HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P. Agricola Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P.

Nomenclature and taxonomy of the genus Salmonella

¹ DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
² Unité de Biodiversité des Bactéries Pathogènes Emergentes, INSERM U389, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
³ Bergey's Manual Trust, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 6162 Biomedical Physical Sciences Bldg, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA
⁴ Société de Bactériologie Systématique et Vétérinaire (SBSV) and Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, F-31076 Toulouse Cedex 03, France

Correspondence
B. J. Tindall
bti{at}dsmz.de

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXT REFERENCES

 
The nomenclature of the genus Salmonella has reached an unsatisfactory state of affairs, with two systems of nomenclature in circulation. One system, proposed in the 1980s by Le Minor and Popoff, has received wide acceptance, although it does not conform to the rules of the Bacteriological Code. The other system, which conforms to the rules of the Bacteriological Code, is being used by an ever-decreasing minority. As a result of a number of recent Requests for an Opinion, the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on the Systematics of Prokaryotes has issued an Opinion (Opinion 80) with the intention that it should solve these discrepancies. However, like all Opinions, it is limited to matters of nomenclature and does not help to interpret the taxonomic consequences. The Judicial Commission has therefore asked experts in the field of nomenclature and taxonomy to write a commentary on the nomenclatural and taxonomic consequences of Opinion 80. The present article explains the nomenclatural consequences of Opinion 80, together with a clear presentation of the taxonomy that results when applying the currently widely accepted interpretation that the genus Salmonella currently includes only two species.

	MAIN TEXT

TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXT REFERENCES

 
The current taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Salmonella have been the subject of debate since Le Minor & Popoff (1987) proposed changes in the 1980s. In their Request for an Opinion, these authors not only proposed changes in the nomenclature of the species of this genus, but also requested that formal taxonomic interpretations be taken into consideration. Their request to recognize a single species could not be dealt with by the Judicial Commission because the Commission may only act on matters of nomenclature. Taxonomic opinion is not governed by the Bacteriological Code (the Code).

The nomenclatural changes that were proposed dealt with important human and animal pathogens. At the time, the Judicial Commission could not predict whether these changes would have severe consequences for the reporting of disease caused by pathogens such as Salmonella typhi. Following careful deliberations, the Judicial Commission recommended that the authors reformulate their Request for an Opinion to conform to the Code, but this did not happen (Wayne, 1994). In the intervening years, the nomenclature of Le Minor & Popoff (1987) has become widely accepted in certain countries, despite the fact that those names have not been validly published and have no standing in nomenclature. In addition, their proposed taxonomy is also now in common usage. Euzéby (1999), Ezaki et al. (2000a, b) and Ezaki & Yabuuchi (2000) submitted proposals to deal with the problem of the serious discrepancies between the nomenclature of Le Minor & Popoff (1987) and that which is recognized under the Code. The major problem at present is that two systems of nomenclature are in use for members of the genus Salmonella and that great care must be taken when attempts are made to unify these systems. It was generally agreed during the meeting of the Judicial Commission held in 2002 that a solution must be sought that provides a link between the two nomenclatural systems while causing as little confusion as possible. Recognizing that the average microbiologist was not familiar with the Code, the commissioners believed that it would be necessary to deal with the nomenclatural problem and to provide a guide as to how the taxonomic consequences could be illustrated. In publishing Opinion 80, the Judicial Commission (2005) has sought to provide a solution to the problem of nomenclature in this genus. However, the Judicial Commission does not have the power to rule on how these nomenclatural changes will affect the taxonomy of this group. In order to avoid confusion, it is the purpose of the present article to provide a clear interpretation of the nomenclature and taxonomy of members of the genus Salmonella.

Prior to the publication of Opinion 80, the Code recognized the following names as being validly published within the genus Salmonella:

Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (type species of the genus), type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella bongori (Le Minor et al. 1985) Reeves et al. 1989, type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner 1888) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, type strain ATCC 13076 =NCTC 12694,

Salmonella paratyphi (ex Kayser 1902) Ezaki et al. 2000, type strain NCTC 5702 =KI 1015,

Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930, type strain ATCC 19430 =CUETM 79.394 =HAMBI 1306 =NCTC 8385,

Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, type strain ATCC 13311 =NCTC 74 =CIP 58.58 =JCM 1652 (serovar Typhimurium),

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927, type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella arizonae (Borman 1957) Kauffmann 1964, type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386=NCTC 8297,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386 =NCTC 8297,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. diarizonae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43973 =CCUG 30040 =CIP 82.31 =NCTC 10060 =DSM 14847,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. houtenae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43974 =CCUG 30041 =CIP 82.32 =DSM 9221 =NCTC 12418,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. indica Le Minor et al. 1987, type strain K1240 =ATCC 43976 =CCUG 30038 =CIP 102501 =NCTC 12420 =DSM 14848, and

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. salamae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43972 =CCUG 30039 =CIP 8229 =DSM 9220 =NCTC 5773.

Le Minor & Popoff (1987) proposed that the type species of the genus Salmonella should be changed to Salmonella enterica, with the type strain of that species being strain LT2. The authors did not exclude the fact that other authors may wish to retain other names that were validly published: ‘Since we recognize the right of other bacteriologists to believe that the genus Salmonella should be composed of several species, including S. choleraesuis, we shall refrain from requesting the rejection of that name.’

In reacting to the Requests for an Opinion by Ezaki et al. (2000a, b) and Euzéby (1999), the Judicial Commission has also taken the request of Le Minor & Popoff (1987) into consideration and decided that Salmonella enterica becomes the type species of the genus, replacing Salmonella choleraesuis (Judicial Commission, 2005). The type strain of Salmonella enterica is CIP 60.62 =NCIMB 11450 =LT2 =ATCC 43971 =NCTC 12416. Furthermore, to avoid any ambiguities in interpreting the Code, the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica is conserved over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. The Judicial Commission has also ruled that the subspecies combinations proposed by these authors should also be considered to be validly published, with the dates and authorship being assigned to these authors. In proposing these subspecies, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica is automatically created (Rule 40d/46). The circumscription of Salmonella enterica is given by Le Minor & Popoff (1987) and also applies to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica. However, this also means that the following names are validly published:

Salmonella enterica Le Minor and Popoff 1987 (type species of the genus), type strain CIP 60.62 =NCIMB 11450 =LT2 =ATCC 43971 =NCTC 12416 (serovar Typhimurium),

Salmonella bongori (Le Minor et al. 1985) Reeves et al. 1989, type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella enterica subsp. bongori (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain CIP 60.62 =NCIMB 11450 =LT2 =ATCC 43971 =NCTC 12416 (serovar Typhimurium),

Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner 1888) Castellani and Chalmers 1919, type strain ATCC 13076 =NCTC 12694,

Salmonella paratyphi (ex Kayser 1902) Ezaki et al. 2000, type strain NCTC 5702 =KI 1015,

Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930, type strain ATCC 19430 =CUETM 79.394 =HAMBI 1306 =NCTC 8385,

Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 (type strain ATCC 13311 =NCTC 74 =CIP 58.58 =JCM 1652 (serovar Typhimurium),

Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927, type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927, type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386 =NCTC 8297,

Salmonella arizonae (Borman 1957) Kauffmann 1964, type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386 =NCTC 8297,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386 =NCTC 8297,

Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 1985, type strain ATCC 43973 =CCUG 30040 =CIP 82.31 =NCTC 10060 =DSM 14847,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. diarizonae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43973 =CCUG 30040 =CIP 82.31 =NCTC 10060 =DSM 14847,

Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain ATCC 43974 =CCUG 30041 =CIP 82.32 =DSM 9221 =NCTC 12418,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. houtenae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43974 =CCUG 30041 =CIP 82.32 =DSM 9221 =NCTC 12418,

Salmonella enterica subsp. indica (Le Minor et al. 1987) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain K1240 =ATCC 43976 =CCUG 30038 =CIP 102501 =NCTC 12420 =DSM 14848,

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. indica Le Minor et al. 1987, type strain K1240 =ATCC 43976 =CCUG 30038 =CIP 102501 =NCTC 12420 =DSM 14848,

Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 1985, type strain ATCC 43972 =CCUG 30039 =CIP 8229 =DSM 9220 =NCTC 5773, and

Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. salamae Le Minor et al. 1985, type strain ATCC 43972=CCUG 30039=CIP 8229=DSM 9220=NCTC 5773.

However, this does not appear to solve the current problems of nomenclature, nor the different taxonomic interpretations. This is primarily due to the fact that the Judicial Commission is not empowered by the Code as a taxonomic arbiter [see Principle 1 (4)]. However, it is evident that, if the taxonomic proposals of Le Minor & Popoff (1987) and Reeves et al. (1989) are followed, only two species are to be recognized. The Judicial Commission (2005) has ruled that the type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica Le Minor and Popoff 1987 and that the epithet enterica be conserved over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. At the same time, Le Minor & Popoff (1987) also recognized that the species Salmonella enterica be divided into several subspecies. Thus, by applying the recent ruling of the Judicial Commission (2005) together with the taxonomic interpretation of Le Minor & Popoff (1987) and Reeves et al. (1989), the taxonomy and resulting nomenclature that should be followed are listed below. Those names that are to be used within the resulting taxonomy are underlined.

Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 (type species of the genus), type strain CIP 60.62 =NCIMB 11450 =LT2 =ATCC 43971 =NCTC 12416 (serovar Typhimurium),

=Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (heterotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella bongori (Le Minor et al. 1985) Reeves et al. 1989,

=Salmonella enterica subsp. bongori (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 (homotypic synonym) =Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. bongori Le Minor et al. 1985 (homotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 43975 =CCUG 30042 =CIP 82.33 =DSM 13772 =NCTC 12419,

Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, type strain CIP 60.62 =NCIMB 11450 =LT2 =ATCC 43971 =NCTC 12416 (serovar Typhimurium),

=Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner 1888) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 (heterotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 13076 =NCTC 12694,

=Salmonella paratyphi (ex Kayser 1902) Ezaki et al. 2000 (heterotypic synonym), type strain NCTC 5702=KI 1015,

=Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930 (heterotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 19430 =CUETM 79.394=HAMBI 1306 =NCTC 8385,

=Salmonella typhimurium (Loeffler 1892) Castellani and Chalmers 1919 (heterotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 13311 =NCTC 74 =CIP 58.58 =JCM 1652 (serovar Typhimurium),

=Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (heterotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 13312 =CIP 55.133 =NCTC 5735 =DSM 14846 =JCM 1651 (serovar Choleraesuis),

Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor and Popoff 1987,

=Salmonella arizonae (Borman 1957) Kauffmann 1964 (homotypic synonym) =Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. arizonae (Borman 1957) Le Minor et al. 1985 (homotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 13314 =CCUG 6322 =CIP 82.30 =DSM 9386 =NCTC 8297,

Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987,

=Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. diarizonae Le Minor et al. 1985 (homotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 43973 =CCUG 30040 =CIP 82.31 =NCTC 10060 =DSM 14847,

Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987,

=Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. houtenae Le Minor et al. 1985 (homotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 43974 =CCUG 30041 =CIP 82.32 =DSM 9221 =NCTC 12418,

Salmonella enterica subsp. indica (Le Minor et al. 1987) Le Minor and Popoff 1987,

=Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. indica Le Minor et al. 1987 (homotypic synonym), type strain K1240 =ATCC 43976 =CCUG 30038 =CIP 102501 =NCTC 12420 =DSM 14848, and

Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae (Le Minor et al. 1985) Le Minor and Popoff 1987,

=Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. salamae Le Minor et al. 1985 (homotypic synonym), type strain ATCC 43972 =CCUG 30039 =CIP 8229 =DSM 9220 =NCTC 5773.

It is hoped that the recent actions of the Judicial Commission (2005) have allowed the nomenclatural changes envisaged by Le Minor & Popoff (1987) to take effect. In addition, the taxonomic opinion of Le Minor et al. (1982), Le Minor & Popoff (1987) and Reeves et al. (1989), that the genus Salmonella should currently comprise two species and that the type species Salmonella enterica should be divided into six subspecies, results in the taxonomy and nomenclature currently in use by the WHO and other organizations. It is now hoped that the resulting taxonomy and nomenclature will find widespread usage.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT MAIN TEXT REFERENCES

 
Euzéby, J. P. (1999). Revised Salmonella nomenclature: designation of Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987 sp. nov., nom. rev. as the neotype species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 (Approved Lists 1980), rejection of the name Salmonella choleraesuis (Smith 1894) Weldin 1927 (Approved Lists 1980), and conservation of the name Salmonella typhi (Schroeter 1886) Warren and Scott 1930 (Approved Lists 1980). Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 927–930.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Ezaki, T., Amano, M., Kawamura, Y. & Yabuuchi, E. (2000a). Proposal of Salmonella paratyphi sp. nov., nom. rev. and Request for an Opinion to conserve the specific epithet paratyphi in the binary combination Salmonella paratyphi as nomen epitheton conservandum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 941–944.[Abstract]

Ezaki, T., Kawamura, Y. & Yabuuchi, E. (2000b). Recognition of nomenclatural standing of Salmonella typhi (Approved Lists 1980), Salmonella enteritidis (Approved Lists 1980) and Salmonella typhimurium (Approved Lists 1980), and conservation of specific epithets enteritidis and typhimurium. Request for an Opinion. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 945–947.[Abstract]

Judicial Commission (2005). The type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, with the type strain LT2^T, and conservation of the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. Opinion 80. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55, 519–520.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Le Minor, L. & Popoff, M. Y. (1987). Request for an Opinion. Designation of Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species of the genus Salmonella. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 465–468.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Le Minor, L., Véron, M. & Popoff, M. Y. (1982). Proposition pour une nomenclature des Salmonella. Ann Microbiol Paris 133B, 245–254 (in French).

Le Minor, L., Véron, M. & Popoff, M. Y. (1985). Salmonella cholerae-suis subsp. arizonae comb. nov. etc. In Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB, List no. 18. Int J Syst Bacteriol 35, 375–376.[Free Full Text]

Le Minor, L., Popoff, M. Y., Laurent, B. & Hermant, D. (1987). Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. indica subsp. nov. In Validation of the Publication of New Names and New Combinations Previously Effectively Published Outside the IJSB, List no. 23. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 179–180.[Free Full Text]

Reeves, M. W., Evins, G. M., Heiba, A. A., Plikaytis, B. D. & Farmer, J. J., III (1989). Clonal nature of Salmonella typhi and its genetic relatedness to other salmonellae as shown by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and proposal of Salmonella bongori comb. nov. J Clin Microbiol 27, 313–320.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Wayne, L. G. (1994). Actions of the Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology on requests for opinions published between January 1985 and July 1993. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 177–178.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Yabuuchi, E. & Ezaki, T. (2000). Arguments against the replacement of type species of the genus Salmonella from Salmonella choleraesuis to ‘Salmonella enterica’ and the creation of the term ‘neotype species’, and for conservation of Salmonella choleraesuis. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1693–1694.[Abstract]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. F. Flint and M. R. Garner Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture J. Appl. Poult. Res., January 1, 2009; 18(2): 367 - 378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. McQuiston, S. Herrera-Leon, B. C. Wertheim, J. Doyle, P. I. Fields, R. V. Tauxe, and J. M. Logsdon Jr. Molecular Phylogeny of the Salmonellae: Relationships among Salmonella Species and Subspecies Determined from Four Housekeeping Genes and Evidence of Lateral Gene Transfer Events J. Bacteriol., November 1, 2008; 190(21): 7060 - 7067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Tindall Rule 15 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria: a current source of confusion Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2008; 58(7): 1775 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. L. Main-Hester, K. M. Colpitts, G. A. Thomas, F. C. Fang, and S. J. Libby Coordinate Regulation of Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI1) and SPI4 in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infect. Immun., March 1, 2008; 76(3): 1024 - 1035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Akiba, Y. Nakaoka, M. Kida, Y. Ishioka, T. Sameshima, N. Yoshii, M. Nakazawa, I. Uchida, and N. Terakado Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility in a population of Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin isolated from cattle in Japan from 1976 to 2005 J. Antimicrob. Chemother., December 1, 2007; 60(6): 1235 - 1242. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Falush, M. Torpdahl, X. Didelot, D. F Conrad, D. J Wilson, and M. Achtman Mismatch induced speciation in Salmonella: model and data Phil Trans R Soc B, November 29, 2006; 361(1475): 2045 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Judicial Commission of the International Committee The type species of the genus Salmonella Lignieres 1900 is Salmonella enterica (ex Kauffmann and Edwards 1952) Le Minor and Popoff 1987, with the type strain LT2T, and conservation of the epithet enterica in Salmonella enterica over all earlier epithets that may be applied to this species. Opinion 80 Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 519 - 520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P. Agricola Articles by Tindall, B. J. Articles by Euzéby, J. P.