong, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
3 Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd, 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo 194-8533, Japan
4 Food Analysis and Research Institute, Suwon Women's College, 336-27 Sanggi-ri, Bongdam-sup, Hwasung-si, Kyonggi-Do 445-895, Republic of Korea
5 Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oun-dong, Yusong, Daejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
Correspondence
Olga I. Nedashkovskaya
olganedashkovska{at}piboc.dvo.ru
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Published online ahead of print on 12 August 2005 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63819-0.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Pontibacter actiniarum sp. nov. KMM 6156T is AY989908.
A scanning electron micrograph of cells of strain KMM 6156T is available as a supplementary figure in IJSEM Online.
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MAIN TEXT |
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; Brettar et al., 2004a, b; Nedashkovskaya et al., 2003, 2004, 2005a; Raj & Maloy, 1990; Van Trappen et al., 2004; Yi & Chun, 2004; Yoon et al., 2004, 2005a, b, c). Currently, only two species with validly published names that belong to the MK-7 phylogenetic cluster, Cyclobacterium marinum (formerly Flectobacillus marinus) and Roseivirga echinicomitans, have been isolated from marine animals: sea urchins of Dendraster sp. and Strongylocentrotus intermedius, respectively (Larkin & Borrall, 1984; Nedashkovskaya et al., 2005b). In this study, we report the isolation and identification of a strain of heterotrophic, Gram-negative, aerobic, gliding and pink-coloured bacteria associated with a marine coelenterate. Based on a polyphasic study of strain KMM 6156T, including phylogenetic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses, a novel genus, Pontibacter, is proposed.
Strain KMM 6156T was isolated from unidentified actinians, collected from a depth of 118 m in Rudnaya Bay, East Sea (also known as the Sea of Japan), Pacific Ocean, during July 2003. For strain isolation, 0·1 ml homogenate of actinian tissues was transferred onto plates of marine agar 2216 (Difco). After primary isolation and purification, strains were cultivated at 28 °C on the same medium and stored at –80 °C in marine broth (Difco) supplemented with 20 % (v/v) glycerol.
Phylogenetic analysis
Genomic DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene followed previous procedures (Kim et al., 1998). Sequence data obtained were aligned with those of representative members of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ by using PHYDIT version 3.2 (http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/
jchun/phydit/). Phylogenetic trees were inferred using suitable programs from the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993). Phylogenetic distances were calculated using the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) and trees were constructed on the basis of the neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987), least-squares (Fitch & Margoliash, 1967) and maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993) algorithms. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 resampled datasets by using the SEQBOOT and CONSENSE programs of the PHYLIP package.
Phylogenetic analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain KMM 6156T (1435 nucleotides) revealed that the strain belongs to the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’, in which it forms a distinct lineage (Fig. 1). The type strain of the single species of the genus Adhaeribacter, Adhaeribacter aquaticus MBRG 1.5T, was the closest relative of strain KMM 6156T, with a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 89·2 %.
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and the DNA G+C content was determined by the thermal denaturation method (Marmur & Doty, 1962). The DNA G+C composition of KMM 6156T was 48·7 mol%.
Chemotaxonomic methods
For the determination of the cellular fatty acid methyl ester content, strain KMM 6156T was grown on marine agar at 25 °C for 48 h. FAME analysis was carried out according to the standard Microbial Identification System protocol (Microbial ID).
Strain KMM 6156T is characterized by the presence of the predominant branched-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids C15 : 1 iso (28·8 %), C17 : 0 iso 3-OH (6·5 %), summed feature 3 (14·7 %; comprising C15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or C16 : 1
7) and summed feature 4 (31·3 %; consisting of C17 : 1 iso I and/or C17 : 1 anteiso B) (Table 1).
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. Menaquinones were detected by monitoring at 270 nm and were identified by comparison with known quinones from the reference strain Cyclobacterium marinum LMG 13164T. The main isoprenoid quinone was MK-7.
Phenotypic methods
The physiological and biochemical properties of strain KMM 6156T were examined as described by Nedashkovskaya et al. (2003, 2004). Physiological and biochemical features of KMM 6156T were determined using the API 20E, API 20NE, API ZYM and API 50 CH galleries (bioMérieux) and Biolog GN2 Microplate system (Biolog) according to the manufacturers' instructions. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested as described previously (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2003) and additional discs containing chloramphenicol (30 µg), doxycycline (10 µg) and erythromycin (15 µg) were used. Gliding motility was determined as described by Bowman (2000). To study cell morphology, samples were fixed in 2·5 % paraformaldehyde–glutaraldehyde mixture buffered with 0·1 M phosphate (pH 7·2) for 2 h, fixed in 1 % osmium tetroxide in the same buffer for 1 h, dehydrated in graded ethanol and substituted by isoamyl acetate. Samples were then dried at the critical point in CO2. Finally, the samples were sputtered with gold in a sputter coater (SC502; Polaron) and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM 515; Philips). Cells of KMM 6156T ranged from 0·3 to 0·4 µm in width and from 1·2 to 1·9 µm in length (see Supplementary Fig. S1 in IJSEM Online).
Strain KMM 6156T was Gram-negative, chemo-organotrophic, aerobic, pink-pigmented and motile by gliding. The main physiological and biochemical characteristics of the strain are given in Table 2 and the species description. The features that differentiate strain KMM 6156T from related members of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’ are shown in Table 2. Strain KMM 6156T differs from its closest phylogenetic neighbour, the freshwater bacterium Adhaeribacter aquaticus, by its abilities to move by gliding and to hydrolyse agar, by the absence of amylase activity and by a higher DNA G+C content (48·7 mol% for KMM 6156T compared with 40·0 mol% for A. aquaticus).
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Thus, the polyphasic data presented in this paper support the conclusion that strain KMM 6156T can not be affiliated to any currently described taxa of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’. Consequently, we propose that strain KMM 6156T should be placed in a novel genus as Pontibacter actiniarum gen. nov., sp. nov.
Previously, we described the genus Reichenbachia and the novel species Reichenbachia agariperforans to accommodate strain KMM 3525T. However, the prokaryotic genus name Reichenbachia Nedashkovskaya et al. 2003 is illegitimate because it is a later homonym of the plant genus name Reichenbachia Sprengel 1823 [Principle 2 of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision)] and a later homonym of the insect genus name Reichenbachia Leach 1825 [Principle 2 of the Bacteriological Code (1990 Revision)]. Consequently, we propose to replace the names Reichenbachia and Reichenbachia agariperforans with Reichenbachiella and Reichenbachiella agariperforans, respectively.
According to Nedashkovskaya et al. (2003), strain KMM 3525T does not utilize carbohydrates, but the addition of sea water (50 %) to the medium used for the sugar oxidation test revealed the formation of acid from L-arabinose and L-fucose. Testing of strain KMM 3525T using the API 50 CH gallery (bioMérieux) also indicated acid formation from aesculin and arbutin. These findings are included in the description of Reichenbachiella agariperforans.
Description of Pontibacter gen. nov.
Pontibacter (Pon.ti.bac'ter. L. n. pontus the sea; N.L. masc. n. bacter from Gr. neut. n. baktron rod; N.L. masc. n. Pontibacter a marine bacterium).
Rod-shaped cells, motile by means of gliding. Gram-negative. Do not form endospores. Aerobic. Produce non-diffusible carotenoid pigments. Chemo-organotrophic. Cytochrome oxidase-, catalase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. The major respiratory quinone is MK-7. The main cellular fatty acids are straight-chain unsaturated and branched-chain unsaturated fatty acids C15 : 1 iso, C17 : 0 iso 3-OH, summed feature 3 (comprising C15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or C16 : 17) and summed feature 4 (consisting of C17 : 1 iso I and/or C17 : 1 anteiso B). As determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the genus Pontibacter is a member of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’. The type species is Pontibacter actiniarum.
Description of Pontibacter actiniarum sp. nov.
Pontibacter actiniarum (ac.ti.ni.a'rum. N.L. gen. pl. n. actiniarum of sea anemones or related animals).
Displays the following properties in addition to those given in the genus description. Cells range from 0·3 to 0·4 µm in width and from 1·2 to 1·9 µm in length. On marine agar, colonies are circular, 2–3 mm diameter, convex, shiny, pink and smooth. Does not require Na+ or sea water for growth. Growth occurs at 6–43 °C; optimal temperature is 25–28 °C. Growth occurs at 0–10 % NaCl. No pigments of flexirubin type are formed. Decomposes agar (weakly), gelatin, DNA and Tweens 20 and 40. Does not hydrolyse casein, starch, Tween 80, cellulose (CM-cellulose or filter paper) or chitin. Forms acid from aesculin and arbutin (API 50 CH gallery; bioMérieux). Does not form acid from L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-lactose, D-maltose, D-melibiose, L-raffinose, L-rhamnose, L-sorbose, D-sucrose, DL-xylose, N-acetylglucosamine, glycerol, adonitol, dulcitol, inositol or mannitol. Biolog GN2 tests show that the type strain utilizes dextrin, glycogen, methyl pyruvate, 
-ketovaleric acid, DL-lactic acid, alaninamide, L-alanine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, methyl 
-D-glucoside, -ketobutyric acid, succinamic acid, L-alanyl-glycine, glycyl-L-aspartic acid and L-threonine. Does not utilize -cyclodextrin, Tween 80, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, adonitol, L-arabinose, L-arabitol, cellobiose, i-erythritol, D-fructose, L-fucose, D-galactose, gentiobiose, -D-glucose, myo-inositol, -lactose, -D-lactose, lactulose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-melibiose, psicose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, D-sorbitol, sucrose, D-trehalose, turanose, xylitol, monomethyl succinate, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-galactonic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucosaminic acid, D-glucuronic acid, -, - and 
-hydroxybutyric acids, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, itaconic acid, -ketoglutaric acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, glucuronamide, D-alanine, glycyl-L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, hydroxy-L-proline, L-leucine, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-pyroglutamic acid, D-serine, L-serine, DL-carnitine, -aminobutyric acid, urocanic acid, inosine, uridine, thymidine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2-aminoethanol, 2,3-butanediol, glycerol, DL--glycerol phosphate, glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. Nitrate is not reduced. Indole, H2S and acetoin (Voges–Proskauer reaction) production is negative. According to the API ZYM gallery (bioMérieux), produces -galactosidase, acid phosphatase, esterase lipase (C8), leucine and valine arylamidases, trypsin, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, -glucosidase and N-acetyl--glucosaminidase but not esterase (C4), lipase (C14), cystine arylamidase, -chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -glucosidase, -glucuronidase, -mannosidase or -fucosidase. The predominant fatty acids are C15 : 1 iso (28·8 %), C17 : 0 iso 3-OH (6·5 %), summed feature 3 (14·7 %; comprising C15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or C16 : 17) and summed feature 4 (31·3 %; consisting of C17 : 1 iso I and/or C17 : 1 anteiso B). Susceptible to ampicillin, benzylpenicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, kanamycin, carbenicillin, lincomycin, oleandomycin and tetracycline. Resistant to gentamicin, neomycin, polymixin B and streptomycin. The DNA G+C content is 48·7 mol%.
The type strain, KMM 6156T (=KCTC 12367T=LMG 23027T), was isolated from unidentified actinians collected in Rudnaya Bay, Pacific Ocean.
Description of Reichenbachiella gen. nov. (previous illegitimate name Reichenbachia Nedashkovskaya et al. 2003)
Reichenbachiella (Rei.chen.bach.i.el'la. N.L. fem. dim. n. Reichenbachiella named in honour of Hans Reichenbach, a German microbiologist who has made a great contribution to the taxonomy of bacteria belonging to the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’).
Rod-shaped, motile by gliding. Gram-negative. Do not form endospores. Aerobic. Produce non-diffusible carotenoid pigments. Chemo-organotrophic. Cytochrome oxidase-, catalase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. The major respiratory quinone is MK-7. The main cellular fatty acids are straight-chain unsaturated and branched-chain saturated fatty acids C15 : 0 iso, C16 : 15c and summed feature 3 (comprising C15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or 16 : 17c). As determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the genus Reichenbachiella is a member of the phylum ‘Bacteroidetes’. The type species is Reichenbachiella agariperforans.
Description of Reichenbachiella agariperforans comb. nov. (illegitimate basonym Reichenbachia agariperforans Nedashkovskaya et al. 2003)
Reichenbachiella agariperforans [a.ga.ri.per.fo'rans. N.L. n. agarum agar (algal polysaccharide); L. part. adj. perforans perforating (making holes); N.L. part. adj. agariperforans making holes in agar, bacterium making deep hollows in agar].
The description is as given by Nedashkovskaya et al. (2003) with the following additional characteristics. The type strain can form acid from L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-glucose and N-acetylglucosamine. According to the API 50 CH gallery (bioMérieux), it can form acid from arbutin and aesculin. Can produce leucine- and valine-arylamidases, trypsin, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, - and -galactosidases, - and -glucosidases, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase and alkaline and acid phosphatases, but not esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), cystine arylamidase, -chymotrypsin, -glucuronidase, -mannosidase or -fucosidase. Flexirubin pigments are produced. The predominant fatty acids are C15 : 0 iso (28·6 %), C16 : 15c (21·9 %) and summed feature 3 (20·7 %; comprising C15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or C16 : 17).
The type strain, KMM 3525T (=NBRC 16625T=JCM 11238T), was isolated from sea water collected in Amursky Bay, Pacific Ocean.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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