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1 Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
2 Observatoire Oceanoloquie de Banyuls, Laboratoire Arago, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (Paris VI), Institut National des Sciences de L'Univers, BP 44 – 66651, Banyuls sur Mer, France
Correspondence
S. Shivaji
shivas{at}ccmb.res.in
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7c, iso-C17 : 1 and C18 : 17c and the G+C content of the DNA was 43·6 mol%. All of the above characteristics support the affiliation of strain U1T to the genus Marinomonas. Furthermore, on the basis of phenotypic features, chemotaxonomic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, it appears that strain U1T is distinct from the four Marinomonas species with validly published names. Strain U1T, therefore, represents a novel species, for which the name Marinomonas ushuaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of M. ushuaiensis is U1T (=MTCC 6143T=DSM 15871T=JCM 12170T).
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain U1T is AJ627909.
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) to accommodate Alteromonas communis and Alteromonas vaga, which formed a separate and a distinct rRNA branch when compared with the other species of Alteromonas, namely Alteromonas macleodii, Alteromonas haloplanktis and Alteromonas putrefaciens (van Landschoot & De Ley, 1983). Two of these species, namely A. haloplanktis and A. putrefaciens, were reclassified as Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (Gauthier et al., 1995) and Shewanella putrefaciens (MacDonell & Colwell, 1985), respectively. Species assigned to the genus Marinomonas are rod-shaped, motile, metabolize p-hydroxybenzoate and m-hydroxybenzoate, utilize acetate but not butyrate or valerate and have DNA G+C contents in the range 46–48 mol% (Baumann et al., 1972). To date, four species of Marinomonas have been described: Marinomonas communis, Marinomonas vaga, Marinomonas mediterranea and Marinomonas primoryensis (Baumann et al., 1972; Solano & Sanchez-Amat, 1999; Romanenko et al., 2003). In this report, a bacterial strain, U1T, isolated from sea water collected from a sub-Antarctic region, Ushuaia, has been identified, on the basis of polyphasic taxonomy, as a novel species of the genus Marinomonas; the name Marinomonas ushuaiensis sp. nov. is proposed. Ushuaia is a sub-Antarctic region located at the southernmost tip of Argentina (54° 47' S, 68° 20' W). Strain U1T was isolated from the surrounding sea water using marine agar (2216; Difco). About 50 ml of sea water collected in a sterile container was filtered using a 0·45 µm filter; the filter was then placed directly on marine agar plates and incubated at 2 °C until the appearance of colonies. A total of 17 representative colonies were isolated and purified from sea water of Ushuaia; strain U1T was one of the representative colonies. On marine agar, colonies of U1T are circular (2–3 mm in diameter), convex, cream in colour and are able to grow between 4 and 25 °C, exhibiting optimum growth at 20 °C. No growth is observed above 30 °C. Strain U1T does not grow at pH 5·0 but grows between pH 7·0 and 12·5, showing maximum growth at pH 8·0. Furthermore, it can tolerate up to 6 % (w/v) NaCl but can not grow in the absence of NaCl, indicating that it is halophilic. Cell morphology was observed under a Leitz Diaplan phase-contrast microscope: cells of U1T grown at 22 °C for 48 h are Gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating rods (0·5–0·7 µm wide and 2–3 µm long).
Marine agar was used for growth and maintenance of the strain and for the determination of the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics listed in Table 1, Table 2 and in the species description. For biochemical tests, the culture was grown at 22 °C in marine agar and the tests were performed as described by Baumann et al. (1984), Gauthier & Breittmayer (1992) and Smibert & Krieg (1994). The utilization of various carbon compounds as sole carbon sources was tested in mineral liquid medium containing ammonium chloride (1 g l–1), dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (0·075 g l–1), calcium chloride (1·45 g l–1), sodium chloride (30·0 g l–1), magnesium chloride (6·15 g l–1), potassium chloride (0·75 g l–1) and ferrous sulfate (0·028 g l–1), supplemented with 0·2 % carbon source (Romanenko et al., 2003). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared from cells grown at 22 °C for 48 h, according to the method of Sato & Murata (1988), and analysed as described previously by Reddy et al. (2002). The isolation of DNA and estimation of the G+C content (mol%) of the DNA was determined as described previously (Reddy et al., 2000). DNA–DNA hybridization was performed by using the membrane filter method of Tourova & Antonov (1987), as described by Shivaji et al. (1992). M. primoryensis IAM 15010T and M. communis DSM 5604T were used as controls in studies relating to biochemical tests, identification of fatty acids and DNA–DNA hybridization.
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). In addition, strain U1T possesses iso-C16 : 0 (16·1 %), C16 : 17c (28·4 %), iso-C17 : 1 (5·0 %) and C18 : 17c (36·6 %) as the major fatty acids, like the members of the genus Marinomonas (Table 2). Furthermore, the G+C content of the DNA of U1T is 43·6 mol%, which is in agreement with the characteristically low G+C content of the genus Marinomonas (Baumann et al., 1972). The other morphological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic characteristics are given in Table 1, Table 2 and the detailed species description.
The 16S rRNA gene was amplified from genomic DNA, purified and sequenced as described previously (Shivaji et al., 2000). The partial sequence of the 16S rRNA gene was then aligned with closely related sequences from the EMBL database, using CLUSTAL W (Thompson et al., 1994). The pair-wise evolutionary distances were computed using the DNADIST program with the Kimura two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980). Phylogenetic trees were constructed using four tree-making algorithms (Neighbour-Joining, KITSCH, FITCH and DNAPARS) of the PHYLIP software package (Felsenstein, 1993). The stability among the clades of the phylogenetic tree was assessed by taking 1000 replicates and analysing the dataset using the programs SEQBOOT, DNADIST, NEIGHBOR and CONSENSE of the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993).
Assignment of U1T to the genus Marinomonas is further confirmed by the phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence (1496 nt). Using the neighbour-joining algorithm, it is observed that strain U1T is within the radiation of the cluster comprising the Marinomonas species, and formed a clade with M. communis and M. primoryensis with a bootstrap value of >98 % (Fig. 1). The close relationship between U1T and M. communis and M. primoryensis is also evident from the BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of U1T, which demonstrated 97 and 96 % similarity to M. communis (DSM 5604T) and M. primoryensis (IAM 15010T), respectively. Despite the high level of similarity at the 16S rRNA gene sequence level, U1T, at the DNA–DNA level as determined by DNA–DNA hybridization, shares only 41 and 25 % similarity with M. communis (DSM 5604T) and M. primoryensis (IAM 15010T), respectively. Thus, it appears that U1T, which exhibits <97 % similarity at the 16S rRNA gene level, <70 % similarity at the DNA–DNA level (the threshold value used to discriminate between strains at the species level; Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994) and a number of phenotypic differences with respect to previously described Marinomonas species, should be classified as a novel species of the genus Marinomonas. The name Marinomonas ushuaiensis sp. nov. is proposed for this species.
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Aerobic, Gram-negative, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Colonies on marine agar medium are non-pigmented, cream, circular, raised, smooth and 2–3 mm in diameter. Able to grow between 4 and 25 °C but does not grow above 30 °C, indicating that the species is psychrophilic. Does not grow at pH 5·0 but grows between pH 7·0 and 12·5, with an optimum pH of 8·0, indicating the alkaliphilic nature of the species. The maximum salt tolerance observed for the species is 6 %; it does not grow below 1 % NaCl, indicating that it is also halophilic. Positive for phosphatase, catalase, amylase and starch hydrolysis but negative for gelatin hydrolysis, lipase, urease, oxidase, indole production, nitrate reduction to nitrite, in the Voges–Proskauer test and for citrate utilization. Utilizes benzoate, m-hydroxybenzoate, acetate, D-glucose, galactose, D-melibiose, D-mannose, lactose, maltose and L-leucine as sole carbon sources but does not utilize o-hydroxybenzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate, butyrate, cellobiose, erythritol, sorbose, sorbitol, L-rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, DL-malate, D-mannitol, raffinose, glycerol, D-ribose, succinate, valarate, lactic acid, L-arginine or L-lysine as sole carbon source. Sensitive to the antibiotics amikacin (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), streptomycin (30 µg), erythromycin (30 µg), lincomycin (30 µg), penicillin (30 µg) and nalidixic acid (30 µg), but resistant to vancomycin (30 µg) and ampicillin (10 µg). The G+C content of the DNA is 43·6 mol%. The major fatty acids are iso-C16 : 0 (16·1 %), C16 : 17c (28·4 %), C17 : 1 (5·0 %) and C18 : 17c (36·6 %). The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence is AJ627909.
The type strain is U1T (=MTCC 6143T=DSM 15871T=JCM 12170T). Isolated from coastal sea water collected from Ushuaia (sub-Antarctica).
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REFERENCES |
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Baumann, P., Gauthier, M. J. & Baumann, L. (1984). Genus Alteromonas Baumann, Baumann, Mandel and Allen 1972, 418AL. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, pp. 343–352. Edited by N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Felsenstein, J. (1995). PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package), version 3.5c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Gauthier, M. J. & Breittmayer, V. A. (1992). The genera Alteromonas and Marinomonas. In The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification, Applications, vol. 3, pp. 3046–3070. Edited by A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, H. Harder & K. H. Schleifer. Berlin: Springer.
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Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16, 111–120.[CrossRef][Medline]
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Reddy, G. S. N., Prakash, J. S. S., Matsumoto, G. I., Stackebrandt, E. & Shivaji, S. (2002). Arthrobacter roseus sp. nov., a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from an Antarctic cyanobacterial mat sample. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1017–1021.[Abstract]
Romanenko, L. A., Uchino, M., Mikhailov, V. V., Zhukova, N. V. & Uchimura, T. (2003). Marinomonas primoryensis sp. nov., a novel psychrophile isolated from coastal sea-ice in the Sea of Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 829–832.
Sato, N. S. & Murata, N. (1988). Membrane lipids. Methods Enzymol 167, 251–259.[CrossRef]
Shivaji, S., Ray, M. K., Rao, N. S., Saisree, L., Jagannadham, M. V., Kumar, G. S., Reddy, G. S. N. & Bhargava, P. M. (1992). Sphingobacterium antarcticus sp. nov., a psychrotrophic bacterium from the soils of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42, 102–106.
Shivaji, S., Bhanu, N. V. & Aggarwal, R. K. (2000). Identification of Yersinia pestis as the causative organism of plague in India as determined by 16S rDNA sequencing and RAPD-based genomic fingerprinting. FEMS Microbiol Lett 189, 247–252.[CrossRef][Medline]
Smibert, R. M. & Krieg, N. R. (1994). Phenotypic characterization. In Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology, pp. 607–655. Edited by P. Gerhardt, R. G. E. Murray, W. A. Wood & N. R. Krieg. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Solano, F. & Sanchez-Amat, A. (1999). Studies on the phylogenetic relationships of melanogenic marine bacteria: proposal of Marinomonas mediterranea sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 1241–1246.
Stackebrandt, E. & Goebel, B. M. (1994). Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 846–849.
Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 4673–4680.
Tourova, T. P. & Antonov, A. S. (1987). Identification of microorganisms by rapid DNA-DNA hybridization. Methods Microbiol 19, 333–355.
van Landschoot, A. & De Ley, J. (1983). Intra- and intergeneric similarities of the rRNA cistrons of Alteromonas, Marinomonas (gen. nov.) and some other Gram-negative bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 129, 3057–3074.
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