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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55 (2005), 409-416; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.63273-0
© 2005 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Sejongia antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov., isolated from the Antarctic

Hana Yi1, Ho Il Yoon2 and Jongsik Chun1

1 School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 56-1 Shillim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
2 Polar Research Institute, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute, Ansan PO Box 29, Seoul 425-600, Republic of Korea

Correspondence
Jongsik Chun
jchun{at}snu.ac.kr


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Two yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative and aerobic bacterial strains, designated AT1013T and AT1047T, were isolated from terrestrial samples of the Antarctic. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, the two Antarctic strains shared 97·7 % sequence similarity and showed moderate relationships to the genera Chryseobacterium (92·5–95·3 %), Riemerella (92·3–93·5 %), Bergeyella (92·5–92·6 %) and Kaistella (92·5–93·3 %). In phylogenetic analyses, the two isolates formed a robust monophyletic clade and represented a distinct phyletic line that equated to novel generic status. Cells were non-motile, non-gliding and psychrotolerant with an optimum growth temperature of about 20 °C. Flexirubins were absent. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6. The predominant cellular fatty acids were 15 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 anteiso and 17 : 1 iso {omega}9c. DNA G+C contents were 34–36 mol%. The two isolates shared low genomic relatedness (27 %) and were differentiated from each other by several phenotypic characteristics. The polyphasic data presented in this study indicated that these isolates should be recognized as two separate novel species in a novel genus within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The name Sejongia gen. nov. is therefore proposed for the Antarctic isolates, with the type species Sejongia antarctica sp. nov. (type strain AT1013T=IMSNU 14040T=KCTC 12225T=JCM 12381T) and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov. (type strain AT1047T=IMSNU 14049T=KCTC 12226T=JCM 12382T).

Published online ahead of print on 17 September 2004 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63273-0.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains AT1013T and AT1047T are AY553293 and AY553294.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The flavobacteria are widespread in nature and have been isolated from many freshwater and soil habitats, including the Antarctic (McCammon & Bowman, 2000Go). Two yellow-pigmented bacterial strains, designated AT1013T and AT1047T, were isolated from terrestrial samples of the Antarctic and were the subject of taxonomic study according to the minimal standards for describing new taxa of the family Flavobacteriaceae (Bernardet et al., 2002Go). On the basis of polyphasic evidence, the Antarctic strains represents a novel genus in the family Flavobacteriaceae, for which the name Sejongia gen. nov. is proposed.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Bacterial strains.
A soil sample (62° 14' 01·2'' S 58° 46' 47·4'' W) and a moss sample (62° 14' 07·8'' S 58° 46' 33·3'' W) were collected from penguin habitats near the King Sejong Station on King George Island, Antarctica. Isolation was carried out using marine agar 2216 (MA; Difco) at 10 °C following enrichment in marine broth 2216 for 2 days at 4 °C. Strains AT1013T and AT1047T were isolated from the soil and the moss samples, respectively. The isolates were cultured routinely on R2A (Difco) at 15 °C and maintained as glycerol suspensions (20 %, w/v) at –80 °C.

Molecular systematics.
16S rRNA genes were enzymically amplified from single colonies. Primers, PCR conditions and sequencing methods have been described elsewhere (Chun & Goodfellow, 1995Go). The sequences of strains AT1013T and AT1047T were aligned manually with representative sequences of the family Flavobacteriaceae obtained from GenBank. Phylogenetic trees were inferred using the Fitch–Margoliash (Fitch & Margoliash, 1967Go), maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993Go), maximum-parsimony (Fitch, 1972Go) and neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987Go) methods. Evolutionary distance matrices for the neighbour-joining and Fitch–Margoliash methods were generated according to the model of Jukes & Cantor (1969)Go. Resultant tree topologies were evaluated by bootstrap analyses (Felsenstein, 1985Go) based on 1000 resamplings. Alignment and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using the jPHYDIT program (available at http://chunlab.snu.ac.kr/jphydit) and PAUP 4.0 (Swofford, 1998Go) as described previously (Chun et al., 2000Go). Genomic relatedness between the two Antarctic isolates was examined using slot-blot DNA–DNA hybridization (Chun et al., 1998Go).

Cultural, morphological and physiological properties.
Growth on several bacteriological media was tested: Anacker and Ordal agar (AOA; Anacker & Ordal, 1955Go), cetrimide agar (Difco), MacConkey agar (Difco), MA, nutrient agar (NA; Difco), R2A, tryptic soy agar (TSA; Difco) and sea-salt-free Zobell's agar (Zobell, 1941Go) [Bacto agar (Difco), 15 g; Bacto peptone (Difco), 5 g; yeast extract (Difco), 1 g; ferric citrate, 0·1 g; distilled water, 1 l]. The growth ranges for temperature were determined by using a temperature-gradient incubator (TVS 126MA; Advantec) using R2A broth in the range of 5–30 °C (5·0, 9·1, 11·5, 13·8, 15·8, 17·5, 19·4, 21·2, 23·3, 25·1, 27·6 and 30·0 °C). To determine cardinal temperatures, the resultant data were fitted to the Ratkowsky temperature growth model (Ratkowsky et al., 1983Go) by non-linear regressions using the R package version 1.8.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2003Go). Growth at different pH (between pH 4 and pH 12 with increments of 1) and NaCl concentrations [between 0 % and 7 % (w/v) at 1 % increments] was determined using sea-salt-free ZoBell medium. KOH (6 M) and HCl (6 M) were used to adjust the final pH. Anaerobic and microaerophilic growth was checked under anaerobic (with 4–10 % CO2) and microaerobic (with 5–15 % O2 and 5–12 % CO2) conditions using GasPak Plus and CampyPak Plus systems (BBL) at 15 °C for up to 1 month.

Morphological and physiological tests were performed using R2A as the basal medium at 15 °C. Cellular morphology and motility were examined by SEM and phase-contrast microscopy using 3-, 5- and 10-day-old cells. Gliding motility was observed by direct microscopic examination of the edge of colonies in exponential phase on AOA, R2A and CY agar [casitone (Difco), 3 g; yeast extract, 1 g; CaCl2.2H2O, 1 g; sea salts (Sigma), 40 g; Bacto agar, 15 g; distilled water, 1 l] plates, and motility was observed by the hanging drop technique for cells in exponential phase in R2A and CY broth. The presence of flexirubin-type pigments was determined by flooding the cell mass taken from agar plates with 20 % (w/v) KOH and confirmed by examining bathychromatic shift of the absorbance spectrum of an ethanol and alkaline-ethanol extract of lysed cells (Weeks, 1981Go). Congo red adsorption was tested by directly flooding colonies on agar plates with 0·01 % aqueous Congo red solution.

Standard physiological and biochemical tests were performed at 15 °C as described previously (Smibert & Krieg, 1994Go). Hydrolysis of alginate (0·5 %, w/v), casein [50 % skimmed milk (Difco), v/v], CM-cellulose [0·5 % CM-cellulose (Sigma), w/v], chitin (0·5 % colloidal chitin, w/v), egg yolk (5 %, w/v), elastin (0·5 %, w/v), starch (0·2 %, w/v), Tween 80 (1 %, v/v) and L-tyrosine (0·5 %, w/v) was tested using R2A as the basal medium. PEK7 agar (Reichenbach, 1991Go) and DNase test agar (Difco) were used for pectinase and DNase assay, respectively. Production of H2S was investigated using triple-sugar iron agar (Difco). Phenylalanine deaminase activity was determined on phenylalanine agar (Smibert & Krieg, 1994Go) (yeast extract, 3 g; L-phenylalanine, 1 g; Na2HPO4, 1 g; NaCl, 5 g; Bacto agar, 12 g; distilled water, 1 l). Alkaline reaction on Christensen's citrate was tested on Christensen citrate agar (Christensen, 1949Go). Aerobic acid production from carbohydrates was examined for up to 1 month using modified O/F agar plates (Leifson, 1963Go) (casitone, 1·0 g; yeast extract, 0·1 g; ammonium sulfate, 0·5 g; Tris base, 0·5 g; phenol red, 0·01 g; Bacto agar, 15 g; distilled water, 1 l; adjusted to pH 7·0). Fermentative acid production from carbohydrates was examined for up to 2 weeks by API 50CH kit (bioMérieux) using API 50 CHB/E medium (bioMérieux) and mineral oil. Nitrate and nitrite reduction, indole production, arginine dihydrolase, urease, aesculinase, gelatinase, {beta}-galactosidase and assimilation of sole carbon sources (glucose, arabinose, mannose, mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, gluconate, caprate, adipate, malate, citrate and phenylacetate) were tested using the API 20NE kit (bioMérieux), and other enzymic activities were determined using the API ZYM kit (bioMérieux).

Chemotaxonomy.
Chemotaxonomic characteristics were determined in cells grown at 15 °C on R2A. Menaquinone was isolated from 7-day-old cells according to Minnikin et al. (1984)Go and analysed by HPLC (Waters) as described by Collins (1985)Go. DNA G+C content was determined by HPLC analysis of deoxyribonucleosides as described by Mesbah et al. (1989)Go, using a reverse-phase column (Supelco). Fatty acid methyl esters analysis was performed by GLC according to the Microbial Identification (MIDI) System using 5-day-old cells.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Molecular systematics
Almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains AT1013T (1354 bp) and AT1047T (1365 bp) were obtained. Preliminary sequence comparison with 16S rRNA gene sequences held in GenBank indicated that our isolates were related moderately to the genus Chryseobacterium. The newly determined sequences were then aligned manually against representatives of the genera Bergeyella, Chryseobacterium, Empedobacter, Kaistella, Ornithobacterium, Riemerella and Weeksella using the bacterial 16S rRNA secondary-structure model. The regions available for all sequences (positions 63–1427; Escherichia coli numbering system) showed unambiguous alignment and were used to construct the phylogenetic trees. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strains AT1013T and AT1047T shared 97·7 % similarity and their closest bacterial relatives were Chryseobacterium species (92·5–94·0 % for strain AT1013T; 93·3–95·3 % for strain AT1047T), Riemerella species (92·6–93·0 %; 92·3–93·5 %), Bergeyella zoohelcum ATCC 43767T (92·6 %; 92·5 %) and Kaistella koreensis Chj707T (92·5 %; 93·3 %). The highest sequence similarities were observed between our isolates and Chryseobacterium scophthalmum LMG 13028T (94·0 %; 95·3 %). This relationship between our isolates and other members of the above-mentioned genera was also highlighted in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1Go).



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  		Fig. 1. Phylogenetic position of strains AT1013T and AT1047T within the group containing the genus Chryseobacterium and related taxa, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The tree was created using the neighbour-joining method; numbers at nodes are percentages of bootstrap support (>50 %) from 1000 resampled datasets. Filled circles indicate that the corresponding nodes (groupings) were also recovered in Fitch–Margoliash, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony trees. Flavobacterium aquatile ATCC 11947T (M62797) was used as an outgroup (not shown). Bar, 0·1 nt substitution per position.

 
Based on all four tree-inferring methods used in this study, the genera Bergeyella, Chryseobacterium, Kaistella and Riemerella and strains AT1013T and AT1047T formed a monophyletic clade with 100 % bootstrap support. However, the branching order within this clade and the position of our isolates varied depending on the tree-making algorithm. As reported previously (Li et al., 2003Go), Chryseobacterium meningosepticum ATCC 13253T and Chryseobacterium miricola GTC 862T formed the deepest branch and the remaining Chryseobacterium species, together with our isolates and the genera Bergeyella, Kaistella and Riemerella, formed a monophyletic subclade in all trees inferred in this study. Within this subclade, strains AT1013T and AT1047T were consistently recovered as a robust (100 % bootstrap value) monophyletic clade with the deepest branching position. On the basis of our phylogenetic analysis, the clade containing the genera Bergeyella and Riemerella was placed within the Chryseobacterium clade in some tree-making algorithms, indicating that their generic status is questionable. In addition, the genus Riemerella is not monophyletic with respect to the genus Bergeyella. Further study is needed to clarify the taxonomic positions of the genera Bergeyella and Riemerella. From comprehensive phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, it is evident that the two Antarctic isolates merit novel generic status within the group that contains the genera Bergeyella, Chryseobacterium, Kaistella and Riemerella.

Strains AT1013T and AT1047T showed 97·7 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, corresponding to 31 nucleotide differences, and shared a low DNA–DNA relatedness value of 27 %, which is below the threshold (70 %) for determining bacterial species (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994Go). It is clear from DNA–DNA pairing studies that the two Antarctic strains belong to separate genomic species.

Culture and growth conditions
When tested on several agar media, maximum growth was observed on R2A and abundant growth was observed on AOA, MA, NA, TSA and sea-salt-free Zobell's agar. No growth was observed on cetrimide or MacConkey agar. Square-root growth rate/temperature plots obtained using a temperature-gradient incubator and the Ratkowsky temperature growth model showed that the notional minimum, optimum and maximum growth temperatures of strains AT1013T and AT1047T were –16·6, 18·9, 28·2 and –10·9, 21·5, 30·9 °C, respectively (Fig. 2Go). When tested on R2A (between 5 and 35 °C at 5 °C intervals) using conventional culturing methods, maximum growth was observed at 20 °C for both strains. From the definition of Isaksen & Jørgensen (1996)Go, our Antarctic isolates can be defined as psychrotolerant bacteria. The other growth conditions are given in the genus and species descriptions.



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  		Fig. 2. Fitted Ratkowsky model of growth versus temperature data for strains AT1013T (filled circles) and AT1047T (open circles). {surd}r is the square-root of growth rate.

 
Morphological, physiological and biochemical properties
The colonies of our Antarctic strains were bright to pale yellow in colour depending on the growth medium. The maximum absorption peak of the yellow pigment in ethanolic extracts was at 452 nm and the next shoulder peak was at 480 nm. Flexirubins were not detected in our isolates, since a bathychromatic shift of the absorption peak or colour change of cell mass taken from agar plates were not observed by addition of KOH solution. The results of morphological, biochemical and physiological tests are given in Table 1Go and the genus and species descriptions.


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  		Table 1. Characteristics that differentiate strains AT1013T and AT1047T from members of related genera

Species/strains: 1, Sejongia antarctica sp. nov. AT1013T and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov. AT1047T; 2, Bergeyella zoohelcum; 3, Riemerella anatipestifer; 4, R. columbina; 5, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum; 6, C. miricola; 7, C. balustinum; 8, C. defluvii; 9, C. gleum; 10, C. indologenes; 11, C. indoltheticum; 12, C. joostei; 13, ‘C. proteolyticum’; 14, C. scophthalmum; 15, Kaistella koreensis. +, Positive; –, negative; W, weakly positive; V, variable; ND, not determined. Data were taken from this and earlier studies (Holmes et al., 1984Go, 1989Go; Hugo et al., 2003Go; Kämpfer et al., 2003Go; Kim et al., 2004Go; Li et al., 2003Go; Mudarris et al., 1994Go; Segers et al., 1993Go; Vancanneyt et al., 1999Go; Vandamme et al., 1994Go; Yabuuchi et al., 1983Go; Yamaguchi & Yokoe, 2000Go).

 
Chemotaxonomic characteristics
The chemotaxonomic properties of strains AT1013T and AT1047T are given in the genus and species description and the cellular fatty acid profiles are given in Table 2Go. Overall, the fatty acid compositions of our isolates are similar to those of phylogenetically related species, but differ from them somewhat in quantities. This may result from the different growth medium and low culturing temperature of the Antarctic isolates compared to other mesophilic species. In addition, fairly large differences in the amounts of C15 : 0 anteiso (15·2 % for AT1013T and 24·2 % for AT1047T) and C17 : 1 iso {omega}9c (21·3 % for AT1013T and 8·6 % for AT1047T) were found between the two isolates.


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  		Table 2. Cellular fatty acid compositions of strains AT1013T and AT1047T in comparison with other members of related genera

Taxa: 1, S. antarctica sp. nov. AT1013T; 2, S. jeonii sp. nov. AT1047T; 3, B. zoohelcum (data from Hugo et al., 2003Go); 4, R. anatipestifer (Segers et al., 1993Go); 5, R. columbina (Vancanneyt et al., 1999Go); 6, C. meningosepticum (Hugo et al., 2003Go); 7, C. miricola (Li et al., 2003Go); 8, C. balustinum (Hugo et al., 2003Go); 9, C. defluvii (Kämpfer et al., 2003Go); 10, C. gleum; 11, C. indologenes; 12, C. indoltheticum; 13, C. joostei; 14, C. scophthalmum (data in columns 10–14 from Hugo et al., 2003Go); 15, K. koreensis (Kim et al., 2004Go). Values are percentages of total fatty acids; fatty acids that amount to less than 1 % of the total fatty acids in all strains are not included. ND, Not detected; ECL, equivalent chain-length (i.e. the identity of the fatty acids is unknown); tr, trace (less than 1·0 %). Data came from studies using different growth media and temperatures.

 
Taxonomic conclusions
Based on phylogenetic findings, it is evident that the Antarctic isolates form a distinct group and do not show a close affinity to any recognized genus within the Chryseobacterium–Bergeyella–Kaistella–Riemerella group. The test strains also differ phenotypically from all other genera within this suprageneric group as shown in Table 1Go. Strains AT1013T and AT1047T are not only differentiated by their low genomic relatedness (27 %) and sequence similarity (97·7 %), but also by several phenotypic characteristics, namely growth at 30 °C, hydrolysis of elastin and L-tyrosine, fermentative acid production from D-mannose and amounts of C15 : 0 anteiso and C17 : 1 iso {omega}9c. It is therefore proposed that the two Antarctic isolates be assigned to a novel genus, Sejongia gen. nov., in the family Flavobacteriaceae as Sejongia antarctica sp. nov. for strain AT1013T and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov. for strain AT1047T.

Description of Sejongia gen. nov.
Sejongia (Se.jong'i.a. N.L. fem. n. Sejongia named after the King Sejong Station, where the type species was isolated).

Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and psychrotolerant. Cells are rod-shaped with rounded ends, non-motile and do not glide. Colonies are convex, translucent, circular, glistening, butyrous, yellow with entire margins, becoming mucoid after prolonged incubation on R2A. Does not adhere to agar plates. Flexirubin-type pigment is absent. Congo red is not adsorbed. Spores are not formed. Growth occurs on R2A, AOA, MA, NA and TSA, but not on cetrimide or MacConkey agar. Growth is aerobic. Growth under microaerobic (with 5–15 % O2 and 5–12 % CO2 created by CampyPak Plus system) and anaerobic (with 4–10 % CO2 created by GasPak Plus system) conditions is weaker than aerobic growth. Microaerobic growth is better than anaerobic growth. Growth is observed at pH 6–11 (optimum pH 7–8) and 0–3 % NaCl (optimum 0 %). Maximum absorption peak of pigment is at 452 nm and the next shoulder peak is at 480 nm. Major isoprenoid quinone is MK-6. Predominant cellular fatty acids are 15 : 0 iso (12·2–13·6 %), 15 : 0 anteiso (15·2–24·2 %) and 17 : 1 iso {omega}9c (8·6–21·3 %). DNA G+C content is 34–36 mol%. The type species is Sejongia antarctica.

Description of Sejongia antarctica sp. nov.
Sejongia antarctica (ant.arc'ti.ca. L. fem. adj. antarctica named after Antarctica, the geographical origin of the type strain).

Cells are approximately 1·0–3·1x0·4–0·5 µm. Grows at 4–28 °C with notional optimum of 18·9 °C. Does not produce arginine dihydrolase. Decomposes casein and gelatin, but not agar, alginate, CM-cellulose, chitin, elastin or pectin. Decomposes L-tyrosine weakly. Positive reactions for lecithinase and Tween esterase are delayed. Alkaline phosphatase, esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase are positive and lipase (C14), {beta}-galactosidase, {beta}-glucuronidase and {alpha}-mannosidase are negative in API ZYM kits. Cannot assimilate any of the compounds contained in API 20NE kits as a sole carbon source. Does not produce acid aerobically from D-raffinose or D-salicin. Produces acid fermentatively from D-glucose, D-maltose, starch and glycogen, but not from glycerol, erythritol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, methyl {beta}-D-xylopyranoside, D-galactose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-sorbose, L-rhamnose, dulcitol, inositol, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, methyl {alpha}-D-mannopyranoside, methyl {alpha}-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, arbutin, aesculin ferric citrate, salicin, D-cellobiose, D-lactose (bovine origin), D-melibiose, D-sucrose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-melezitose, D-raffinose, xylitol, gentiobiose, D-turanose, D-lyxose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, potassium 2-ketogluconate or potassium 5-ketogluconate in the API 50 CH kit. Other physiological and biochemical characteristics are given in Table 1Go. Fatty acid profile is given in Table 2Go. DNA G+C content is 34 mol%.

The type strain is AT1013T (=IMSNU 14040T=KCTC 12225T=JCM 12381T), isolated from a soil sample of penguin habitats near the King Sejong Station on King George Island, Antarctica.

Description of Sejongia jeonii sp. nov.
Sejongia jeonii (jeo'ni.i. N.L. gen. n. jeonii named in honour of the late Jae Gyu Jeon, who devoted his life to polar research).

Cells are approximately 1·0–3·1x0·4–0·5 µm. Grows at 4–31 °C with notional optimum of 21·5 °C. Does not produce arginine dihydrolase. Decomposes casein, elastin and gelatin, but not agar, alginate, CM-cellulose, chitin, L-tyrosine or pectin. Alkaline phosphatase, esterase lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, acid phosphatase and naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase are positive and lipase (C14), {beta}-galactosidase, {beta}-glucuronidase and {alpha}-mannosidase are negative in API ZYM kits. Cannot assimilate any of the compounds contained in API 20NE kits as sole carbon sources. Does not produce acid aerobically from D-raffinose or D-salicin. Produces acid fermentatively from D-glucose, D-mannose, D-maltose, starch and glycogen, but not from glycerol, erythritol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-ribose, D-xylose, L-xylose, D-adonitol, methyl {beta}-D-xylopyranoside, D-galactose, D-fructose, L-sorbose, L-rhamnose, dulcitol, inositol, D-mannitol, D-sorbitol, methyl {alpha}-D-mannopyranoside, methyl {alpha}-D-glucopyranoside, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, arbutin, aesculin ferric citrate, salicin, D-cellobiose, D-lactose (bovine origin), D-melibiose, D-sucrose, D-trehalose, inulin, D-melezitose, D-raffinose, xylitol, gentiobiose, D-turanose, D-lyxose, D-tagatose, D-fucose, L-fucose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, potassium gluconate, potassium 2-ketogluconate or potassium 5-ketogluconate in the API 50 CH kit. Other physiological and biochemical characteristics are given in Table 1Go. Fatty acid profile is given in Table 2Go. DNA G+C content is 36 mol%.

The type strain is AT1047T (=IMSNU 14049T=KCTC 12226T=JCM 12382T), isolated from a moss sample of penguin habitats near the King Sejong Station on King George Island, Antarctica.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
We are grateful to Dr J. P. Euzéby for help with nomenclature. This work was supported by the 21C Frontier Microbial Genomics and Applications Center Program (grant MG02-0101-001-2-1-0), the KORDI Project (grant PP04106), KISTEP Project (grants PN50800 and PN50200) and the BK21 Research Fellowship (the Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development), Republic of Korea.


   REFERENCES
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 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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