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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 2279-2283; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.63810-0
© 2005 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Nonlabens tegetincola gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from a microbial mat in a subtropical estuary

Stanley C. K. Lau1, Mandy M. Y. Tsoi1, Xiancui Li1, Ioulia Plakhotnikova1, Sergey Dobretsov1, Po-Keung Wong2, Joseph R. Pawlik3 and Pei-Yuan Qian1

1 Coastal Marine Laboratory/Department of Biology, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
2 Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
3 Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA

Correspondence
Pei-Yuan Qian
boqianpy{at}ust.hk


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An orange-pigmented, Gram-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium (UST030701-324T) was isolated from a microbial mat in an estuary in the Bahamas. The DNA G+C content was 33·6 mol%. Predominant fatty acids were i15 : 0, i16 : 0, i17 : 0 3-OH, and summed feature 3, comprising i15 : 0 2-OH and/or 16 : 1{omega}7c. MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone. Flexirubin-type pigments were not produced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences placed UST030701-324T in a distinct lineage in the family Flavobacteriaceae with less than 90·7 % sequence similarity to the members of the nearest genus, Psychroflexus. UST030701-324T can be distinguished from other members of Flavobacteriaceae by a number of chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics. It is thus proposed that UST030701-324T represents a novel taxon designated Nonlabens tegetincola gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is UST030701-324T (=NRRL B-41136T=JCM 12886T).

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain UST030701-324T is AY987349.

A scanning electron micrograph and detailed phenotypic characteristics of UST030701-324T are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.


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The family Flavobacteriaceae, belonging to the phylum Cytophaga–Flavobacterium–Bacteroides, accommodates a large number of marine bacteria that are either psychrophilic or psychrotolerant (Bernardet et al., 1996Go). Based on the data of the present study, we proposed the mesophilic bacterial strain UST030701-324T of estuarine origin to represent a novel genus of the Flavobacteriaceae.

The bacterial strain UST030701-324T was isolated from a microbial mat covering a polystyrene surface retrieved from an estuarine mangrove habitat in the Bahamas. After 48 h of cultivation at 30 °C on an agar medium composed of 5 g peptone l–1, 3 g yeast extract l–1 and 0·22 µm-filtered-seawater (referred to as marine agar hereafter), UST030701-324T appeared as orange, convex, circular colonies (2–4 mm diameter) with smooth surfaces and entire translucent margins. No diffusible pigment was observed. Unless otherwise specified, all characteristics described hereafter were based on cultures grown on marine agar for 48 h at 30 °C. The optimum temperature for the growth of UST030701-324T was 28–36 °C.

The nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of UST030701-324T (1462 bp) was obtained using a dye terminator method as described elsewhere (Lau et al., 2004Go). Comparison of the nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of UST030701-324T to those available from GenBank revealed that UST030701-324T was a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree constructed using the ARB software package (Ludwig et al., 2004Go) showed that UST030701-324T formed a clade together with several uncharacterized bacterial strains (93·6–94·6 % sequence similarity). This clade did not cluster robustly with any recognized species or genus (Fig. 1Go). UST030701-324T was nearest to the members of the genera Psychroflexus and Salegentibacter, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity ranging from 88·5 to 90·7 %. Trees based on maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods showed essentially the same topology (Fig. 1Go). The results of phylogenetic analysis suggest that UST030701-324T represents a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae.



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  		Fig. 1. Neighbour-joining dendrogram showing the estimated phylogenetic relationships among UST030701-324T and related species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Strains belonging to the genus Flavobacterium serve as outgroups. Lines in bold type indicate branches also found in maximum-likelihood and parsimony trees. Scale bar represents 1 nucleotide substitution per 10 nucleotides. Bootstrap values >50 % (500 replicates) are indicated at nodes. GenBank accession numbers are shown in parentheses.

 
The DNA G+C content of UST030701-324T, determined by an HPLC method (Mesbah et al., 1989Go), was 33·6±0·3 mol% (three replicates). This value was similar to those for the members of Psychroflexus (32·0–36·0 mol%), but was lower than those for the members of Salegentibacter (36·8–38·0 mol%). The dominant cellular fatty acids of UST030701-324T were i15 : 0, i15 : 0 3-OH, i16 : 0, i16 : 0 3-OH, i17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (comprising i15 : 0 2-OH and/or 16 : 1{omega}7c) and an unknown fatty acid with a carbon chain length equivalent to 13·6 (altogether representing 78·3 % of the total) as determined using the Sherlock Microbial Identification System according to the manufacturer's protocol (Table 1Go). This fatty acid profile differed from those described for Psychroflexus and Salegentibacter by, for instance, the absence of 15 : 0 and the presence of i17 : 1{omega}9c and an unknown fatty acid (Table 1Go). MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone as determined using an HPLC method according to Collins (1994)Go. Menaquinones extracted from Cellulophaga lytica (Johansen et al., 1999Go) and Pedobacter heparinus (Steyn et al., 1998Go) served as references for MK-6 and MK-7, respectively.


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  		Table 1. Comparison of major cellular fatty acids of UST030701-324T and members of Psychroflexus and Salegentibacter

Taxa: 1, strain UST030701-324T; 2, Psychroflexus gondwanensis; 3, Psychroflexus torquis; 4, Psychroflexus tropicus; 5, Salegentibacter holothuriorum; 6, Salegentibacter mishustinae; 7, Salegentibacter salegens. Values are percentages of total fatty acids; values for UST030701-324T, P. gondwanensis and P. torquis are means±SD. Growth conditions: column 1, 30 °C on marine agar (5 g peptone l–1, 3 g yeast extract l–1 in 0·22-µm-filtered sea water) for 48 h; 2–4, 15 °C on marine agar 2216 (duration of cultivation not given); 5 and 6, 28 °C on marine agar 2216 for 48 h; 7, 20 °C on trypticase soy agar for 48 h. Data for members of Psychroflexus and Salegentibacter are from Bowman et al. (1998)Go, McCammon & Bowman (2000)Go, Donachie et al. (2004)Go and Nedashkovskaya et al. (2004Go, 2005bGo).

 
The phenotypic characteristics of UST030701-324T are given in the species description and in Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 available in IJSEM Online. Anaerobic growth was examined in the Oxoid Anaerobic System. The requirement for NaCl was tested in a medium containing (per litre) 5 g MgCl2, 2 g MgSO4, 0·5 g CaCl2, 1 g KCl, 5 g peptone and various amounts of NaCl, adjusted to pH 7·5 using KOH (Isnansetyo & Kamei, 2003Go). Cell morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (JEOL 7600F) according to the procedures in Neu et al. (2001)Go (see Supplementary Fig. S1). Reaction to Gram stain was determined using light microscopy according to Smibert & Krieg (1994)Go. Gliding motility was determined using phase-contrast light microscopy after growth on quarter-strength marine 2216 medium solidified with 1 % agar according to Bowman (2000)Go. Susceptibility to antibiotics was tested according to Acar (1980)Go. Flexirubin-type pigment production and cellulose hydrolysis were determined according to Bowman (2000)Go. Casein hydrolysis was determined according to Norris et al. (1985)Go and chitin and Tween 20, 40 and 80 hydrolysis was determined according to Baumann & Baumann (1988)Go. Spore formation, oxidase and catalase activities and the hydrolysis of agar, DNA and starch were tested according to Smibert & Krieg (1994)Go. Other enzyme activities, growth on carbon sources, acid production from carbon sources, nitrate reduction and the production of H2S, indole and acetoin were tested using the commercial systems API 20E, API 20NE, API 50CH and API ZYM (bioMérieux). Cells for inoculation to the API systems were suspended in sterile solution of seawater mix at 22 {per thousand} salinity (MacDonell et al., 1982Go).

Chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics that distinguish UST030701-324T from other genera of Flavobacteriaceae are given in Tables 1 and 2GoGo. UST030701-324T differs from the members of Psychroflexus by (i) having a different fatty acid profile, (ii) the absence of filamentous cells, carbohydrate metabolism (except for sucrose) or {alpha}- and {beta}-glucosidase activities, (iii) being able to hydrolyse gelatin and (iv) being less halo- and psychrotolerant. UST030701-324T differs from the members of Salegentibacter by (i) having an orange pigmentation and a different fatty acid profile, (ii) being less halo- and psychrotolerant, (iii) being able to produce acetoin and (iv) the absence of carbohydrate metabolism (except for sucrose) or {beta}-galactosidase activity. Additionally, UST030701-324T can be distinguished from other closely related genera by traits detailed in Table 2Go. Molecular evidence together with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic characteristics suggests that UST030701-324T constitutes a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae.


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  		Table 2. Differentiation of strain UST030701-324T from closely related genera

+, Positive; –, negative; ND, not determined; V, variable. Data for Psychroflexus, Salegentibacter, Winogradskyella, Psychroserpens, Gelidibacter and Formosa are from Bowman et al. (1997Go, 1998Go), McCammon & Bowman (2000)Go, Macián et al. (2002)Go, Donachie et al. (2004)Go, Ivanova et al. (2004)Go, Nedashkovskaya et al. (2004Go, 2005aGo, bGo) and Lau et al. (2005)Go.

 
Description of Nonlabens gen. nov.
Nonlabens (Non.la'bens. L. part. non not; L. part. adj. labens gliding; N.L. part. adj. Nonlabens non-gliding).

Gram-negative, short rod, non-motile and not forming spores. Strictly aerobic. MK-6 was the only respiratory quinone. Flexirubin-type pigments are not produced. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. The genus contains one species, Nonlabens tegetincola, which is the type species.

Description of Nonlabens tegetincola sp. nov.
Nonlabens tegetincola (te.get.in'col.a. L. n. teges -etis mat; L. n. incola an inhabitant; N.L. n. tegetincola mat-inhabitant, pertaining to its microbial mat habitat).

Description is as for the genus plus the following. Colonies on marine agar are orange in colour, circular, 2·0–4·0 mm in diameter, convex with smooth surfaces and entire translucent margins. No diffusible pigment. Growth occurs between 12·0 and 44·0 °C (28·0–36·0 °C optimum), pH 5·0 and 10·0 and 2·0 and 4·0 % NaCl. Susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline, but not to kanamycin. DNA G+C content is 33·6 mol% and the dominant fatty acids are i15 : 0, i15 : 0 3-OH, i16 : 0, i16 : 0 3-OH, i17 : 0 3-OH, summed feature 3 (comprising i15 : 0 2-OH and/or 16 : 1{omega}7c) and an unknown fatty acid with a carbon chain length equivalent to 13·6 (altogether representing 78·3 % of the total). Produces acetoin, but not indole or H2S. Nitrate is not reduced. Hydrolyses DNA, gelatin, starch and Tweens 20, 40 and 80, but not agar, casein, cellulose or chitin. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, {alpha}-chymotrypsin, cystine arylamidase, leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), lipase (C14), trypsin and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase activities are positive. N-acetyl-{beta}-glucosaminidase, arginine dihydrolase, {alpha}-fucosidase, {alpha}-galactosidase, {beta}-galactosidase, {alpha}-glucosidase, {beta}-glucosidase, {beta}-glucuronidase, {alpha}-mannosidase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, tryptophan deaminase and urease activities are negative. Except for acid production from sucrose, no growth or acid production is observed from the carbon sources included in the API 50 CH, API 20 E and API 20 NE test systems. Except for growth on complex media containing yeast extract and peptone, the carbon and nitrogen sources supporting the growth of Nonlabens tegetincola are hitherto not known.

The type strain is UST030701-324T (=NRRL B-41136T=JCM 12886T), isolated from a microbial mat in an estuarine mangrove habitat in the Bahamas.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
The authors thank Mr Ken Lau for the analysis of respiratory quinones and Professor Hans G. Trüper for assistance with the Latin etymology. This work was supported by the RGC grants HKUST6240/04M and CA04/05.Sc01 to P.-Y. Q. and a NSF Biological Oceanography Program grant (OCE-0095724) to J. R. P.


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S. C. K. Lau, M. M. Y. Tsoi, X. Li, I. Plakhotnikova, S. Dobretsov, M. Wu, P.-K. Wong, J. R. Pawlik, and P.-Y. Qian
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