| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
2 Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0204, USA
Correspondence
Michael Goodfellow
m.goodfellow{at}ncl.ac.uk
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S–23S interspacer region sequences of Salinispora arenicola strains CNH-643T, CNH-646 and CNH-964 and Salinispora tropica strains CNB-440T, CNB-536 and CNH-898 are AY371897, AY371898, AY371900, AY371895, AY371896 and AY371899, respectively.
Present address: Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CP 04510, México D.F., Mexico. 
Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
emend. Stackebrandt et al. 1997 is a member of the suborder Micromonosporineae, one of the taxa which make up the order Actinomycetales Buchanan 1917 emend. Stackebrandt et al. 1997. The emended family is phylogenetically distinct but encompasses a chemotaxonomically and morphologically diverse group of filamentous organisms belonging to the genera Actinoplanes, Catellatospora, Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes, Dactylosporangium, Micromonospora and Pilimelia (Koch et al., 1996). The genera Asanoa Lee and Hah 2002, Longispora Matsumoto et al. 2003, Spirilliplanes Tamura et al. 1997, Verrucosispora Rheims et al. 1998 and Virgisporangium Tamura et al. 2001 were subsequently added to the family. Members of all of the genera classified in the family Micromonosporaceae can be distinguished from one another using a combination of chemical and morphological properties (Lee & Hah, 2002; Matsumoto et al., 2003).
Actinomycetes are generally considered to be indigenous to terrestrial habitats, although it is becoming increasingly apparent that they are common in marine ecosystems (Bull et al., 2000; Maldonado et al., 2005), as exemplified by the isolation of corynebacteria, dietziae, gordoniae, mycobacteria and rhodococci from deep-sea sediments (Colquhoun et al., 1998; Takami et al., 1999), and micromonosporae and streptomycetes from bathyal and coastal sediments (Goodfellow & Haynes, 1984; Jensen et al., 1991; Takizawa et al., 1993). There is convincing evidence that actinomycetes are adapted to marine habitats (Moran et al., 1995; Mincer et al., 2002), though to date only one marine genus, Salinibacterium Han et al. 2003, and three marine species, Dietzia maris (Nesterenko et al. 1982) Rainey et al. 1995, Rhodococcus marinonascens Helmke and Weyland 1984 and Williamsia maris Stach et al. 2004, have been described. However, it is evident from analyses of community DNA that current culture-based techniques grossly underestimate the diversity of actinomycetes in estuarine and marine sediments (Stach et al., 2003a, b; Piza et al., 2004). There is evidence that marine actinomycetes produce novel metabolites of commercial interest (Feling et al., 2003; Fiedler et al., 2005), as shown by the ability of a marine Verrucosispora strain to produce inhibitors of the para-aminobenzoic acid pathway (Riedlinger et al., 2004).
The first conclusive evidence for the widespread and persistent occurrence of indigenous actinomycete populations in marine sediments was reported by Mincer et al. (2002), who isolated large numbers of strains, designated MAR 1, from geographically diverse tropical and/or subtropical locations. The strains were distinguished by morphological characteristics, small-subunit rRNA gene signature nucleotides and by an obligate requirement for sea water for growth. Phylogenetic analyses of nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of seven strains showed that they formed a monophyletic clade within the family Micromonosporaceae that suggested novelty at the genus level. The MAR 1 isolates were provisionally assigned to a taxon informally designated ‘Salinospora’ (Mincer et al., 2002; Feling et al., 2003).
The aim of the present study was to establish the taxonomic status of representative MAR 1 isolates by using a polyphasic approach. The resultant data show that the tested strains form a novel taxon, Salinispora gen. nov., which encompasses two novel species, Salinispora arenicola sp. nov. and Salinispora tropica sp. nov.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
. The organisms were maintained on glucose/yeast/malt extract agar (ISP 2; Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) at room temperature and as glycerol suspensions (20 %, v/v) at –20 °C. Biomass for the chemical and molecular systematic studies was grown in shake flasks of ISP 2 broth (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) for 10 days at 28 °C, and then harvested by centrifugation. Cells for the chemosystematic studies were washed in distilled water and freeze-dried; those for the molecular systematic work were washed in NaCl/EDTA buffer (0·1 M EDTA, pH 8·0, 0·1 M NaCl) and stored at –20 °C until required. All media were prepared with artificial sea water (Aquarium Systems; http://www.aquariumsystems.com) to give a final concentration of 3·5 % (w/v) NaCl.
Cultural and morphological studies.
The cultural properties of the strains were observed on ISP 2 agar (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) and modified Bennett's agar (Jones, 1949) supplemented with mannitol (0·5 %, w/v), soybean flour (0·5 %, w/v) and NaCl (3·5 %, w/v), following incubation at 28 °C for 4 weeks. Spore arrangement and spore surface ornamentation were observed by examining gold-coated, dehydrated material, prepared from 14-day-old cultures grown on modified Bennett's agar at 28 °C, using a Hitachi 5.570 scanning electron microscope. Gram (Hucker's modification; Society of American Bacteriologists, 1957) and Ziehl–Neelsen (Gordon, 1967) preparations were examined by light microscopy following growth on ISP 2 and modified Bennett's agar plates.
Biochemical and physiological properties.
The strains were examined for their ability to degrade a range of organic compounds by using established methods (Williams et al., 1983) following incubation at 28 °C for 21 days, and for their capacity to grow on a range of sole carbon compounds after 14 days at 28 °C, following the procedure described by Pridham & Gottlieb (1948). Tolerance to pH, temperature and NaCl concentrations was recorded on ISP 2 agar (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) following growth at 28 °C for 4 weeks. Resistance to antibiotics was determined following incubation at 28 °C for 7, 14 and 21 days using ISP 2 agar (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966) as the basal medium.
Chemotaxonomy.
Standard HPLC and TLC procedures were used to determine the isomers of diaminopimelic acid (Staneck & Roberts, 1974), fatty acid profiles (Komagata & Suzuki, 1987), predominant menaquinones (Collins, 1994), whole-organism sugars (Schaal, 1985) and muramic acid type (Uchida et al., 1999).
Phylogeny.
The almost-complete 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences of the six strains, as generated by Mincer et al. (2002), were aligned manually with corresponding sequences of representatives of all of the genera currently classified in the family Micromonosporaceae retrieved from the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases, by using the PHYDIT program (available at http://plaza.snu.ac.kr/
jchun/phydit/). Evolutionary trees were inferred using the least-squares, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbour-joining tree-making algorithms from the PHYLIP suite of programs (Felsenstein, 1993) and evolutionary distance matrices generated for the least-squares and neighbour-joining methods, as described by Jukes & Cantor (1969). The topologies of the resultant trees were evaluated by bootstrap analyses (Felsenstein, 1985) of the neighbour-joining dataset based on 1000 resamplings, using the SEQBOOT and CONSENSE options from the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993).
DNA base composition and DNA–DNA relatedness studies.
A standard procedure was used to extract genomic DNA from each of the test strains (Pitcher et al., 1989). DNA from strains CNB-440T and CNH-643T was digested, dephosphorylated and analysed using a reversed-phase HPLC procedure (Tamaoka, 1994), as described by Kim et al. (1998), and molar G+C content was calculated after Mesbah et al. (1989). DNA–DNA relatedness studies were carried out between strain CNB-440T and strains CNB-536 and CNH-898, between strain CNH-643T and strains CNH-646 and CNH-964, and between strains CNB-440T and CNH-643T, using the identification service at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (Braunschweig, Germany), as described by Kim et al. (1999).
Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene spacer sequence comparisons.
PCR of intergenic spacer regions of the test strains was carried out as described by Zhang et al. (2001). The resultant PCR products were purified by using the Wizard PCR purification system (Promega), and then sequenced using DyeDeoxy Terminator Cycle sequencing kits (Applied Biosystems) and the complementary sequence of the universal primer 1525r described by Lane (1991). The resultant sequences were aligned manually against available corresponding sequences of members of the genera Micromonospora and Verrucosispora retrieved from the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases. Evolutionary trees were inferred using the neighbour-joining tree-making algorithm from the PHYLIP suite of programs (Felsenstein, 1993) and an evolutionary distance matrix generated following Jukes & Cantor (1969).
|
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
; Koch et al., 1996; Tamura et al., 1997). To this end, all of the strains were aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid-fast actinomycetes that formed a branched substrate mycelium and non-motile spores borne singly or in clusters, and contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and N-glycolated muramic acid in the wall peptidoglycan, arabinose, galactose and xylose as major sugars, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as diagnostic phospholipids, tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the major isoprenologue, and complex mixtures of saturated, iso- and anteiso-fatty acids, but lacked mycolic acids.
The 16S rRNA gene sequence data confirmed and extended earlier results reported by Mincer et al. (2002) in showing that the MAR 1 strains formed a distinct monophyletic clade that corresponded to phyletic lines formed by representatives of the 12 genera with validly published names currently classified in the family Micromonosporaceae (Fig. 1). The status of the MAR 1 clade was supported by data from all of the tree-making algorithms and by a bootstrap value of 100 % in the neighbour-joining analysis. It was also evident that the representative MAR 1 strains had a phenotypic profile that separated them from members of all of the genera classified in the family Micromonosporaceae (Table 1). Indeed, the abundance, widespread distribution, phylogenetic divergence and physiological adaptations of the MAR 1 isolates suggest that they represent an ecologically significant component of the bacterial community in tropical marine sediments (Mincer et al., 2002). The present data provide yet further evidence for recognizing that MAR 1 strains represent a new centre of taxonomic variation in the family Micromonosporaceae that merits generic status.
|
|
that the six strains can be assigned to two, albeit closely related, groups supported by high bootstrap values. In cases such as this, nucleotide sequences of alignable stretches of DNA that are less conserved than those of corresponding 16S rRNA gene sequences, such as sequence heterogeneity in 16S rRNA gene spacer regions, can be used to highlight differences between strains (Gürtler & Stanisich, 1996; García-Martínez et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2001). It is clear from Fig. 2 that the current 16S rRNA gene spacer sequence data provide a much better resolution of the two taxa delineated in the 16S rRNA gene study; the taxonomic integrity of the two sharply delineated groups was supported by high bootstrap values. However, the two groups merge to form a taxon that is distinct from corresponding groups containing representatives of the genera Micromonospora and Verrucosispora.
|
; Jones et al., 2004; Groth et al., 2004). It is also well known that the minimum level of DNA–DNA relatedness required to circumscribe genomic species is taken to be 70 % (Wayne et al., 1987). It was apparent from the DNA–DNA relatedness data that the members of the two phylogenetic subclades belong to distinct genomic species. Strains CNB-536 and CNH-898 shared similarity values of 99·8 and 88·8 % with reference DNA from strain CNB-440T, whereas strains CNH-646 and CNH-964 had corresponding values of 84·4 and 86·2 % with strain CNH-643T; strains CNB-440T and CNH-643T had a DNA–DNA relatedness value of 44·9 %. Members of these genomic species could be distinguished by using a set of phenotypic properties. Strains CNH-643T, CNH-646 and CNH-964, unlike the remaining strains, utilized L-proline, L-threonine, (+)-D-salicin and L-tyrosine as sole carbon sources and grew in the presence of rifampicin (25 µg ml–1). Similarly, only strains CNB-440T, CNB-536 and CNH-898 utilized (+)-D-galactose and inulin as sole carbon sources.
The genotypic and phenotypic data acquired in the present study, taken together with complementary data from Mincer et al. (2002), show that the six representative MAR 1 isolates form a new centre of taxonomic variation within the family Micromonosporaceae Krasil'nikov 1938 emend. Stackebrandt et al. 1997. The name proposed for this taxon is Salinispora gen. nov. Similarly, two species can be recognized in this genus, Salinispora arenicola sp. nov., the type species, and Salinispora tropica sp. nov.
Description of Salinispora gen. nov.
Salinispora (Sa.li.ni.spo'ra. N.L. adj. salinus saline; Gr. fem. n. spora a seed and, in bacteriology, a spore; N.L. fem. n. Salinispora a spore-forming bacterium originating from a saline habitat, indicating the marine habitat of the organism).
The description is based upon information taken from this study and from Mincer et al. (2002). Aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid-fast actinomycetes that form extensively branched substrate hyphae (0·25–0·5 µm in diameter) that carry smooth-surfaced spores (0·8–3·8 µm in diameter) singly or in clusters (Fig. 3). All strains require sea water or a sodium-supplemented medium for growth. Colonies first appear within 3–6 weeks depending on the growth medium. They are recognized by their lack of aerial hyphae and their pigmentation; the latter ranges from bright to pale orange to black on M1 medium. Spreading substrate mycelia are formed on low-nutrient media M4 and M5. Dark brown to black, bright orange or pink diffusible pigments are frequently produced. Colonies can become darkened during sporulation, with spores borne either sessily or on short sporophores. Vegetative hyphae are finely branched and do not fragment. Good growth occurs at 10–30 °C and pH 7–12. Arbutin (0·1 %, w/v), casein (1 %, w/v), elastin (3 %, w/v), gelatin (0·4 %, w/v) and starch (1 %, w/v) are degraded, but not cellulose (1 %, w/v), chitin (0·2 %, w/v), tributyrin (0·1 %, v/v) or xylan (0·4 %, w/v). (+)-D-Cellobiose, 
-lactose, (+)-D-melezitose and starch are used as sole carbon sources, but not (+)-D-fructose, (+)-D-mannose, (+)-D-ribose, (–)-L-sorbose or (+)-D-xylose (all at 1 %, w/v). Good growth occurs in the presence of gentamicin sulphate (5 and 25 µg ml–1), neomycin sulphate (5 µg ml–1), streptomycin sulphate (5 µg ml–1), novobiocin (5 and 25 µg ml–1), penicillin G (5 µg ml–1) and rifampicin (5 µg ml–1). Strains contain meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diamino acid of the wall peptidoglycan; major amounts of arabinose, galactose and xylose in whole-organism hydrolysates; diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as diagnostic polar lipids; tetrahydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units as the major isoprenologue; and complex mixtures of saturated iso- and anteiso-fatty acids; but lack mycolic acids. The predominant fatty acids (as a percentage of total fatty acid content) are 13-methyltetradecanoic acid (iso-C15 : 0; 3·7–13·3 %), 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-C6 : 0; 36·4–53·5 %), 16-methylheptadecanoic acid (iso-C18 : 0; 3·5–10·2 %), heptadecanoic acid (C17 : 0; 4·1–7·8 %) and 10-methyloctadecanoic acid (C18 : 0 10 methyl; 0·9–6·8 %). The muramic acid moiety of the cell wall is glycolated. The G+C content of the DNA lies within the range 70–73 mol%. Unique nucleotide signatures are present at positions 207 (A), 366 (C), 467 (U) and 1456 (G) of the 16S rRNA gene. Abundant and widespread in tropical marine sediments. The type species is Salinispora arenicola. The genus is a member of the family Micromonosporaceae Krasil'nikov 1938 emend. Stackebrandt et al. 1997.
|
The description is based on information taken from this study and from Mincer et al. (2002). Morphological, chemotaxonomic, genomic and general characteristics are as given in the genus description. The temperature range for growth is 10–30 °C, with an optimum at 20–28 °C. All strains require 25–50 % sea water or a sodium-enriched medium for growth. Arbutin, L-proline, (+)-D-salicin, L-threonine and L-tyrosine are used as sole carbon sources for energy and growth, but not (+)-D-galactose or inulin. Grows in the presence of rifampicin (25 µg ml–1). Isolated from coarse sand off the Bahamas. The type strain is CNH-643T (=ATCC BAA-917T=DSM 44819T).
Description of Salinispora tropica sp. nov.
Salinispora tropica (tro'pi.ca. L. fem. adj. tropica tropical, pertaining to the tropics, the source of the isolates).
The description is based on information taken from this study and from Mincer et al. (2002). Morphological, chemotaxonomic, genomic and general characteristics are as given in the genus description. The temperature range for growth is 10–30 °C, with an optimum at 15–28 °C. (+)-D-Galactose and inulin are used as sole carbon sources for energy and growth. Does not grow in the presence of rifampicin (25 µg ml–1). Isolated from coarse sand off the Bahamas. The type strain is CNB-440T (=ATCC BAA-916T=DSM 44818T).
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Asano, K. & Kawamoto, I. (1988). Catellatospora citrea subsp. methionotrophica subsp. nov., a methionine-deficient auxotroph of the Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38, 326–327.
Asano, K., Masunaga, I. & Kawamoto, I. (1989). Catellatospora matsumotoense sp. nov. and C. tsunoense sp. nov., actinomycetes found in woodland soils. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39, 309–313.
Buchanan, R. E. (1917). Studies in the nomenclature and classification of the bacteria. II. The primary subdivisions of the schizomycetes. J Bacteriol 2, 155–164.
Bull, A. T., Ward, A. C. & Goodfellow, M. (2000). Search and discovery strategies for biotechnology: the paradigm shift. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64, 573–606.
Collins, M. D. (1994). Isoprenoid quinones. In Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 265–309. Edited by M. Goodfellow & A. G. O'Donnell. Chichester: Wiley.
Colquhoun, J. A., Mexson, J., Goodfellow, M., Ward, A. C., Horikoshi, K. & Bull, A. T. (1998). Novel rhodococci and other mycolate actinomycetes from the deep sea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 74, 27–40.[CrossRef][Medline]
Feling, R. H., Buchanan, G. O., Mincer, T. J., Kaufman, C. A., Jensen, P. R. & Fenical, W. (2003). Salinosporamide A: a highly cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor from a novel microbial source, a marine bacterium of the new genus Salinospora. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 42, 355–357.[CrossRef][Medline]
Felsenstein, J. (1981). Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach. J Mol Evol 17, 368–376.[CrossRef][Medline]
Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.[CrossRef]
Felsenstein, J. (1993). PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package), version 3.5c. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Fiedler, H.-P., Bruntner, C., Bull, A. T., Ward, A. C., Goodfellow, M. & Mihm, G. (2005). Marine actinomycetes as a source of novel secondary metabolites. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87, 37–42.[CrossRef][Medline]
Fitch, W. M. & Margoliash, E. (1967). Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 155, 279–284.
García-Martínez, J., Bescos, I., Rodríguez-Sala, J. J. & Valera, F. R. (2001). RISSC: a novel database for ribosomal 16S-23S RNA gene spacer regions. Nucleic Acids Res 29, 178–180.
Goodfellow, M. (1989). The actinomycetes. I. Suprageneric classification of actinomycetes. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 4, pp. 2333–2339. Edited by S. T. Williams, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Goodfellow, M. & Haynes, J. A. (1984). Actinomycetes in marine sediments. In Biological, Biochemical and Biomedical Aspects of Actinomycetes, pp. 453–472. Edited by L. Ortiz-Ortiz, L. F. Bojalil & V. Yakoleff. Orlando: Academic Press.
Goodfellow, M., Stanton, L. J., Simpson, K. E. & Minnikin, D. E. (1990). Numerical and chemical classification of Actinoplanes and some related actinomycetes. J Gen Microbiol 136, 19–36.
Gordon, R. E. (1967). The taxonomy of soil bacteria. In The Ecology of Soil Bacteria, pp. 293–321. Edited by T. R. G. Gray & D. Parkinson. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
Groth, I., Rodríguez, C., Schütze, B., Schmitz, P., Leistner, E. & Goodfellow, M. (2004). Five novel Kitasatospora species from soil: Kitasatospora arboriphila sp. nov., K. gansuensis sp. nov., K. nipponensis sp. nov., K. paranensis sp. nov., and K. terrestris sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 2121–2129.
Gürtler, V. & Stanisich, V. A. (1996). New approaches to typing and identification of bacteria using the 16S-23S rDNA spacer region. Microbiology 142, 3–16.[Medline]
Han, S. K., Nedashkovszkaya, O. I., Mikhailov, V. V., Kim, S. B. & Bae, K. S. (2003). Salinibacterium amurskyense gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Microbacteriaceae from the marine environment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 2061–2066.
Helmke, E. & Weyland, H. (1984). Rhodococcus marinonascens sp. nov., an actinomycete from the sea. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34, 127–138.
Jensen, P. R., Dwight, R. & Fenical, W. (1991). Distribution of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 57, 1102–1108.
Jones, K. L. (1949). Fresh isolates of actinomycetes in which the presence of sporogenous aerial mycelia is a fluctuating characteristic. J Bacteriol 57, 141–145.
Jones, A. L., Brown, J. M., Mishra, V., Perry, J. D., Steigerwalt, A. G. & Goodfellow, M. (2004). Rhodococcus gordoniae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from clinical material and phenol-contaminated soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 407–411.
Jukes, T. H. & Cantor, C. R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21–132. Edited by H. N. Munro. New York: Academic Press.
Kim, S. B., Falconer, C., Williams, E. & Goodfellow, M. (1998). Streptomyces thermocarboxydovorans sp. nov. and Streptomyces thermocarboxydus sp. nov., two moderately thermophilic carboxydotrophic species from soil. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 59–68.
Kim, S. B., Brown, R., Oldfield, C., Gilbert, S. C. & Goodfellow, M. (1999). Gordonia desulfuricans sp. nov., a benzothiophene-desulphurizing actinomycete. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 1845–1851.
Kluge, A. G. & Farris, F. S. (1969). Quantitative phyletics and the evolution of anurans. Syst Zool 18, 1–32.
Koch, C., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Rainey, F. A. & Stackebrandt, E. (1996). 16S ribosomal DNA analysis of the genera Micromonospora, Actinoplanes, Catellatospora, Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes, Dactylosporangium, and Pilimelia and emendation of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 765–768.
Komagata, K. & Suzuki, K. (1987). Lipid and cell wall analysis in bacterial systematics. Methods Microbiol 19, 161–207.
Krasil'nikov, N. A. (1938). Ray Fungi and Related Organisms – Actinomycetales. Moscow: Akademii Nauk SSSR (in Russian).
Kroppenstedt, R. M. (1985). Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 173–199. Edited by M. Goodfellow & D. E. Minnikin. London: Academic Press.
Kudo, T., Nakajima, Y. & Suzuki, K. (1999). Catenuloplanes crispus (Petrolini et al. 1993) comb. nov.: incorporation of the genus Planopolyspora Petrolini 1993 into the genus Catenuloplanes Yokota et al. 1993 with an emended description of the genus Catenuloplanes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 1853–1860.
Lane, D. J. (1991). 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 115–175. Edited by E. Stackebrandt & M. Goodfellow. New York: Wiley.
Lechevalier, M. P. & Lechevalier, H. (1970). Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of aerobic actinomycetes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 20, 435–443.
Lechevalier, M. P., de Bièvre, C. & Lechevalier, H. A. (1977). Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: phospholipid composition. Biochem Syst Ecol 5, 249–260.[CrossRef]
Lee, S. D. & Hah, Y. C. (2002). Proposal to transfer Catellatospora ferruginea and ‘Catellatospora ishikariense’ to Asanoa gen. nov. as Asanoa ferruginea comb. nov. and Asanoa ishikariensis sp. nov., with emended description of the genus Catellatospora. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 967–972.[Abstract]
Lee, S. D., Kang, S.-O. & Hah, Y. C. (2000). Catellatospora koreensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a gold-mine cave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1103–1111.[Abstract]
Maldonado, L. A., Stach, J. E. M., Pathom-aree, W., Ward, A. C., Bull, A. T. & Goodfellow, M. (2005). Diversity of cultivable actinobacteria in geographically widespread marine sediments. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87, 11–18.[CrossRef][Medline]
Matsumoto, A., Takahashi, Y., Shinose, M., Seino, A., Iwai, Y. & 
mura, S. (2003). Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 1553–1559.
Mesbah, M., Premachandran, U. & Whitman, W. B. (1989). Precise measurement of the G+C content of deoxyribonucleic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39, 159–167.
Mincer, T. J., Jensen, P. R., Kauffman, C. A. & Fenical, W. (2002). Widespread and persistent populations of a major new marine actinomycete taxon in ocean sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 68, 5005–5011.
Moran, M. A., Rutherford, L. T. & Hodson, R. E. (1995). Evidence for indigenous Streptomyces populations in a marine environment determined with a 16S rRNA probe. Appl Environ Microbiol 61, 3695–3700.[Abstract]
Nam, S.-W., Chun, J., Kim, S., Kim, W., Zakrzewska-Czerwinska, J. & Goodfellow, M. (2003). Tsukamurella spumae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete associated with foaming in activated sludge plants. Syst Appl Microbiol 26, 367–375.[CrossRef][Medline]
Nesterenko, O. A., Nogina, T. M., Kasumova, S. A., Kvasnikov, E. I. & Batrakov, S. G. (1982). Rhodococcus luteus nom. nov. and Rhodococcus maris nom. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 32, 1–14.
Pitcher, D. G., Saunders, N. A. & Owen, R. J. (1989). Rapid extraction of bacterial genomic DNA with guanidium thiocyanate. Lett Appl Microbiol 8, 151–156.
Piza, F. F., Prado, P. I. & Manfio, G. P. (2004). Investigation of bacterial diversity in Brazilian tropical estuarine sediments reveals high actinobacterial diversity. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 86, 317–328.[CrossRef][Medline]
Pridham, T. G. & Gottlieb, D. (1948). The utilization of carbon compounds by some Actinomycetales as an aid for species determination. J Bacteriol 56, 107–114.
Rainey, F. A., Klatte, S., Kroppenstedt, R. M. & Stackebrandt, E. (1995). Dietzia, a new genus including Dietzia maris comb. nov., formerly Rhodococcus maris. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 32–36.
Rheims, H., Schumann, P., Rohde, M. & Stackebrandt, E. (1998). Verrucosispora gifhornensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the actinobacterial family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 1119–1127.
Riedlinger, J., Reicke, A., Zähner, H. & 9 other authors (2004). Abyssomicins, inhibitors of the para-aminobenzoic acid pathway produced by the marine Verrucosispora strain AB-18-032. J Antibiot 57, 271–279.[Medline]
Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4, 406–425.[Abstract]
Schaal, K. P. (1985). Identification of clinically significant actinomycetes and related bacteria using chemical techniques. In Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 359–381. Edited by M. Goodfellow & D. E. Minnikin. London: Academic Press.
Shirling, E. B. & Gottlieb, D. (1966). Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 16, 313–340.
Society of American Bacteriologists (1957). Manual of Microbiological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Stach, J. E. M., Maldonado, L. A., Ward, A. C., Goodfellow, M. & Bull, A. T. (2003a). New primers for the class Actinobacteria: application to marine and terrestrial environments. Environ Microbiol 5, 828–841.[CrossRef][Medline]
Stach, J. E. M., Maldonado, L. A., Masson, D. G., Ward, A. C., Goodfellow, M. & Bull, A. T. (2003b). Statistical approaches to estimating actinobacterial diversity in marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 69, 6189–6200.
Stach, J. E. M., Maldonado, L. A., Ward, A. C., Bull, A. T. & Goodfellow, M. (2004). Williamsia maris sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 191–194.
Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F. A. & Ward-Rainey, N. L. (1997). Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 479–491.
Staneck, J. L. & Roberts, G. D. (1974). Simplified approach to the identification of aerobic actinomycetes by thin-layer chromatography. Appl Microbiol 28, 226–231.[Medline]
Takami, H., Kobata, K., Nagahama, T., Kobayashi, H., Inoue, A. & Horikoshi, K. (1999). Biodiversity in deep-sea sites located near the south part of Japan. Extremophiles 3, 97–102.[CrossRef][Medline]
Takizawa, M., Colwell, R. R. & Hill, R. T. (1993). Isolation and diversity of actinomycetes in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl Environ Microbiol 59, 997–1002.
Tamaoka, J. (1994). Determination of DNA base composition. In Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics, pp. 463–470. Edited by M. Goodfellow & A. G. O'Donnell. Chichester: Wiley.
Tamura, T., Nakagaito, Y., Nishii, T., Hasegawa, T., Stackebrandt, E. & Yokota, A. (1994). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Couchioplanes gen. nov., with descriptions of Couchioplanes caeruleus (Horan and Brodsky 1986) comb. nov. and Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. azureus subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 193–203.
Tamura, T., Yokota, A., Huang, L. H., Hasegawa, T. & Hatano, K. (1995). Five new species of the genus Catenuloplanes: Catenuloplanes niger sp. nov., Catenuloplanes indicus sp. nov., Catenuloplanes atrovinosus sp. nov., Catenuloplanes castaneus sp. nov., and Catenuloplanes nepalensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 858–860.
Tamura, T., Hayakawa, M. & Hatano, K. (1997). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Spirilliplanes gen. nov., with description of Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 97–102.
Tamura, T., Hayakawa, M. & Hatano, K. (2001). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Virgosporangium gen. nov., with descriptions of Virgosporangium ochraceum sp. nov. and Virgosporangium aurantiacum sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 1809–1816.[Abstract]
Uchida, K., Kudo, T., Suzuki, K. & Nakase, T. (1999). A new rapid method of glycolate test by diethyl ether extraction, which is applicable to a small amount of bacterial cells of less than one milligram. J Gen Appl Microbiol 45, 49–56.
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R. & 9 other authors (1987). Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.
Williams, S. T., Goodfellow, M., Alderson, G., Wellington, E. M. H., Sneath, P. H. A. & Sackin, M. J. (1983). Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. J Gen Microbiol 129, 1743–1813.[Medline]
Yokota, A., Tamura, T., Hasegawa, T. & Huang, L. H. (1993). Catenuloplanes japonicus gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev., a new genus of the order Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43, 805–812.
Zhang, Z., Kudo, T., Nakajima, Y. & Wang, Y. (2001). Clarification of the relationship between the members of the family Thermomonosporaceae on the basis of 16S rDNA, 16S–23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer and 23S rDNA sequences and chemotaxonomic analyses. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 373–383.[Abstract]
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  I. Ara, M. A. Bakir, and T. Kudo Transfer of Catellatospora koreensis Lee et al. 2000 as Catelliglobosispora koreensis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Catellatospora tsunoense Asano et al. 1989 as Hamadaea tsunoensis gen. nov., comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Catellatospora Asano and Kawamoto 1986 emend. Lee and Hah 2002 Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2008; 58(8): 1950 - 1960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Ara, A. Matsumoto, M. A. Bakir, T. Kudo, S. Omura, and Y. Takahashi Pseudosporangium ferrugineum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2008; 58(7): 1644 - 1652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Wiese, Y. Jiang, S.-K. Tang, V. Thiel, R. Schmaljohann, L.-H. Xu, C.-L. Jiang, and J. F. Imhoff A new member of the family Micromonosporaceae, Planosporangium flavigriseum gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2008; 58(6): 1324 - 1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. A. Gontang, W. Fenical, and P. R. Jensen Phylogenetic Diversity of Gram-Positive Bacteria Cultured from Marine Sediments Appl. Envir. Microbiol., May 15, 2007; 73(10): 3272 - 3282. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Thawai, S. Tanasupawat, T. Itoh, and T. Kudo Actinocatenispora thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2006; 56(Pt 8): 1789 - 1794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Tamura, K. Hatano, and K.-i. Suzuki A new genus of the family Micromonosporaceae, Polymorphospora gen. nov., with description of Polymorphospora rubra sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2006; 56(Pt 8): 1959 - 1964. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. K. Kim, A. K. Hewavitharana, P. N. Shaw, and J. A. Fuerst Discovery of a new source of rifamycin antibiotics in marine sponge actinobacteria by phylogenetic prediction. Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2006; 72(3): 2118 - 2125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
