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1 Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100 Let Vladivostoku 159, 690022, Vladivostok, Russia
2 Department of Microbiology, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Yusong, Daejon 305-764, Republic of Korea
3 Institute of Microbiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 60 let October 7/2, Moscow, 117811, Russia
4 Korea Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Oun-dong, Yusong, Daejon 305-333, Republic of Korea
Correspondence
Olga I. Nedashkovskaya
olganedashkovska{at}yahoo.com
| ABSTRACT |
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-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive marine bacterium, designated strain KMM 6058T, was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The G+C content of the DNA of the isolate was 41·3 mol%. The predominant fatty acids were i15 : 1, i15 : 0, a15 : 0 and i17 : 0 3-OH. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain KMM 6058T formed a monophyletic clade with Roseivirga ehrenbergii, with 99 % similarity. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, the novel bacterium should be assigned to the genus Roseivirga as Roseivirga echinicomitans sp. nov. The type strain is KMM 6058T (=KCTC 12370T=LMG 22587T).
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Roseivirga echinicomitans KMM 6058T is AY753206.
| MAIN TEXT |
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During September 2002, we isolated an unknown bacterium from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius collected in Troitsa Bay, Gulf of Peter the Great, East Sea (also known as the Sea of Japan). Polyphasic taxonomic study of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics and the phylogenetic position of strain KMM 6058T cultured on marine agar 2216 (Difco) at 25 °C for 48 h, presented here, indicates that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Roseivirga.
Genomic DNA extraction, a PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were performed according to procedures described previously (Kim et al., 1998
). The sequence data obtained were aligned with those of representative members of selected genera that belong to the phylum Bacteroidetes, using PHYDIT version 3.2 (http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/
jchun/phydit/). Phylogenetic trees were inferred using suitable programs of the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993
). Phylogenetic distances were calculated from the models of Kimura (1980)
and the trees were constructed on the basis of the neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987
) and maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993
) algorithms. Bootstrap analysis was performed with 1000 resampled datasets by using the SEQBOOT and CONSENSE programs of the PHYLIP package.
Phylogenetic analysis of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1415 nt) revealed that strain KMM 6058T forms a distinct lineage within the genus Roseivirga (Fig. 1
). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strain studied and Roseivirga ehrenbergii KMM 6017T was 99 %.
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Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was carried out according to the standard protocol of the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (Microbial ID). The following cellular fatty acids accounted for more than 1·0 % of the total: i13 : 0 (2·9 %), i14 : 0 (1·9 %), i15 : 1 (20·2 %), a15 : 1 (2·4 %), i15 : 0 (20·2 %), a15 : 0 (13·1 %), i16 : 1 (2 %), i16 : 0 (1·8 %), i15 : 0 3-OH (4·1 %), i17 : 0 (1 %), i17 : 1
9c (1·1 %), i16 : 0 3-OH (4·2 %), 16 : 0 3-OH (1·4 %), i17 : 0 3-OH (12·1 %), 17 : 0 2-OH (2 %), summed feature 3 (1 %) (comprising 16 : 1
7 and/or i15 : 0 2-OH) and unidentified fatty acids (5·3 %).
Phenotypic analysis was performed using methods described previously (Nedashkovskaya et al., 2003a
, b
). API 20E, API 20NE, API ZYM (bioMérieux) and Microlog GN2 plates (Biolog) were also used for physiological and biochemical testing, performed according to the manufacturers' instructions, except that a solution for bacterial suspension consisting of 1·5 % NaCl was used. Gliding motility was determined as described by Bowman (2000)
.
The physiological, biochemical and morphological characteristics of strain KMM 6058T are given in the species description and in Table 1
. The results of phenotypic examination demonstrated many common traits between the strain studied and its closest relative, Roseivirga ehrenbergii. However, strain KMM 6058T clearly differs from the above-mentioned species by the inability to grow at 37 °C and to hydrolyse DNA and Tween 20 (Table 1
). Strain KMM 6058T can also be readily differentiated from Roseivirga ehrenbergii by its ability to decompose Tween 40, to utilize D-galacturonic acid, glycerol,
-DL-glycerol phosphate, inosine, thymidine and citrate, to produce
- and
-galactosidases,
-glucosidase and N-acetyl-
-glucosaminidase, by its higher DNA G+C content and by its susceptibility to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline.
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Since this study was completed, Yoon et al. (2005)
have described a novel genus, Marinicola. We have found that the level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between Marinicola seohaensis SW-152T and Roseivirga ehrenbergii KMM 6017T is 99·8 %. Consequently, on the basis of the phylogenetic relationship, the genus Marinicola should be placed in the genus Roseivirga. This conclusion is supported by the results of genomic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic analyses, which revealed many common features between members of the genera Marinicola and Roseivirga. These data have been incorporated in the emended description of the genus Roseivirga.
Description of Roseivirga echinicomitans sp. nov.
Roseivirga echinicomitans [e.chi.ni.co'mi.tans. L. n. echinus -i sea urchin; L. pres. part. comitans (from L. v. comito) accompanying; N.L. part. adj. echinicomitans accompanying a sea urchin].
The main characteristics are the same as those given for the genus. In addition, cells range from 0·3 to 0·5 µm in width and 2·1 to 3·2 µm in length. Gliding motility not observed. On marine agar, colonies are 23 mm in diameter, circular, shiny with entire edges and pink-pigmented. Growth is observed at 431 °C. Optimal temperature for growth is 2123 °C. Growth occurs at 18 % NaCl.
-Galactosidase-positive. Decomposes aesculin, gelatin and Tween 40. Does not degrade agar, casein, starch, DNA, Tweens 20 or 80, cellulose (CM-cellulose and filter paper) or chitin. Does not form acid from L-arabinose, D-cellobiose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-glucose, D-lactose, D-maltose, D-melibiose, L-raffinose, L-rhamnose, L-sorbose, D-sucrose, DL-xylose, N-acetylglucosamine, citrate, adonitol, dulcitol, glycerol, inositol or mannitol. Does not utilize L-arabinose, D-lactose, D-mannose, mannitol, inositol, sorbitol, malonate or citrate. Positive results for citrate utilization, acid formation from amygdalin, assimilation of glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, maltose and adipate and activity of esterase (C4), esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin,
-chymotrypsin, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase,
-glucosidase and alkaline and acid phosphatases are obtained with API 20E, API 20NE and API ZYM kits. According to Microlog GN2 (Biolog), utilizes D-galacturonic acid, glycerol,
-DL-glycerol phosphate, inosine, thymidine, i-erythritol, D-galactose, D-sorbitol, L-leucine, L-ornithine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-pyroglutamic acid and 2,3-butanediol and does not utilize
-cyclodextrin, dextrin, glycogen, Tweens 40 and 80, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, adonitol, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, cellobiose, D-fructose, L-fucose, gentiobiose,
-D-glucose, myo-inositol,
-lactose,
-D-lactose lactulose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-melibiose, methyl
-D-glucoside, psicose, D-raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose, D-trehalose, turanose, xylitol, methylpyruvate, monomethyl succinate, acetic acid, cis-aconitic acid, citric acid, formic acid, D-galactonic acid, D-galacturonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucosaminic acid, D-glucuronic acid,
-hydroxybutyric acid,
-hydroxybutyric acid,
-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, itaconic acid,
-ketobutyric acid,
-ketoglutaric acid,
-ketovaleric acid, DL-lactic acid, malonic acid, propionic acid, quinic acid, D-saccharic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, bromosuccinic acid, succinamic acid, glucuronamide, alaninamide, D-alanine, L-alanine, L-alanyl glycine, L-asparagine, L-aspartic acid, L-glutamic acid, glycyl L-aspartic acid, glycyl L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, hydroxy-L-proline, D-serine, L-serine, L-threonine, DL-carnitine,
-aminobutyric acid, urocanic acid, uridine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, 2-aminoethanol, glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. Nitrate is reduced. Results are negative for H2S, indole and acetoin (VogesProskauer reaction) production. Fatty acids accounting for more than 1·0 % are i13 : 0 (2·9 %), i14 : 0 (1·9 %), i15 : 1 (20·2 %), a15 : 1 (2·4 %), i15 : 0 (20·2 %), a15 : 0 (13·1 %), i16 : 1 (2 %), i16 : 0 (1·8 %), i15 : 0 3-OH (4·1 %), i17 : 0 (1 %), 17 : 1
9c (1·1 %), i16 : 0 3-OH (4·2 %), i17 : 0 3-OH (12·1 %), 17 : 0 2-OH (2 %) and summed feature 3 (1 %), comprising 16 : 1
7 and/or i15 : 0 2-OH. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 41·3 mol%.
The type strain, KMM 6058T (=KCTC 12370T=LMG 22587T), was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius collected in Troitsa Bay, Gulf of Peter the Great, East Sea.
Emended description of the genus Roseivirga Nedashkovskaya et al. 2005![]()
Roseivirga (Ro.se.i.vir'ga. L. adj. roseus -a -um pink-coloured; L. fem. n. virga rod; N.L. fem. n. Roseivirga a pink-coloured and rod-shaped marine bacterium).
Rod-shaped cells that can move by gliding. Gram-negative. Do not form endospores. Strictly aerobic. Produce non-diffusible carotenoid pigments and can produce flexirubin pigments. Chemo-organotrophic. Cytochrome oxidase-, catalase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. Can hydrolyse DNA and Tweens 20 and 40. The major respiratory quinone is MK-7. The main cellular fatty acids are straight-chain unsaturated and branched-chain unsaturated fatty acids i15 : 1, i15 : 0, a15 : 0 and i17 : 0 3-OH. As determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the genus Roseivirga is a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes. The type species is Roseivirga ehrenbergii.
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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