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1 State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
2 School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
Correspondence
Michael Goodfellow
m.goodfellow{at}ncl.ac.uk
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 52108aT is AY613990.
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mura et al. (1982)
; its members were transferred to the genus Streptomyces by Wellington et al. (1992), and the genus was re-established by Zhang et al. (1997). The taxon is now widely recognized and encompasses 18 species: Kitasatospora arboriphila Groth et al. 2004, K. azatica (Nakagaito et al. 1993a) Zhang et al. 1997, K. cheerisanensis Chung et al. 1999, K. cineracea Tajima et al. 2001, K. cochleata (Nakagaito et al. 1993a) Zhang et al. 1997, K. cystarginea Kusakabe and Isono 1992, K. gansuensis Groth et al. 2004, K. griseola Takahashi et al. 1985, K. kifunensis (Nakagaito et al. 1993b) Groth et al. 2003, K. mediocidica Labeda 1988, K. niigatensis Tajima et al. 2001, K. nipponensis Groth et al. 2004, K. paracochleata (Nakagaito et al. 1993a) Zhang et al. 1997, K. paranensis Groth et al. 2004, K. phosalacinea Takahashi et al. 1985, K. putterlickiae Groth et al. 2003, K. setae mura et al. 1983 [species name corrected by mura et al. (1985)], the type species, and K. terrestris Groth et al. 2004.
An actinomycete isolate, strain 52108aT, was isolated from rhizosphere soil [pH 4·4–4·5, as determined using the method of Reed & Cummings (1945)] of wild tea plants (Camellia oleifera) growing on the campus of Jiangxi Agricultural University, Jiangxi Province, China. Soil suspensions prepared using a dispersion and differential centrifugation procedure (Wang et al., 2003) were plated onto an acidified selective isolation medium supplemented with actidione and nystatin (Huang et al., 2004) and the preparations were incubated at 28 °C for 3 weeks. The organism was maintained on oatmeal agar (ISP medium 3; Küster, 1959) slants, adjusted to pH 5·5, at 4 °C and as suspensions of spores in glycerol (20 %, v/v) at –20 °C.
Spore chain morphology was observed on acidified oatmeal agar following incubation for 2 weeks at 28 °C, using the coverslip technique of Kawato & Shinobu (1959); growth on the coverslip was fixed and examined following the methods of Zhou et al. (1998). Spore surface ornamentation was observed by examining gold-coated, dehydrated specimens using a Cambridge Stereoscan 240 scanning electron microscope following the procedure described by O'Donnell et al. (1993). Spore suspensions for biochemical, degradative, nutritional and physiological tests were prepared using the procedure described by Hopwood et al. (1985) and the tests were carried out using media and methods described by Williams et al. (1983). Strain 52108aT and K. paracochleata strain DSM 41656T were examined for their ability to grow on oatmeal agar adjusted to pH 3·5, 4·5, 5·5, 6·5, 7·0 and 8·0 using a citric acid/disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer system (McIlvaine, 1921).
Biomass for chemotaxonomic studies was grown in shake flasks of modified Bennett's broth (Jones, 1949), adjusted to pH 5·0, and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. After centrifugation, the biomass was washed in distilled water and Tris/EDTA (0·03 M Tris/HCl, 0·1 M EDTA, pH 8·0) and stored at –20 °C until required. Standard chromatographic procedures were used to determine the diagnostic isomers of diaminopimelic acid (Staneck & Roberts, 1974), the acyl type of muramic acid (Uchida & Aida, 1977) and menaquinone (Collins, 1985; Wu et al., 1989), polar lipid (Minnikin et al., 1984) and whole-organism sugar patterns (Hasegawa et al., 1983), using appropriate reference strains as controls. Non-hydroxylated fatty acids were extracted, purified, methylated, identified and quantified by GC using the standard Microbial Identification System (MIDI; Sasser, 1990; Kämpfer & Kroppenstedt, 1996).
Extraction of genomic DNA, PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene were carried out according to Kim et al. (1998), and the resultant almost complete sequence (1412 nt) was manually aligned with corresponding sequences of representatives of the genera Kitasatospora, Streptacidiphilus and Streptomyces using the pairwise alignment option and the 16S rRNA gene sequence secondary structural information from the PHYDIT program (Chun, 1995). Phylogenetic trees were inferred using the least-squares, maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbour-joining tree-making algorithms from the PHYLIP 3.5c software package (Felsenstein, 1993) and the TREECON program (Van de Peer & De Wachter, 1994). The resultant unrooted tree topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analyses of the neighbour-joining method, based on 1000 resamplings, using programs from the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993). Genomic DNA was also used for PCR amplification of the nucleotide signature present in the 16S–23S rDNA region of members of the genus Kitasatospora, as described by Wang et al. (1996a, b).
Comparison of the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain 52108aT with the corresponding sequences of the marker strains showed that the isolate belongs to the Kitasatospora clade (Fig. 1). This assignment was confirmed by the positive detection of the diagnostic PCR product in the 16S–23S rRNA gene spacer region of strain 52108aT. The organism shared closest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strains of K. kifunensis (99·0 %), K. arboriphila (98·9 %), K. paracochleata (98·4 %) and K. terrestris (98·2 %). Lower 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities were found with the type strains of the remaining Kitasatospora species. DNA–DNA relatedness studies were not carried out between strain 52108aT and its phylogenetically closest relatives as it has already been established that representatives of other Kitasatospora species with similar 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, as exemplified by K. paranensis and K. terrestris (Groth et al., 2004), share DNA–DNA relatedness values well below the 70 % cut-off point recommended for the delineation of bacterial species (Wayne et al., 1987). The tested strain can be distinguished from its phylogenetically nearest relatives using a combination of phenotypic properties (Table 1). It is proposed that strain 52108aT be assigned to the genus Kitasatospora as a novel species, with the name Kitasatospora viridis sp. nov.
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Aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid–alcohol-fast, non-motile actinomycete that forms an extensively branched, light-yellow substrate mycelium and a greenish aerial spore mass on acidified oatmeal agar. Aerial hyphae differentiate into long, spiral chains of smooth-surfaced, cylindrical spores (1·0–1·2x0·7–0·8 µm). Starch is degraded, but not adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine or xylan. Adonitol, (+)-D-cellobiose, dextran, (+)-D-galactose, (–)-D-gluconic acid, (+)-D-glucose, inulin, (+)-D-lactose, (+)-D-maltose, (+)-D-mannose, (+)-D-melezitose, (+)-D-melibiose, (–)-D-salicin, (–)-D-sorbitol, (+)-D-trehalose and xylitol are used as sole carbon sources for energy and growth, but not glycerol, meso-inositol or xylan (all at 1 %, w/v). Similarly, 2-aminoethanol, 
-DL-aminobutyric acid, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine, L-threonine, L-valine, sodium oxalate and sodium pyruvate are used as sole carbon sources, but not adipic acid or L-aspartic acid (all at 0·1 %, w/v). 2-Aminoethanol, L-alanine, L-arginine, L-isoleucine and L-phenylalanine are used as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen for energy and growth. Growth occurs at 10–37 °C, but not at 4 or 45 °C. The pH range for growth is pH 4–7·0. Growth occurs in the presence (µg ml–1) of amikacin (32), amoxicillin (32), ampicillin (32), cefalexin (32), cephaloridine (64), clindamycin (8), doxycycline hydrochloride (32), fusidic acid (16), gentamicin sulphate (16), kanamycin sulphate (16), lincomycin hydrochloride (16), midecamycin (4), neomycin sulphate (32), penicillin G (16 IU), streptomycin sulphate (16), tetracycline hydrochloride (32) and tobramycin sulphate (16), but is inhibited by erythromycin (8) and novobiocin (8). Sodium chloride is tolerated up to a concentration of 10 % (w/v). Additional phenotypic properties are listed in Table 1
. Cell wall contains both meso- and LL-diaminopimelic acid and N-acetylated muramic acid, and whole-organism hydrolysates are rich in galactose and glucose. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The predominant isoprenologues are hexa- (76 %) and octa- (17 %) hydrogenated menaquinones with nine isoprene units. The major fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0 (19 %), anteiso-C15 : 0 (18 %), iso-C16 : 0 (18 %), C16 : 0 (22 %) and anteiso-C17 : 0 (8·0 %).
The type strain, 52108aT (=AS 4.1878T=DSM 44826T), was isolated from a soil sample taken from the roots of Camellia oleifera in Jiangxi Province, China.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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