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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 2385-2390; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.63809-0
© 2005 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Alteromonas hispanica sp. nov., a polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-producing, halophilic bacterium isolated from Fuente de Piedra, southern Spain

Fernando Martínez-Checa, Victoria Béjar, Inmaculada Llamas, Ana del Moral and Emilia Quesada

Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain

Correspondence
Emilia Quesada
equesada{at}ugr.es


   ABSTRACT
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Strain F-32T, which produces exopolysaccharides and contains polyunsaturated fatty acids, was isolated from a hypersaline water sample collected from Fuente de Piedra (southern Spain). Phylogenetic analyses indicated conclusively that the strain in question belonged to the genus Alteromonas. Phenotypic tests showed that it could be assigned to the genus Alteromonas although it had a number of distinctive characteristics: it is moderately halophilic, growing best with 7·5–10 % w/v NaCl; it grows at 4 °C and produces H2S; it does not grow with D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose or lactose as sole sources of carbon and energy; and its fatty-acid profile is typical of Alteromonas but it also contains a large amount of an unusual acid with three double bonds [18 : 3{omega}6c (6, 9, 12); 5·01 %, w/v]. The major isoprenoid quinone is Q8. The DNA G+C content is 46·3 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and genetic properties of strain F-32T place it within a novel species, for which the name Alteromonas hispanica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is F-32T (=CECT 7067T=LMG 22958T).

Abbreviations: EPS, exopolysaccharide; PHB, poly-{beta}-hydroxybutyrate; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid

Published online ahead of print on 15 July 2005 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63809-0.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Alteromonas hispanica F-32T is AY926460.


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The genus Alteromonas was isolated and named by Baumann et al. (1972)Go [description emended by Gauthier et al. (1995Go) and later by Van Trappen et al. (2004)Go] and originally contained a phylogenetically and phenotypically heterogeneous group of Gram-negative, heterotrophic, marine bacteria, motile by a single polar flagellum. Many of its species, however, have gradually been reclassified into other genera such as Marinomonas, Pseudoalteromonas and Shewanella (Van Landschoot & de Ley, 1983Go; MacDonell & Colwell, 1985Go; Coyne et al., 1989Go; Gauthier et al., 1995Go; Sawabe et al., 2000Go; Ivanova et al., 2000Go, 2001Go). Nowadays Alteromonas comprises only four recognized species: Alteromonas macleodii (Baumann et al., 1972Go, 1984Go; Gauthier et al., 1995Go; Yi et al., 2004Go), Alteromonas marina (Yoon et al., 2003Go), Alteromonas stellipolaris (Van Trappen et al., 2004Go) and Alteromonas litorea (Yoon et al., 2004Go). Together with the genera Glaciecola (Bowman et al., 1998Go) and Aestuariibacter (Yi et al., 2004Go), it is included within the family Alteromonadaceae (Ivanova et al., 2004Go).

The members of the Alteromonadaceae are Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacteria that do not form endospores or microcysts. They are chemo-organotrophs, have a respiratory metabolism and use oxygen as electron acceptor. They do not denitrify or have dihydrolase activity. All the species require Na+ for growth and in most of them the major isoprenoid quinone is Q8. The major fatty acids are 16 : 0, 16 : 1{omega}7c and 18 : 1{omega}7c. All the species have been isolated from marine habitats (coastal sea waters and marine invertebrates). The family is a member of the Gammaproteobacteria with the following nucleotide sequence characteristics: 304 (A), 734 (A), 736 (T), 770 (T), 809 (A). The type genus is Alteromonas (Ivanova et al., 2004Go).

Van Trappen et al. (2004)Go made the last emended description of Alteromonas, which was based on Gauthier et al. (1995)Go, when they discovered that members of the genus were prosthecate, budding bacteria. In addition to the traits reported for the family, the genus also includes bacteria which are catalase- and oxidase-positive, unpigmented and not luminescent. Species of the genus do not usually grow at 4 °C, do not accumulate poly-{beta}-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and require a sea-water base for growth but not organic growth factors. A. macleodii, A. marina and A. stellipolaris produce buds and prostheca when they grow at low temperatures (12–20 °C) for 3 or more days in complex media with added sea salts. The G+C content of the DNA is 44 to 47 mol%. The type species is A. macleodii.

In this study we describe strain F-32T of Alteromonas, for which we propose the name Alteromonas hispanica. This strain is the only representative of the genus Alteromonas identified so far that has been isolated from an inland hypersaline habitat and produces polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at a relatively high incubation temperature (32 °C), which contradicts the notion that only barophilic and psychrophilic marine species are able to produce significant levels of PUFAs (Nogi et al., 1998Go; Russell & Nichols, 1999Go).

The strain studied here was isolated in 1998 from a hypersaline water sample taken from Fuente de Piedra (Málaga, southern Spain), an inland, hypersaline wetland, during a wide research programme aimed at discovering novel halophilic bacteria for biotechnological purposes (Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004Go; Quesada et al., 2004Go). Strain F-32T was isolated using MY medium (Moraine & Rogovin, 1966Go), supplemented with 10 % w/v marine salts (Rodríguez-Valera et al., 1981Go). The strain was kept and routinely grown in MY medium, with the addition of 7·5 % w/v marine salts for optimum growth. Strain F-32T was originally characterized phenotypically by Martínez-Cánovas et al. (2004)Go by means of 135 tests. Its flagellation pattern was determined in this work by transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained cells. The phenotypic data are given in the species description. Table 1Go shows the main phenotypic differences between strain F-32T and the other four species of the genus Alteromonas. The same table contains the G+C content of strain F-32T estimated from the midpoint value (Tm) of the DNA thermal denaturation profile, as described in Martínez-Cánovas et al. (2004)Go.


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  		Table 1. Phenotypic characteristics and DNA G+C content distinguishing Alteromonas hispanica from the other species of Alteromonas

Data from Baumann et al. (1972Go, 1984)Go, Gauthier et al. (1995)Go, Ivanova et al. (2004)Go, Van Trappen et al. (2004)Go, Yi et al. (2004)Go, Yoon et al. (2003Go, 2004)Go and from this study. ND, Not determined; (+) the majority of the strains are positive; W, weakly positive reaction.

 
Colonies used for the analysis of prostheca and buds were grown on MY (7·5 % w/v) for 7 days at 12 °C, as recommended by Van Trappen et al. (2004)Go (Fig. 1Go). Exopolysaccharide (EPS) and PHB granules were observed in cells grown on the same medium after 1 day's incubation at 32 °C (Fig. 2Go). Transmission electron micrographs were taken using the methods described by Bouchotroch et al. (2001)Go.



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  		Fig. 1. Electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations of cells of strain F-32T showing (a) a polar flagellum (F) and (b) prostheca (P) and buds (B). Cells were stained with 1 % w/v uranyl acetate in 0·4 % w/v sucrose. Bars, 0·3 µm.

 


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  		Fig. 2. Electron micrographs of thin-section preparations of cells of strain F-32T showing (a) EPS and PHB granule, (b) bud formations (B) and (c) prostheca (P). Thin-section preparations were stained with lead citrate and 1 % w/v uranyl acetate. Bars, 0·3 µm.

 
Phylogenetic analyses were made according to Bouchotroch et al. (2001)Go. We determined the near-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain F-32T (1479 bp). The sequence obtained was compared to reference 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ databases obtained from the National Centre of Biotechnology Information database using the BLAST search. Phylogenetic analysis was made using the software MEGA version 3.0 (Kumar et al., 2004Go) after multiple data alignments by CLUSTAL_X (Thompson et al., 1997Go). Distances and clustering were determined using the neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony methods. The stability of clusters was ascertained by performing a bootstrap analysis (1000 replications). The phylogenetic tree obtained by neighbour-joining is shown in Fig. 3Go. The maximum-parsimony algorithm gave a similar result (data not shown). Our results indicate conclusively that strain F-32T belongs to the genus Alteromonas, showing 95·3–97·4 % similarity to the other four species within the genus. As expected, the next closest neighbours were the other members of the family Alteromonadaceae, Glaciecola (Ivanova et al., 2004Go) and Aestuariibacter (Yi et al., 2004Go). The nucleotide-sequence characteristics of the family Alteromonadaceae, 304 (A), 734 (A), 736 (T), 770 (T), 809 (A) (Ivanova et al., 2004Go), were present in strain F-32T.



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  		Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationship between Alteromonas hispanica F-32T and the other species of the genus Alteromonas, together with members of the family Alteromonadaceae and other related gammaproteobacteria. The tree was constructed using the neighbour-joining algorithm. Only bootstrap values above 50 % are shown (1000 replications). Bar, 2 % estimated sequence divergence.

 
The fatty acids and quinones were analysed at the DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH) in a culture of strain F-32T made at 32 °C in MY 7·5 % w/v (see Table 2Go). The fatty-acid profile of strain F-32T was typical of Alteromonas species, with a predominance of 16 : 0, 16 : 1{omega}7c and 18 : 1{omega}7c, but it also contains large amounts of 16 : 0 N alcohol, 17 : 0 10-methyl, 18 : 0 and an unusual unsaturated fatty acid [18 : 3{omega}6c (6, 9, 12)]. PUFAs are rare in mesophilic bacteria and have not been found so far in any Alteromonas species. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q8 (ubiquinone 8, 96·5 %; ubiquinone 7, 3·5 %).


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  		Table 2. Major fatty acids in the Alteromonas species

Data from this work and from Van Trappen et al. (2004)Go and Yoon et al. (2004)Go. –, Not detected or less than 1 %.

 
In conclusion, polyphasic analyses demonstrate that the new isolate belongs to a consistent taxon and represents a novel species within the genus Alteromonas, for which we propose the name Alteromonas hispanica.

Description of Alteromonas hispanica sp. nov.
Alteromonas hispanica (his.pa'ni.ca. L. fem. adj. hispanica Spanish).

The cells are straight rods, 1–2 µm long and 0·75 µm wide, appearing either singly or in pairs. They stain Gram-negative and are motile by one polar flagellum. They produce buds, prostheca and PHB. No spores are observed under any conditions. Colonies are cream coloured, round, convex and mucoid. EPS is produced. Growth pattern is uniform in a liquid medium. The bacterium is chemo-organotrophic and strictly aerobic, i.e. anaerobic respiration with nitrate, nitrite or fumarate is negative. Catalase and oxidase are positive. It produces acids from maltose but not from any of the following carbohydrates: adonitol, L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, myo-inositol, lactose, D-mannitol, mannose, D-melezitose, L-rhamnose, D-salicin, D-sorbitol, sorbose, sucrose and trehalose. It is moderately halophilic, capable of growing in NaCl concentrations of 7·5 to 15 % w/v (optimum 7·5–10 %). It does not require additional magnesium or potassium salts. It grows within the temperature range of 4 to 40 °C (optimum 32 °C) and at pH values between 5 and 10 (optimum 7–8). It shows positive activity for ONPG, phosphatase, selenite reduction, H2S production from cysteine and hydrolysis of aesculin, casein, gelatin, Tween 20, Tween 80, starch and DNA. It is negative for nitrate and nitrite reduction, urease, lecithinase phenylalanine deaminase, gluconate oxidation, growth on cetrimide agar, growth on MacConkey agar, indole, methyl red, Voges–Proskauer and haemolysis. It grows in synthetic media supplemented with maltose and mannitol as sole sources of carbon and energy. It does not grow in synthetic media supplemented with the following sole sources of carbon and energy, or carbon, nitrogen and energy: aesculin, L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-glucose, lactose, D-mannose, D-melezitose, L-rhamnose, D-salicin, starch, D-trehalose, citrate, formate, fumarate, gluconate, lactate, malonate, propionate, succinate, adonitol, ethanol, myo-inositol, sorbitol, L-alanine, L-cysteine, L-histidine, DL-isoleucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-serine and L-valine. It is susceptible to amoxicillin (25 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), erythromycin (15 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), polymyxin B (300 UI), rifampicin (30 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), sulphamide (250 µg), tobramycin (10 µg) and trimetroprim/sulphametoxazol (1·25/23·75 µg). It is resistant to cefoxitin (30 µg). The principal fatty acids are (%): 16 : 0 N alcohol (7·35), 15 : 0 iso 2-OH/16 : 1{omega}7c (22·10), 16 : 0 (13·77), 17 : 0 10-methyl (15·63), 18 : 0 (5·89), 18 : 3{omega}6c (6, 9, 12) (5·01) and 18 : 1{omega}7c (14·30). DNA G+C content is 46·3 mol% (Tm method).

The type strain, F-32T (=CECT 7067T=LMG 22958T), was isolated from a hypersaline water sample taken at Fuente de Piedra (Málaga, southern Spain).


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
This research was supported by grants from the Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica (BOS2003-00498) and from the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía, Spain. The authors are very grateful to Concepción Fernández and David Porcel for their expertise in the electron-microscope studies and to their colleague Dr J. Trout for revising the English text.


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