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1 UMR de Pathologie Végétale INRA INH Université, BP 57, 42 rue G. Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France
2 UMR 6078 CNRS & Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Laboratoire Jean Maetz, 06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France
3 CEA/Cadarache, DSV-DEVM, UMR 163 CNRS-CEA, Saint Paul-lez-Durance, France
Correspondence
Régine Samson
samson{at}angers.inra.fr
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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) Brenner et al. 1973 emend. Hauben et al. 1998 was reinstated in the genus Pectobacterium Waldee 1945 after a long period of time during which Erwinia chrysanthemi Burkholder et al. 1953, its homotypic synonym (same type strain), was being used according to successive descriptions in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (Burkholder, 1957) and Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Lelliott & Dickey, 1984).
The species E. chrysanthemi was created for the Chrysanthemum morifolium hollow stalk agent (Burkholder et al., 1953). Similar bacteria were subsequently isolated from soft rots and wilts of numerous diseased plant species (CABI, 2001). After extensive biochemical studies (Martinec & Kocur, 1963; Graham, 1964, 1972; Dye, 1969) and for the elaboration of the Approved Lists (Skerman et al., 1980), all isolates were finally gathered into a single species, E. chrysanthemi. For convenience, phytobacteriologists divided E. chrysanthemi into six pathovars, pv. chrysanthemi, pv. dianthicola, pv. dieffenbachiae, pv. parthenii, pv. zeae and pv. paradisiaca (Young et al., 1978; Lelliott & Dickey, 1984). E. chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca was renamed Brenneria paradisiaca (Hauben et al., 1998) on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, whereas E. chrysanthemi remained clustered with members of the genus Pectobacterium. In order to designate in this study all strains formerly included in E. chrysanthemi sensu stricto (Lelliott & Dickey, 1984), i.e. belonging either to P. chrysanthemi or to B. paradisiaca, the expression ‘E. chrysanthemi complex’ will be used.
Phenotypic diversity of strains of the E. chrysanthemi complex was demonstrated using classical tests, auxanograms and API galleries (Hildebrand et al., 1978; Dickey, 1979; Dickey & Victoria, 1980; Thomson et al., 1981; Verdonck et al., 1987). However, the practice of using pathogenicity tests to define the affiliation of a strain to a given pathovar proved difficult to implement (Dickey, 1981; Janse & Ruissen, 1988). As an alternative, nine biovars were proposed to characterize all strains of the complex by unambiguous differential biochemical tests (Samson & Nassan-Agha, 1978; Samson et al., 1987, 1990; Ngwira & Samson, 1990). Complementary methods, such as serology and DNA typing, revealed either uniformity or diversity within the E. chrysanthemi complex. A major O-serogroup (1) recognized many isolates from many plant species (Samson, 1973; Yakrus & Schaad, 1979; Dickey et al., 1984). Other distinct O-serogroups were described that each recognized a few strains (Samson, 1973; Samson & Nassan-Agha, 1978; Dickey et al., 1984, 1987; Samson et al., 1987, 1990). Ribotyping and PCR-RFLP studies showed large genomic heterogeneity of isolates of the E. chrysanthemi complex and allocated the strains to different groups that could be related to the biovar classification (Boccara et al., 1991; Nassar et al., 1994, 1996). The overall diversity of isolates of the E. chrysanthemi complex was pointed out again by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) studies (Avrova et al., 2002), but none of these works allowed clarification of its taxonomy.
Initial DNA relatedness studies (Brenner et al., 1977), although undertaken on a small number of strains, revealed that P. chrysanthemi could be divided into four DNA relatedness groups: one with Dieffenbachia isolates, one with Chrysanthemum morifolium and Parthenium sp. isolates, one with maize isolates and one with a sugarcane isolate. The purpose of the present study was to scrutinize the whole diversity of a large collection of strains belonging to the E. chrysanthemi complex by using phenotypic characteristics, DNA–DNA hybridization, serology and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The outcomes of this study were (i) the assignment of strains previously characterized as P. chrysanthemi and B. paradisiaca to a novel genus, Dickeya, and (ii) the delineation of six species within the novel genus.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). The strains were isolated from various host plants and locations all over the world. The identity of the strains as belonging to the E. chrysanthemi complex was confirmed by pectinolytic activity, production of indole, utilization of (+)-L-arabinose, malonate and (+)-D-malate and non-utilization of trehalose (Gardan et al., 2003).
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. Native DNA of five strains of P. chrysanthemi (CFBP 2048T, CFBP 2052T, CFBP 1269T, CFBP 2051T, CFBP 2015) and of B. paradisiaca CFBP 3477 was labelled in vitro by nick translation with tritium-labelled nucleotides (Amersham Biosciences). The S1 nuclease/trichloroacetic method was used as described by Crosa et al. (1973) with the modifications of Grimont et al. (1980). The 
Tm (thermal stability of reassociated DNA) was determined by using the method of Crosa et al. (1973).
Phenotypic tests and numerical taxonomy.
Twenty-two conventional tests and assimilation of carbon sources using Biotype 100 strips (bioMérieux) were determined as described by Sutra et al. (2001). A total of 121 tests were included in a numerical taxonomy analysis for 68 strains of P. chrysanthemi, B. paradisiaca and P. cypripedii. The Jaccard coefficient was used for calculating the distance matrix and UPGMA was used to perform cluster analysis (Sneath & Sokal, 1973). From the numerical analysis performed with TAXONUM software, calculation of a diagnostic ability coefficient allowed the selection of discriminatory phenotypic tests (Descamp & Véron, 1981).
Serology.
Polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits as described previously (Samson et al., 1987). Care was taken to ensure that the immunizing bacteria, as well as the tested bacteria, were motile, in order to ascertain the serotypes of the flagella (H antigens) (Guillorit-Rondeau et al., 1996). Twelve O-serogroups and five H-types were delineated on the basis of indirect immunofluorescent staining of the bacterial cells, by preparing antiserum 174 with CFBP 2048T, antiserum 35 with CFBP 1236, antiserum 71 with CFBP 1451, antiserum 74 with CFBP 1502, antiserum 85 with CFBP 1496, antiserum 231 with CFBP 2052T, antiserum 228 with CFBP 1278, antiserum 263 with CFBP 1531, antiserum 268 with CFBP 1277, antiserum 273 with CFBP 1528, antiserum 277 with CFBP 3805 and antiserum 306 with CFBP 3804. The first typing step of the bacteria was performed after mixing the antisera (used in a 200-fold dilution) which contained the same H antibodies in order to establish the H-type. Antisera of each mixture of O-antibodies that gave a positive reaction for the cell walls (lipopolysaccharide recognition) were then tested separately to obtain the precise O-serogroup. The reactions were of a plus/minus type without cross-reactions between the O-serogroups, as explained by Janse & Ruissen (1988).
Phylogenetic analyses.
The 16S rRNA gene sequences of P. chrysanthemi strains CFBP 1200T, CFBP 1269T, CFBP 1270, CFBP 2051T and CFBP 2052T and B. paradisiaca CFBP 4178T were determined and the sequences were aligned by comparison within our database of 66 000 already aligned bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Selection of related sequences was according to previous phylogenetic analyses of the entire database and BLAST searches with CFBP 1269T, CFBP 4178T, CFBP 2052T and Brenneria rubrifaciens LMG 2709T against the latest release of EBI (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/). Alignments were refined manually within this subset of related sequences. Successive phylogenetic trees (from 250 to 19 sequences) were then constructed to determine to which subset of the global tree the new sequences could be related. When several sequences were available for a type strain, all sequences were included in the preliminary analysis (they often differed by a few nucleotides) and, if they formed a clade, a single one was chosen for the tree presented; this procedure led to the retention of a single sequence for each type strain. The exception was P. cypripedii, for which the three available sequences showed discrepancies of phylogeny. Detailed analyses showed that the sequence of P. cypripedii LMG 2657T (GenBank accession no. Z96094) (which appeared to be related to the new sequences) was not the sequence for the authentic strain (likely contamination), as it did not cluster with the two other sequences of type strains available; it was therefore excluded from the final analysis. The final analysis was restricted to a subset of 33 sequences, analysed using three different methods (BIONJ, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony). For the neighbour-joining (BIONJ) analysis, distance matrices were calculated using Kimura's two-parameter correction. BIONJ was performed according to Gascuel (1997); maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony were from PHYLIP (Felsenstein, 1995). Because of close relationships, no evident homoplasy was detected and almost the entire sequence corresponding to positions 29–1428 of the Brenneria alni sequence was used for this analysis. Phylogenetic trees were drawn using NJPLOT (Perrière & Gouy, 1996). Finally, phylogenies were also investigated with sequences of gyrase and recA genes, but too few sequences were available.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). DNA hybridization group 1 included 20 strains belonging to biovars 3 and 8 that demonstrated 72–100 % relatedness to strain CFBP 2052T. Strains of the other groups were 21–54 % related to strain CFBP 2052T. Thus, these 20 strains constituted genomic species 1. DNA hybridization group 2 included 16 strains out of 34 belonging to biovar 3 that demonstrated 69–100 % relatedness to strain CFBP 1269T. Strains of the other groups were 28–44 % related to strain CFBP 1269T. Thus, these 16 strains constituted genomospecies 2. Two strains of biovar 3 (CFBP 1278 and CFBP 1537) remained unclustered, since they were only loosely related to strain CFBP 2052T or strain CFBP 1269T. DNA hybridization group 3 included seven strains (biovars 5 and 6) that demonstrated 71–100 % relatedness to the type strain of P. chrysanthemi (CFBP 2048T). Strains of the other groups were 19–47 % related to strain CFBP 2048T. Thus, these seven strains constituted genomospecies 3. DNA hybridization group 4 included five strains of biovar 2 that demonstrated 73–100 % relatedness to strain CFBP 2051T, with Tm values of 1·7 and 2·9 °C for the lowest values, 73 and 75 %, respectively. Strains of the other groups were 18–53 % related to strain CFBP 2051T. Thus, these strains constituted genomospecies 4. DNA hybridization group 5 included 15 strains belonging to biovar 1 (six strains), biovar 7 (four strains) and biovar 9 (five strains) that demonstrated 71–100 % relatedness to strain CFBP 2015. Strains of the other groups were 23–53 % related to strain CFBP 2015. Thus, these 15 strains constituted genomospecies 5. DNA hybridization group 6 included six strains that were 93–100 % related to the strain CFBP 3477. Strains of the other groups were 17–26 % related to strain CFBP 3477. Thus, these six strains constituted genomospecies 6, which corresponded to B. paradisiaca as delineated by Hauben et al. (1998). DNA hybridization tests performed between P. cypripedii CFBP 3613T and B. paradisiaca CFBP 3477 gave a mean of only 6·3 % relatedness (data not shown in Table 2), showing that P. cypripedii was very distantly related to the six genomic species described here.
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, because of common strains present in the two studies. Genomic species 3, corresponding to Brenner's group 1, contained the type strain CFBP 2048T along with other Chrysanthemum sp. and Parthenium sp. isolates. Genomospecies 4, corresponding to Brenner's group 2, contained two strains in common (CFBP 2051T and CFBP 1247). Genomospecies 1, corresponding to Brenner's group 3, contained several strains in common (CFBP 1277, CFBP 1528 and CFBP 1533). Two other results obtained by Brenner et al. (1977) showed the consistency of the two DNA hybridization classifications. CFBP 1276 (a Dahlia isolate) belonged to our genomospecies 5 and was excluded from Brenner's hybridization groups. The fourth hybridization group of Brenner et al. (1977) was defined by CFBP 1537. We found that CFBP 1537 was excluded from all six of our genomic species. CFBP 1537 could therefore constitute a candidate for a seventh genomic species of the E. chrysanthemi complex. Thus, the study of Brenner et al. (1977) and the present one fit perfectly. In addition to Brenner's groups, we delineated two new hybridization groups, genomospecies 6 for B. paradisiaca, which, although a described species, has not yet been confirmed as a species according to the criteria of Wayne et al. (1987), and genomospecies 2, whose type strain CFBP 1269T (=Hayward B374T), isolated from Pelargonium capitatum (Rasolofo & Dadant, 1962), is often used for fundamental studies. It is remarkable that only two genomic species (genomospecies 1 and genomospecies 2) harboured 20 and 16 strains, respectively, out of 38 strains that were isolated from 16 different plant species in 17 countries.
Phenotypic characteristics
The dendrogram of phenotypic distances among 70 strains (68 strains of P. chrysanthemi and the type strains of B. paradisiaca and P. cypripedii) is shown in Fig. 1. At a distance of 0·2, six phena and one unclustered strain (P. cypripedii) were observed. The phenotypic characteristics that differentiate the six phena and P. cypripedii were deduced from the numerical taxonomic analysis (Table 3). The phena matched the genotypic groups, with the exception of phenon 1.
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-lactose, 1-o-methyl 
-galactopyranoside, -gentiobiose and (+)-L-tartrate] yielded two exclusive patterns, ++–+ versus ––+–, for almost half of the strains of the two species (Table 4). Nevertheless, variations in one or two reactions of the other half of the strains required the use of two more carbon sources to allocate all strains to the four entities of phenon 1.
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). The existence of two clearly distinct phena in the latter species led to the creation of two biovars named after the pathovars they came from: bv. parthenii for phenon 2 and bv. chrysanthemi for phenon 4. These two biovars differed from each other by inulin utilization and Moeller's arginine alkalinization (Table 3).
Phenon 3 included all five studied strains of former biovar 2 and corresponded to the genomic species Dickeya dieffenbachiae sp. nov. Phenon 5 included all 16 studied strains of former biovars 1, 7 and 9 and corresponded to the genomic species Dickeya dianthicola sp. nov. Phenon 6 included all six studied strains of former biovar 4 with B. paradisiaca CFBP 4178T and corresponded to the genomic species Dickeya paradisiaca sp. nov. Table 3 shows characteristics useful for differentiating the six above-mentioned genomic species.
As expected, the phenotypic study yielded the summing-up of all differential criteria reported previously and in this study for the E. chrysanthemi complex (Dickey, 1979; Dickey & Victoria, 1980; Thomson et al., 1981; Verdonck et al., 1987; Samson et al., 1987). The novelty of this study consisted of the help of the TAXONUM software to select the traits that contributed most to the cut realized on the dendrogram at a distance (0·2) chosen on the basis of the DNA relatedness of the strains. A surprising result was provided by strains of former biovars 3 and 8, which presented phenotypic features rather similar to each other although they belonged to two main genomic species: Dickeya zeae and Dickeya dadantii. Table 4 provides identification criteria for the two species but we admit that, in order to identify large numbers of isolates of phenon 1 and to get more clear-cut characteristics, alternative phenotypic criteria must be looked for. Notice that all Zea mays isolates of phenon 1 (originating from five countries) belonged to Dickeya zeae, but seven other sources are reported for this bacterial species (Table 1).
Serological typing
The majority of the studied strains (43 out of 76) belonged to O-serogroup 1 (Table 1), which was present in all biovars and genomic species, with the exception of biovar 4 (genomospecies 6 including B. paradisiaca), whose seven strains belonged specifically to O-serogroup 3. The other O-serogroups were represented by one to four strains, and six strains did not belong to any of the 12 described O-serogroups. H : a-type flagella were predominant, as they were borne by 39 strains. Five strains were not H-typed because they were non-motile and 17 strains displayed flagella that were not recognized in any of the five H-serotypes. Genomospecies 4 and genomospecies 5 contained 14 of 16 strains with the serological formula O : 1, H : a. Genomospecies 3 displayed the serogroups O : 1 and O : 2 independently of the two phena (bv. chrysanthemi or bv. parthenii). Within genomospecies 2, 14 strains fell in serogroup O : 1 against two strains only in serogroup O : 6. The greatest diversity was observed in genomospecies 1, whose strains were either distributed into nine O-serogroups or non-typed (Table 4). Surprisingly, the two strains (CFBP 1278 and CFBP 1537) of phenon 1 that did not hybridize with any of the genomic species both reacted in a particular serogroup, O : 7.
Phylogenetic analyses
Results of the phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences (Fig. 2) showed that (i) all strains of P. chrysanthemi and B. paradisiaca were grouped within a robust clade, identified by all methods and 89 % of bootstrap replications, thus suggesting that they could be grouped within a single taxon, which we propose to name genus Dickeya, and (ii) Pectobacterium carotovorum formed a robust clade that was distant from the aforementioned clade, and the depths of the internal branches suggest that several species could be recognized, as published by Gardan et al. (2003). The sequences for P. cypripedii DSM 3873T (GenBank accession numbers Z96094 and AJ233413) and the type strains of Brenneria salicis, Brenneria nigrifluens and B. rubrifaciens were included in the tree.
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Taxonomic conclusions
Based on the above-mentioned phylogenetic analyses, which show that eight 16S rRNA gene sequences of the E. chrysanthemi complex form a clade distinct from the genera Pectobacterium and Brenneria, we propose that P. chrysanthemi be reclassified as the first species of a novel genus, Dickeya, as Dickeya chrysanthemi. Six DNA–DNA hybridization groups were delineated within the E. chrysanthemi complex corresponding to the six genomic species described herein that we propose to identify as six species. Biochemical characteristics and serological reactions presented above allowed identification of these six species. Therefore, the six genomic species being in accordance with the phylogenetic definition of bacterial species of Wayne et al. (1987), we propose for them the following names: Dickeya chrysanthemi, Dickeya dadantii, Dickeya dianthicola, Dickeya dieffenbachiae, Dickeya paradisiaca and Dickeya zeae.
Considering the discrepancies observed between four 16S rRNA gene sequences of P. cypripedii deposited in the databases, the phylogenetic position of this species remains uncertain. The strain giving the nearest sequence (GenBank accession no. Z96094) showed such low DNA relatedness with Dickeya species that it might be supposed not to be related to this genus.
Description of Dickeya gen. nov.
Dickeya (Dic.ke'ya. N.L. fem. n. Dickeya after the American phytopathologist Robert S. Dickey, for his contribution to research on the Erwinia chrysanthemi complex).
The genus description is based on our data and those of Waldee (1945) and Hauben et al. (1998). Cells are Gram-negative rods, 0·5–1·0x1·0–3·0 µm with rounded ends. They occur mostly alone or in pairs, but sometimes in chains. Cells are usually motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Facultatively aero-/anaerobic bacteria that catabolize glucose by a fermentative pathway and reduce nitrates to nitrites. Pectinolytic, produce indole and grow at 36 °C. Catabolize (+)-L-arabinose, myo-inositol, (+)-D-malate, malonate, D-mannose, mucate, saccharate and meso-tartrate, but do not catabolize (+)-D-trehalose, methyl -glucoside, (+)-D-arabitol or sorbitol. Cause vascular wilts or soft rots on a range of host plants. Members of the genus Dickeya form a clade as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. G+C contents of the genus range from 56·4 to 59·5 mol%. The type species is Dickeya chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Samson et al.
Description of Dickeya chrysanthemi comb. nov.
Dickeya chrysanthemi (chrys.an'the.mi. N.L. gen. n. chrysanthemi of the plant genus Chrysanthemum).
Basonym: Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (Burkholder et al. 1953) Brenner et al. 1973 emend. Hauben et al. 1998.
Has the characteristics of the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Strains belong to two biovars: chrysanthemi (from pv. chrysanthemi pathogenic to Chrysanthemum morifolium; Burkholder et al., 1953) and parthenii (from pv. parthenii described on gayule, Parthenium argentatum; Campbell, 1947). Isolated from soft rot and wilt of various plants, such as Chrysanthemum spp., Cynara scolymus, Cichorium intybus, Helianthus annuus, Lycopersicon esculentum, Parthenium argentatum and Philodendron spp. Serogroups O : 1 and O : 2.
The type strain is CFBP 2048T (=NCPPB 402T=ICMP 5703T=LMG 2804T); its G+C content is 58·8 mol%.
Description of Dickeya dadantii sp. nov.
Dickeya dadantii (da.dan.ti'i. N.L. gen. masc. n. dadantii of Dadant, in honour of the phytopathologist R. Dadant, for his description of the bacterium isolated from diseased Pelargonium capitatum).
Has the characteristics of the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Part of ex Pectobacterium chrysanthemi biovar 3. Isolated from soft rot and wilt of a range of plants, such as Pelargonium capitatum, Ananas comosus, Dianthus spp., Euphorbia pulcherrima, Ipomoea batatas, Musa spp., Philodendron spp., Saintpaulia ionantha and Zea mays. Serogroups O : 1 and O : 6.
The type strain is CFBP 1269T (=NCPPB 898T=ICMP 1544T=Hayward B374T); its G+C content is 59·5 mol%.
Description of Dickeya dianthicola sp. nov.
Dickeya dianthicola (di.an.thi.co'la. N.L. n. dianthicola the dweller of Dianthus sp.).
The description of the species is after ‘Pectobacterium parthenii-dianthicola’ described on Dianthus sp. (Hellmers, 1955). Has the characteristics of the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Strains belong to ex Pectobacterium chrysanthemi biovars 1, 7 and 9. Isolated from soft rot and wilt of various plants, such as Dianthus spp., Cichorium intybus, Cynara scolymus, Dahlia variabilis, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum tuberosum. Serogroup O : 1.
The type strain is CFBP 1200T (=NCPPB 453T=ICMP 6427T=LMG 2485T); its G+C content is 59·5 mol%.
Description of Dickeya dieffenbachiae sp. nov.
Dickeya dieffenbachiae (dief.fen.ba'chi.ae. N.L. gen. n. dieffenbachiae of the plant genus Dieffenbachia).
The description (after ‘Erwinia dieffenbachiae’ described on Dieffenbachia sp.; McFadden, 1961) is the same as for the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Strains belong to ex Pectobacterium chrysanthemi biovar 2. Isolated from soft rot and wilt of Dieffenbachia spp., Lycopersicon esculentum and Musa spp. Serogroup O : 1.
The type strain is CFBP 2051T (=NCPPB 2976T=ICMP 1568T); its G+C content is 57·9 mol%.
Description of Dickeya paradisiaca comb. nov.
Dickeya paradisiaca (pa.ra.di.si.a'ca. L. fem. adj. paradisiaca of or belonging to paradise, referring to the isolation of the organism from Musa paradisiaca).
Basonym: Erwinia paradisiaca Fernandez-Borrero and Lopez-Duque 1970.
Other synonyms: Pectobacterium chrysanthemi biovar 4; Brenneria paradisiaca.
The description (after Erwinia paradisiaca described on Musa paradisiaca; Fernandez-Borrero & Lopez-Duque, 1970) is the same as for the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Strains have been isolated from soft rot and wilt of Musa spp. and Zea mays. Serogroup O : 3.
The type strain is CFBP 4178T (=NCPPB 2511T=LMG 2542T); its G+C content is 58·0 mol%.
Description of Dickeya zeae sp. nov.
Dickeya zeae (ze'ae. N.L. gen. n. zeae of the plant genus Zea).
The description (after Erwinia carotovora f. sp. zeae described on maize; Sabet, 1954) is the same as for the genus. Additional characteristics are listed in Table 3. Strains are part of ex Pectobacterium chrysanthemi biovars 3 and 8. Isolated from soft rot and wilt of a various range of plants, such as Zea mays, Ananas comosus, Brachiaria ruziziensis, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Musa spp., Nicotiana tabacum, Oryza sativa and Solanum tuberosum, and from water. More than nine O-serogroups (O : 1, O : 4, O : 5, O : 6, O : 8, O : 9, O : 10, O : 11, O : 12, and untyped strains).
The type strain is CFBP 2052T (=NCPPB 2538T=ICMP 5704T=LMG 2505T); its G+C content is 56·4 mol%.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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