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1 Department of Environmental Chemistry and Microbiology, National Environmental Research Institute, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
2 Department of Bacteriology, Danish Veterinary Institute, Bülowsvej 27, DK-1790 København V, Denmark
Correspondence
Lars Mølbak
lam{at}dfvf.dk
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9c (25·5 %) and 17 : 0 iso (18·1 %). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the three strains showed 96 % sequence similarity to Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T, 95 % to Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and 96 % to Fulvimonas soli LMG 19981T. Using LJ96T DNA as probe, DNA–DNA hybridizations documented the relationship of the three strains to a single species (87·4–98·7 % relatedness) and showed less than 30 % relatedness to Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T. Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T is not extant and the strain not available from any public strain collections, thus DNA–DNA hybridization could not include this strain. On the basis of genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, the three yellow-pigmented strains could also be differentiated from Frateuria aurantia, Fulvimonas soli and Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus. The name Luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain LJ96T (=DSM 16549T=ATCC BAA-1015T).
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the strains LJ79, LJ96T and LJ99 are AJ580497–AJ580499, respectively.
Fatty acid profiles of LJ96T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T and ERIC-PCR and RAPD fingerprints of LJ96T and related species are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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; Marilley & Aragno, 1999; Johansen & Binnerup, 2002) probably due to release of exudates and sloughed off cells from the root tissue. The culturable rhizosphere bacteria obtained on standard laboratory substrates are usually dominated by copiotrophic bacteria, such as Bacillus species (Germida et al., 1998), Cytophaga-like bacteria (Johansen & Binnerup, 2002), Enterobacter species (Mahaffee & Kloepper, 1997), Pseudomonas species and Xanthomonas species (Lilley et al., 1996).
Members of the family Xanthomonadaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) are known to have diverse metabolic potential (Finkmann et al., 2000; Mergaert et al., 2002; Nalin et al., 1999) and can be isolated from habitats like plants roots, contaminated soil and humans (Drancourt et al., 1997; Hauben et al., 1999; Swings et al., 1980; Wells et al., 1987). In recent years, several new genera have been included in the family Xanthomonadaceae. In the present paper, we suggest another genus of the family by providing a phylogenetic and phenotypic characterization of three yellow-pigmented strains. The strains represent a novel species within a novel genus, Luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov.
The isolates originated from rhizosphere soil of a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant grown on an organic field at Højbakkegaard (Taastrup, Denmark). See Johansen & Binnerup (2002) for further details concerning the isolation procedure. The strains appeared on 1/10 TSBA [3·0 g tryptic soy broth l–1 solidified with 15·0 g agar l–1 (Difco), pH 7·0] after 6 days of incubation at 15 °C in darkness. Single colonies were subcultured to ensure purity. The strains were preserved at –80 °C in a suspension of sterile MilliQ water and 15 % glycerol. Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T originating from soil enriched with lindane (Nalin et al., 1999), Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T isolated from the plant Lilium auratum Lindl (Swings et al., 1980) and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T originating from soil enriched with acetylated starch plastic (Mergaert et al., 2002) were also included in the study. Since Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T is no longer available from the BCCM/LMG, other public strain collections or from the authors (D. Janssens, Curator at BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, personal communication), only the genus and species description and the 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank accession no. AF039167) were used. Each of the three genera Rhodanobacter, Frateuria and Fulvimonas contains only a single species. Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T were cultured according to the recommendations of the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ).
Transmission electron microscopy of LJ96T was done using the whole mount preparation technique. Approximately 10 µl of a culture of LJ96T, grown to exponential phase, was placed on a Formvar and carbon-coated grid and allowed to dry for about 30 min. Cells were killed by 2 % (v/v) osmium tetroxide solution vapour for 30 s. The grid was dried completely, washed in distilled water for 10 min and placed on a drop of 2 % (v/v) uranyl acetate for 5 min in darkness. Cells were examined in a JEOL electron microscope JEM-1010. Lysis with 3 % KOH was used to determine whether isolates were Gram-positive or -negative (Buck, 1982). Catalase activity was detected by the presence of bubbles after the addition of one drop of 3 % H2O2 to colonies growing on 1/10 TSBA plates. Cytochrome oxidase activity was considered positive when cells formed blue pigments after being streaked on filter paper wetted with 1 % N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenyldiamine dihydrochloride (Merck). Change of colony colour (yellow to weak orange) was tested by adding 10 % (w/v) KOH to a 2-day-old colony grown on 1/10 TSBA. Hydrolytic enzyme activity of 
-amylase, -cellulase, 
-mannanase, -xylanase was tested by adding 0·5 g chromogenic azurine-cross-linked (AZCL) substrates l–1 (MegaZyme) to 1/10 TSBA plates. Starch degradation was tested by adding 5·0 g starch l–1 (Merck) to 1/10 TSBA plates. Clearing zones on starch-amended 1/10 TSBA plates were detected after dripping Lugol solution (Fluka) on the surface of the plates. Protease activity was tested by addition of sterilized skimmed milk (Difco) (50·0 g l–1) to 1/10 TSBA plates. The plates were incubated for up to 6 days at 20 °C and analysed daily for colour reactions (AZCL substrates) or clearing zones (skimmed milk and starch) around colonies. The ability to grow on 1/10 TSBA under anaerobic conditions was tested with the Oxoid Anaerobic system and agar plates were incubated for 3 days at 20 °C. The commercial systems API 20NE and API 50CHE (bioMérieux) were performed as recommended by the manufacturer using overnight cultures grown on 1/10 TSBA plates. All API tests were read after 3 days of incubation at 20 °C. Growth at different pH was studied on 1/10 TSBA plates by adjusting the pH with HCl or NaOH to pH 6, 7, 8 and 9. The salt tolerance was tested on 1/10 TSBA plates containing 0, 0·5, 1, 2·0, 3·0 and 5·0 % (w/v) NaCl. To test growth at different temperatures, 5 µl overnight cultures were placed on 1/10 TSBA plates and incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 37 °C for up to 25 days. The fatty acid methyl ester profile of strain LJ96T was prepared by culturing at 20 °C for 3 days in 1/10 TSB and then identified by the DSMZ using standard methods (Sasser, 1990).
DNA was extracted by suspending a small amount of a colony in 200 µl Tris/EDTA buffer (1 M Tris/HCl, 0·5 M EDTA, pH 7·5) and boiling at 102 °C for 10 min. Cell debris was removed by centrifugation at 15 000 g for 5 min. The DNA-containing supernatant was placed in a new Eppendorf tube and stored at 4 °C. More than 95 % of the total 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains LJ96 (1474 bp), LJ79 (1471 bp) and LJ99 (1420 bp) were determined. PCR amplification (25 cycles at 94 °C for 30 s, 61 °C for 30 s and 72 °C for 2 min followed by 1 cycle at 72 °C for 6 min) of the 16S rRNA gene sequences was done in PCR tubes containing 1 µl of the DNA extract and 0·5 µM of each primer SDBact0008aS20 [5'-AGAGTTTGATC(AC)TGGCTCAG-3'] and S*UNIV518Aa18 (5'-GTATTACCGCGGCTGCTG-3'), 250 µM of each dNTP, 1x PCR buffer, 0·5 mM MgCl2 and 0·5 U Taq DNA polymerase. PCR products were purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's instructions. MWG-BIOTECH (http://www.mwg-biotech.com) sequenced the PCR products on a NEN Global IR2 DNA Sequencer Li-COR using the primer SDBact008aS20. Sequences were compared to sequences in nucleotide databases using the BLASTN 2.2.6 search program (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (Altschul et al., 1997). Representatives of relatives were used to construct a phylogenetic tree where Escherichia coli K-12 (E05133) was used as an outgroup. Sequences were aligned using the algorithm CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994) in the program BIOEDIT (Hall, 1999). All sequences were trimmed at the left and right ends and a total of 1338 bp were used for construction of the phylogenetic tree. Tree calculations were done in TREECON (version 1.3b) (Van de Peer & De Wachter, 1994) using the Jukes & Cantor (1969) substitution model followed by the neighbour-joining algorithm of Saitou & Nei (1987). Bootstrap values were collected for 1000 phylogenetic trees (Felsenstein, 1985). Genomic characterization by ERIC (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence) PCR on 1 µl DNA extracts was performed in a HYBAID pcrEXPRESS HBPX-220 thermocycler using a modified procedure of De Bruijn (1992). The primers used were R1CIRE (5'-CACTTAGGGGTCCTCGAATGTA-3') and ERIC2 (5'-AAGTAAGTGACTGGGGTGAGCG-3'). The program used was as follows: 1 cycle at 95 °C for 20 s followed by 35 cycles of 94 °C for 5 s, 54 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 2 min, 1 cycle at 72 °C for 16 min and a final soak at 4 °C. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR was performed with three 10-base primers [OPA04 (5'-AATCGGGCTG-3'), OPA07 (5'-GAAACGGGTG-3') and OPA15 (5'-TTCCGAACCC-3'); Operon Technologies Inc.] according to Hansen & Winding (1998). DNA base composition (G+C content) was determined by the DSMZ by HPLC as described previously (Mesbah et al., 1989; Tamaoka & Komagata, 1984; Visuvanathan et al., 1989). DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed by the DSMZ using strains LJ79, LJ96T, LJ99, Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T. DNA was isolated using a French pressure cell (Thermo Spectronic) and purified by chromatography on hydroxyapatite as described by Cashion et al. (1977). The hybridization reactions were performed at 68 °C in 2x SSC plus 10 % (v/v) DMSO (1x SSC is 0·15 M NaCl plus 15 mM sodium citrate) as described by De Ley et al. (1970), with the modifications of Huß et al. (1983) and Escara & Hutton (1980), on a model 2600 spectrophotometer equipped with a model 2527-R thermoprogrammer and plotter (Gilford Instrument Laboratories). Renaturation rates were computed with the TRANSFER.BAS program of Jahnke (1992).
Strains LJ79, LJ96T and LJ99 were Gram-negative, motile rods (1·0x0·4 µm) with one polar flagellum 10–15 µm long (Fig. 1) and formed yellow colonies on 1/10 TSBA. They were catalase- and oxidase-positive and grew on 1/10 TSBA, full-strength TSBA and MacConkey agar. The colony colour changed from yellow to weak orange by addition of 10 % KOH. The colour change is a phenolate reaction that can be observed with several bacterial pigment types (Reichenbach, 1992). Growth was observed on 1/10 TSBA between 5 and 30 °C but not at 37 °C, at pH 6–9 and at 0–3 % NaCl but not at 5 %. Other biochemical and physiological characteristics of the strains are presented in Table 1. The fatty acid composition of LJ96T consisted mainly of branched 15 : 0 iso (23·4 %), 17 : 1 iso 9c (25·5 %) and 17 : 0 iso (18·1 %) (detailed results are available in Supplementary Table S1 in IJSEM Online). Of the main branched fatty acids, 17 : 1 iso 9c and 17 : 0 iso were found in larger proportions and 15 : 0 in a smaller proportion in LJ96T than in Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T. Four fatty acids (15 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 anteiso, 16 : 0 and 16 : 19c) comprise 35–60 % of the total fatty acid profiles of xanthomonads (Norman et al., 1997) and quantitative variation of these fatty acids has been used to differentiate among species of Xanthomonas (Chase et al., 1992). LJ96T had a fatty acid value of 30 % of the total profile (15 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 anteiso and 16 : 0) and this low value may be used as a differentiating character from other members of the family Xanthomonadaceae.
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). The highest similarity values were found for the genera Rhodanobacter (96 %), Frateuria (95 %) and Fulvimonas (96 %) (Fig. 2). Other members of the Xanthomonadales were distantly related (83–91 % similarity). DNA–DNA hybridization was performed with LJ96T as a probe against LJ79, LJ99, Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T (Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T was not available, as described above) to evaluate the closeness of their relationship. The results of the DNA–DNA hybridizations showed that LJ79, LJ96T and LJ99 could be considered as one species (87·4 to 98·7 % relatedness to the probe) while Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T comprised two other species (i.e. below 31 % relatedness to the probe) (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994). The DNA G+C content of strains LJ96T was 64·3 mol%, which is very close to the values reported for Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T (63·5 mol%) and Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T (63·0 mol%) but considerably lower than the 71·7 mol% of Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T (Table 1
). ERIC-PCR banding patterns of the three strains were identical but different from Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T (see Supplementary Fig. S1a in IJSEM Online). RAPD banding patterns, on the other hand, revealed differences between the three strains, and between the strains and Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T (Supplementary Fig. S1b), indicating a non-clonal origin of LJ79, LJ96T and LJ99, a result also found by DNA–DNA hybridization (Table 1).
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) based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis were obtained by cloning of rRNA from different habitats. The sequences AJ318146 and AY081991 originated from soil habitats contaminated with xenobiotics, whereas sequence AY218686 came from penguin dropping sediments from Ardley Island, Antarctica. The sequence AY162032 had 98·5 % similarity to the sequences of LJ79, LJ96T and LJ99, and originated from a tropical forest soil isolate sampled in Ghana. Sequence AY162032 was obtained by cultivation of samples in gel microdroplets (Zengler et al., 2002). The three strains Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus LMG 18385T, Frateuria aurantia DSM 6220T and Fulvimonas soli DSM 14263T all originated from soil environments (as previously described). Our stains were isolated from an agricultural field located in Denmark after growth on a standard soil bacterial substrate. Altogether, this suggests that members of the Xanthomonadaceae are adapted to soil habitats around the world and can be retrieved by a wide spectrum of cultivation and purification techniques.
In conclusion, we propose a novel genus within the Xanthomonadaceae with the name Luteibacter gen. nov., containing the species Luteibacter rhizovicinus gen. nov., sp. nov. (Fig. 2). This new genus can be separated from its nearest relatives by phenotypic characteristics (Table 1). Luteibacter rhizovicinus can be differentiated (96 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) from Rhodanobacter lindaniclasticus (of which the type strain is currently not available) by its mobility, protease activity and growth below 10 °C, and from Frateuria aurantia by being oxidase-positive, capable of growing on MacConkey agar, protease activity, hydrolysis of aesculin and gelatin, growth below 10 °C and G+C content. Further, Fulvimonas soli differs from our three strains by the absence of hydrolysis of gelatin and its failure to grow below 10 °C.
Description of Luteibacter gen. nov.
Luteibacter (Lu.te.i.bac'ter. L. adj. luteus yellow; N.L. masc. n. bacter rod; N.L. masc. n. Luteibacter yellow rod).
Cells are Gram-negative, single rod and motile by a polar flagellum; no spores or capsules are observed. Aerobic, chemo-organotroph, mesophilic (between 5–30 °C but not at 37 °C), pH range 6–9 and tolerant to 0–3 % (w/v) NaCl. Aesculin, starch and gelatin are hydrolysed. Colony colour is yellow after growth on 1/10-strength and full-strength TSBA. Colony colour change from yellow to weak orange by addition of 10 % KOH. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Fatty acids are mainly branched (15 : 0 iso, 17 : 1 iso 9c, 17 : 0 iso). The genus Luteibacter belongs to the family Xanthomonadaceae in the class Gammaproteobacteria. The type species is Luteibacter rhizovicinus.
Description of Luteibacter rhizovicinus sp. nov.
Luteibacter rhizovicinus (rhi.zo.vi.ci'nus. Gr. n. rhiza root; L. masc. adj. vicinus neighbouring; N.L. masc. adj. rhizovicinus neighbouring a root, referring to the rhizosphere, soil closely related to plant roots, from where the type strain was isolated).
Displays the following properties in addition to those given in the genus description. Yellow, low-convex colonies, 3–5 mm in diameter and with an entire edge after 48 h at 20 °C when grown on 1/10 TSBA. Characteristics of the species are presented in Table 1. The fatty acid composition consists mainly of branched 15 : 0 iso (23·4 %), 17 : 1 iso 9c (25·5 %) and 17 : 0 iso (18·1 %) (detailed results are available in Supplementary Table S1). The DNA G+C content of the type strain is 64·3 mol%.
The type strain is LJ96T (=DSM 16549T=ATCC BAA-1015T), isolated from the rhizosphere of a spring barley plant (Hordeum vulgare L.) at Højbakkegaard (Taastrup, Denmark).
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