HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Supplementary material Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X. Agricola Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X.

Mesorhizobium septentrionale sp. nov. and Mesorhizobium temperatum sp. nov., isolated from Astragalus adsurgens growing in the northern regions of China

¹ Key Laboratory of Agro-Microbial Resources and Application, Ministry of Agriculture of China, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
² Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Biocenter 1, PO Box 56, FIN-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland
³ Department of Biology, University of York, PO Box 373, York Y01 5YW, UK
⁴ Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F. 11340, Mexico
⁵ Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Agronomy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China

Correspondence
Wen Xin Chen
wenxin_chen{at}263.net

	ABSTRACT

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Ninety-five rhizobial strains isolated from Astragalus adsurgens growing in the northern regions of China were classified into three main groups, candidate species I, II and III, based on a polyphasic approach. Comparative analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences of representative strains showed that candidate species I and II were Mesorhizobium, while candidate species III, which consisted of non-nodulating strains, was closely related to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The phylogenetic relationships of the three candidate species and some related strains were also confirmed by the sequencing of glnA genes, which were used as an alternative chromosomal marker. The DNA–DNA relatedness was between 11·3 and 47·1 % among representative strains of candidate species I and II and the type strains of defined Mesorhizobium species. Candidate III had DNA relatedness of between 4·3 and 25·2 % with type strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rubi. Two novel species are proposed to accommodate candidate species I and II, Mesorhizobium septentrionale sp. nov. (type strain, SDW014^T=CCBAU 11014^T=HAMBI 2582^T) and Mesorhizobium temperatum sp. nov. (type strain, SDW018^T=CCBAU 11018^T=HAMBI 2583^T), respectively. At least two distinct nodA sequences were identified among the strains. The numerically dominant nodA sequence type was most similar to that from the Mesorhizobium tianshanense type strain and was identified in strains belonging to the two novel species as well as other, as yet, undefined genome types. Host range studies indicate that the different nodA sequences correlate with different host ranges. Further comparative studies with the defined Agrobacterium species are needed to clarify the taxonomic identity of candidate species III.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this work are AF508207, AF508208 and AF508209 for strains SDW014^T, SDW018^T and SDW052, respectively. Those for the partial glnA gene sequences determined in this study are AJ579875–AJ579885.

A phylogenetic tree is available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.

	INTRODUCTION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Plants within the family Leguminosae are agriculturally important and are planted worldwide for many purposes, including food and fodder production, as green manures, as soil coverage to reduce erosion, as herbal medicines and in gardening/landscaping. It has been shown that different plants in the same geographical region can share the same rhizobial group for nodulation; examples are Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al., 1995), Mesorhizobium plurifarium (de Lajudie et al., 1998) and Rhizobium hainanense (Chen et al., 1997). Conversely, the same plant species may associate with different rhizobial species; for example, soybean is nodulated by Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Bradyrhizobium liaoningense (Xu et al., 1995), Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al., 1995), Sinorhizobium fredii and Sinorhizobium xinjiangense (Chen et al., 1988; Peng et al., 2002) in different regions of China. However, the geographical ranges of host plants and microsymbionts are often restricted and rhizobial inocula are necessary in many cases when legumes are introduced into new areas (e.g. Sullivan et al., 1996). Considering the specificity of the symbiosis between rhizobia and their host plants and the adaptation of these bacteria to their environments, characterization of local isolates is important to explore these microbial resources and optimize legume use.

The genus Astragalus, consisting of 1500–2000 species, is one of the largest genera in the family Leguminosae and many species form nitrogen-fixing symbioses in association with root-nodule bacteria (Allen & Allen, 1981). More than 70 species within this genus have been recorded in China and they have many economic uses; for example, in herbal medicine, as resources for honey production, as green manure (Li et al., 2000; Nagasawa et al., 2001; Shon et al., 2002) and for bioremediation (Sriprang et al., 2002). Different rhizobial groups have been identified among the nodule isolates from Astragalus species grown in China and other countries (Guo et al., 1999; Laguerre et al., 1997; Wang & Chen, 1996; Wdowiak & Malek, 2000). This lack of specificity is not universal: Astragalus sinicus, an important green manure in the southern regions of China, has been reported to nodulate almost exclusively with Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al., 1991; Zhang et al., 2000). Among the Astragalus species used in China, Astragalus adsurgens has been planted over a vast area in desert and very dry regions to protect soils from wind erosion. In light of the important role of Astragalus adsurgens in improving the environment in the northern regions of China, we previously isolated rhizobia from nodules of this plant and characterized them using genetic methods, including rep-PCR fingerprinting, AFLP fingerprinting, and 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP (Gao et al., 2001). This earlier work indicates that Astragalus adsurgens is nodulated by diverse rhizobial populations, including three dominant genomic groups (Gao et al., 2001). We have further characterized these strains using phenotypic analysis, DNA–DNA hybridization and sequencing of 16S rRNA, glutamine synthetase (glnA) and the symbiosis-associated nodA gene to explore, and better understand, the diversity and systematic relationships of the rhizobia associated with Astragalus adsurgens. The results indicate that two of the three dominant genomic groups are novel species of Mesorhizobium and the third is a non-symbiotic group related to Agrobacterium species.

	METHODS

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Bacterial strains.
Strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. The 95 rhizobial strains from Astragalus adsurgens were obtained as part of an earlier study (Gao et al., 2001). Some reference strains representing the defined species or unnamed groups in Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Sinorhizobium and Agrobacterium and Escherichia coli K-12 were included in different analyses. All the strains were kept in 20 % (v/v) glycerol at –20 °C and cultured in YMA medium (Vincent, 1970) at 28 °C.

Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA, glnA and nodA genes.
To clarify the phylogenetic relationships, three strains, SDW014^T, SDW018^T and SDW052, representing clusters 2, 11 and 6 (Table 1) identified by numerical taxonomy were used for sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. These three strains and some others were used in the sequence analyses of glnA and nodA genes to further check the phylogenetic relationships and the diversity. The full-length 16S rRNA genes were PCR-amplified and sequenced directly as described by Hurek et al. (1997). Internal gene fragments (495 bp) of glutamine synthetase I (glnA) were amplified and sequenced directly using the PCR primers and methods described by Turner & Young (2000). Internal nodA gene sequences (470–476 bp) were amplified and sequenced directly using the PCR primers and methods of Zhang et al. (2000). The newly acquired sequences were aligned with other rhizobial sequences in the databases for the 16S rRNA, glnA or nodA gene using CLUSTAL_X (Thompson et al., 1997), which was also used to construct and bootstrap (1000 replicates) the corresponding phylogenetic trees. All trees were visualized using TreeView (Page, 1996).

DNA base composition and DNA–DNA hybridization.
Total DNA was extracted from each strain using the method of Marmur (1961). The G+C content of DNA was measured using the thermal denaturation method of Marmur & Doty (1962) and E. coli K-12 as standard. DNA homology was determined using the spectrophotometric method of De Ley et al. (1970).

Symbiotic properties.
Strains SDW014^T and SDW018^T representing candidate species I and II (Table 1), respectively, were used for cross-nodulation tests with 11 leguminous plant species: Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine max, Leucaena leucocephala, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Galega officinalis, Astragalus sinicus, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens and Lotus corniculatus. Seed treatment and inoculation were performed using the standard method of Vincent (1970).

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
A polyphasic approach has been suggested to accurately define taxonomic groups among rhizobia (de Lajudie et al., 1998). Of the available methods, 16S rRNA gene sequencing is the most reliable for genus identification. Species identification is normally based upon both genetic or genomic comparison and phenotypic characterization. Genetic distance of 0·5 in multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (Martínez-Romero et al., 1991; Wang et al., 1999), 70 % DNA–DNA relatedness in DNA hybridization (Graham et al., 1991; Wayne et al., 1987) and 80 % similarity in numerical taxonomy (Chen et al., 1991; Gao et al., 1994) have been used or suggested as reference borders for species differentiation. These values are used in relevant analyses in this work.

Phenotypic characterization and numerical taxonomy
The results of numerical taxonomy are summarized in Fig. 1 and Table 1. Most of the strains tested are grouped into 12 clusters at a similarity level of 83 %. The others are single strains. Among these, the clusters 8, 10 and 12 correspond to Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mesorhizobium huakuii and Sinorhizobium meliloti, respectively. Clusters 7 and 9 are composed of the reference strains from two unnamed rhizobial groups isolated from Astragalus species (Wang & Chen, 1996). Clusters 1 to 6 and 11 consist only of strains from Astragalus adsurgens, of which, clusters 2, 6 and 11 are the largest. The 31 strains in cluster 2 and the 11 strains in cluster 11 form single colonies of less than 1 mm in diameter within 7–10 days and produce acid on YMA medium. Cluster 6 contains 26 strains that form single colonies of 2–3 mm in diameter within 3–5 days and produce acid on YMA medium.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Dendrogram showing the phenotypic similarities among the rhizobial isolates from Astragalus adsurgens in China. Clustering analysis was performed using the UPGMA method (Sneath & Sokal, 1973).

16S rRNA and glnA gene sequencing
Full-length (1500 bp) 16S rRNA genes were sequenced for strains SDW014^T, SDW018^T and SDW052, chosen to represent the three main numerical clusters (2, 11 and 6) (Table 1). The phylogenetic relationships of these sequences (Fig. 2) are in good agreement with those estimated from the 900 bp partial 16S rRNA gene sequences determined previously (Gao et al., 2001), which clearly showed that strains SDW014^T and SDW018^T are related to Mesorhizobium species. Strain SDW014^T shares 99 % sequence identity with Mesorhizobium amorphae, Mesorhizobium huakuii and Mesorhizobium plurifarium, which form a subgroup within the genus Mesorhizobium. Strain SDW018^T is closely related to Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (99 % sequence identity). Strain SDW052 is related to Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rubi, with 99 and 97 % sequence identity, respectively.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Simplified phylogenetic tree (complete tree is available in IJSEM Online) showing the phylogenetic relationships among Mesorhizobium septentrionale, Mesorhizobium temperatum and the Agrobacterium group identified in this work and some related bacteria in the -Proteobacteria. The tree was constructed from full-length sequences of the 16S rRNA genes using the neighbour-joining method in the CLUSTAL_X package (Thompson et al., 1997). Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) greater than 60 % are shown on the appropriate nodes. Bar, 0·01 % nucleotide divergence.

Based upon the numerical taxonomy and the sequencing data of this work and those of rep-PCR fingerprinting, AFLP fingerprinting, 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP from an earlier study (Gao et al., 2001), we defined three candidate species (I, II and III) among the strains from Astragalus adsurgens (Table 1). Twenty-seven of the 31 strains in cluster 2 (Fig. 1) were defined as candidate species I. Twenty-four of the 27 strains in candidate species I were in AFLP group 11 and three strains were in AFLP group 7 but they shared the same rRNA genotype. This indicates that the strains in candidate species I are highly related both in phenotypic and in genotypic characteristics. The rep-PCR results (Gao et al., 2001), which clustered these 27 strains into eight groups, indicate that there is genetic diversity within the candidate species I strains. Four strains in cluster 2, SDW040, SDW046, SDW017 and SDW27, were not included in candidate species I because they had different AFLP patterns and 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genotypes, and did not group with SDW014^T in either partial 16S (Gao et al., 2001) or glnA phylogenies.

Candidate species II consisted of 10 of the 11 isolates within cluster 11 and 2 isolates in cluster 1 (Fig. 1), which have the same rRNA genotype. They belonged to a single rep-PCR group and three AFLP groups (Gao et al., 2001). One strain, SDW074, of cluster 11 was not included in candidate species II because its 16S rRNA and 23S rRNA genotypes (Table 1) are identical to the strains of candidate species I. This strain will require more detailed analysis to determine its true taxonomic position.

Candidate species III is composed of 19 of the 26 isolates in numerical taxonomy cluster 6 (Fig. 1). Seven strains, SDW16, SX251a, NM349, SDW042, SDW056, SDW057 and N211, were not included in candidate species III mainly due to their different rRNA genotypes. All 19 strains in candidate species III belong to rep-PCR group 31 and AFLP groups 14 and 15 (Gao et al., 2001), suggesting that they are highly related both phenotypically and genetically. Comparative analyses of representative 16S rRNA and partial glnA gene sequences indicate that these strains are Agrobacterium spp. most closely related to Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Fig. 2). The failure of these strains to nodulate Astragalus adsurgens indicates either that they have lost their symbiotic genes rapidly during the isolation procedure or that they were never symbiotic (Gao et al., 2001). The identification of non-symbiotic Agrobacterium strains from Astragalus adsurgens nodules showed again that non-symbiotic strains may occupy some nodules. Similar observations have been reported by Tan et al. (1999) and by de Lajudie et al. (1999). Further work is needed to clarify the genetic relationships between the candidate species III strains and pathogenic species within the genus Agrobacterium.

DNA base composition and DNA–DNA hybridization
To date, eight species have been described within genus Mesorhizobium (de Lajudie et al., 1998; Jarvis et al., 1997; Velázquez et al., 2001). All these species share more than 97 % sequence similarity among their 16S rRNA genes (de Lajudie et al., 1998) and their definition relies mainly on the genetic and phenotypic grouping results, including DNA–DNA hybridization. Strains SDW014^T, SDW018^T and SDW052 representing the candidate species I, II and III, respectively, were chosen for determination of DNA base composition and for DNA–DNA hybridization with the type strains of Mesorhizobium and Agrobacterium species. The DNA G+C content of SDW014^T and SDW018^T was 59·4 and 65·1 %, respectively. The results of DNA–DNA hybridization are shown in Table 2. DNA–DNA relatedness values of greater than 80 % are detected among the strains within each of the candidate species I and II. Among SDW014^T, SDW018^T and the type strains of Mesorhizobium species, the DNA–DNA relatedness ranges from 11·3 to 47·1 %. Strain SDW052 has DNA–DNA relatedness of 25·2 and 4·3 % with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rubi, respectively. These values clearly indicate that candidate species I and II are genomic species distinct from each other and from the type strains for defined Mesorhizobium species. The very low DNA–DNA relatedness between SDW014^T and SDW017 and SDW046 supports the exclusion of the latter two and related strains from candidate species I (Table 1).

Symbiotic properties and nodA gene sequencing
Host range is an important feature for the root- and/or stem-nodule bacteria and cross-nodulation with the selected hosts is required for the description of novel rhizobial species (Graham et al., 1991). The cross-nodulation results showed that strain SDW014^T could nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, Leucaena leucocephala, Macroptilium atropurpureum and Lotus corniculatus, but not Pisum sativum, Vigna unguiculata, Galega officinalis, Astragalus sinicus, Medicago sativa or Trifolium repens. Strain SDW018^T could nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Glycine max, Leucaena leucocephala, Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus, but not Pisum sativum, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Galega officinalis, Astragalus sinicus or Trifolium repens. These results indicated that the type strains for the two novel species have different nodulation spectrums. This difference may be explained by the sequencing results of the nodulation genes.

Different rhizobial species have been isolated and subsequently recognized from Astragalus hosts, including Astragalus adsurgens, as mentioned in the Introduction. This conclusion has been substantiated in the present study, since these rhizobia also have diverse phenotypic characteristics by numerical taxonomy. However, diversity of the symbiotic gene, nodA, superficially appears to be markedly less than measures of chromosomal diversity. Most of the nodA sequences identified are most similar to that described for the type strain of Mesorhizobium tianshanense even though the novel isolates belong to different species and even to different genera (Fig. 3); for example, nodA of the proposed type strain of Mesorhizobium temperatum, SDW018^T, differs from that of Mesorhizobium tianshanense at one synonymous site. Similarly, the nodA sequences of SDW037 (Mesorhizobium septentrionale), SDW062 (Mesorhizobium temperatum) and SX211a (unknown Rhizobium sp.) are also closely related to the Mesorhizobium tianshanense sequence (Fig. 3). These results might suggest that Astragalus adsurgens is symbiotically fastidious (has restricted requirements of the Nod factor signals for nodulation) but that the symbiotype (defined by symbiotic gene composition) functions in a range of rhizobial genetic backgrounds. The nodA sequence from SDW014^T is considerably divergent relative to the other nodA sequences obtained from Astragalus adsurgens (Fig. 3) and is unrelated to any other described nodA sequence in the databases. Whilst the host ranges of SDW014^T and SDW018^T differ, nodA is only one component that contributes to the host range limits of each symbiotype. It is therefore necessary to investigate more of the symbiotic genes from Astragalus adsurgens strains to better understand the ecological and evolutionary relationships of these particular rhizobial symbionts. Astragalus adsurgens has been successfully planted in different regions in China as soil cover and foliage. The ability of the dominant symbiotype, associated with Astragalus adsurgens, to function in diverse chromosomal backgrounds and to nodulate a range of legumes may help to explain why the plant has been grown successfully over such a wide area.

View larger version (24K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Simplified neighbour-joining phylogeny estimated from partial nodA gene sequences using the K2P evolutionary model in CLUSTAL_X. Bootstrap values (1000 replicates) greater than 60 % are shown on the appropriate nodes. All sequences, other than those shown in bold, were taken from Zhang et al. (2000).

Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rods. Colonies on YMA medium are circular, convex, translucent and have a diameter of 1 mm within 7–10 days at 28 °C. Generation times are 6–9 h in PY broth (Wang et al., 1999). Can use fructose, glucose, inositol, malate, maltose, D-mannose, melibiose, sodium succinate, D-sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose and turanose as sole carbon sources, and use hypoxanthine, L-isoleucine, L-phenylalanine and D-threonine as sole nitrogen sources. All strains have been deposited in the Culture Collection of China Agricultural University (CCBAU), China and in the Culture Collection of Helsinki University (HAMBI), Finland.

The type strain is SDW014^T (=CCBAU 11014^T=HAMBI 2582^T); it has the characteristics described for the species. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the type strain is 59·4 %.

Description of Mesorhizobium temperatum sp. nov.
Mesorhizobium temperatum (tem.pe.ra'tum. L. neut. adj. temperatum temperate, implying that the strains were isolated from temperate zones).

Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming rods. Colonies on YMA medium are circular, convex, translucent and have a diameter of 1 mm within 7–10 days at 28 °C. The generation times are 5–9 h in PY broth (Wang et al., 1999). Cannot use fructose, glucose, inositol, malate, maltose, D-mannose, melibiose, sodium succinate, D-sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose or turanose as sole carbon sources, but can use hypoxanthine and D-threonine as sole nitrogen sources. All the strains have been deposited in the Culture Collection of China Agricultural University (CCBAU), China and in the Culture Collection of Helsinki University (HAMBI), Finland.

The type strain is SDW018^T (=CCBAU 11018^T=HAMBI 2583^T); it has the characteristics described for the species. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of the type strain is 65·1 %.

	ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 
This work was supported financially by EU-INCO contract no. IC18-CT96-0103 and by the Natural Science Foundation of China project no. 2001CB108905. We are grateful to H. G. Trüper for suggesting the names of the two novel species and to Mr Q. Chen for his technical support.

	REFERENCES

TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION REFERENCES

 
Allen, O. N. & Allen, E. K. (1981). The Leguminoseae: a Source Book of Characteristics, Uses, and Nodulation. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Chen, W. X., Yan, G. H. & Li, J. L. (1988). Numerical taxonomic study of fast-growing soybean rhizobia and a proposal that Rhizobium fredii be assigned to Sinorhizobium gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 38, 392–397.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Chen, W. X., Li, G. S., Qi, Y. L., Wang, E. T., Yuan, H. L. & Li, J. L. (1991). Rhizobium huakuii sp. nov. isolated from the root nodules of Astragalus sinicus. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41, 275–280.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Chen, W. X., Wang, E. T., Wang, S. Y., Li, Y. B., Chen, X. Q. & Li, Y. (1995). Characteristics of Rhizobium tianshanense sp. nov., a moderately and slowly growing root nodule bacterium isolated from an arid saline environment in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 153–159.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Chen, W.-X., Tan, Z.-Y., Gao, J.-L., Li, Y. & Wang, E.-T. (1997). Rhizobium hainanense sp. nov., isolated from tropical legumes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 870–873.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

de Lajudie, P., Willems, A., Nick, G. & 9 other authors (1998). Characterization of tropical tree rhizobia and description of Mesorhizobium plurifarium sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 369–382.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

de Lajudie, P., Willems, A., Nick, G. & 8 other authors (1999). Agrobacterium bv. 1 strains isolated from tropical legumes. Syst Appl Microbiol 22, 119–132.

De Ley, J., Cattoir, H. & Reynaerts, A. (1970). Quantitative measurement of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates. Eur J Biochem 12, 133–142.[Medline]

Gao, J. L., Sun, J. G., Li, Y., Wang, E. T. & Chen, W. X. (1994). Numerical taxonomy and DNA relatedness of tropical rhizobia isolated from Hainan Province, China. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 151–158.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Gao, J. L., Terefework, Z. D., Chen, W. X. & Lindström, K. (2001). Genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from Astragalus adsurgens growing in different geographical regions of China. J Biotechnol 91, 155–168.[CrossRef][Medline]

Gaunt, M. W., Turner, S. L., Rigottier-Gois, L., Lloyd-Macgilp, S. A. & Young, J. P. W. (2001). Phylogenies of atpD and recA support the small subunit rRNA-based classification of rhizobia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 2037–2048.[Abstract]

Graham, P. H., Sadowsky, M. J., Keyser, H. H. & 8 other authors (1991). Proposed minimal standards for the description of new genera and species of root- and stem-nodulating bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41, 582–587.

Guo, X. W., Zhang, X. X., Zhang, Z. M. & Li, F. D. (1999). Characterization of Astragalus sinicus rhizobia by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of chromosomal and nodulation genes regions. Curr Microbiol 39, 358–364.[CrossRef][Medline]

Hurek, T., Wagner, B. & Reinhold-Hurek, B. (1997). Identification of N₂-fixing plant- and fungus-associated Azoarcus species by PCR-based genomic fingerprints. Appl Environ Microbiol 63, 4331–4339.[Abstract]

Jarvis, B. D. W., van Berkum, P., Chen, W. X., Nour, S. M., Fernandez, M. P., Cleyet-Marel, J. C. & Gillis, M. (1997). Transfer of Rhizobium loti, Rhizobium huakuii, Rhizobium ciceri, Rhizobium mediterraneum, and Rhizobium tianshanense to Mesorhizobium gen. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 895–898.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Laguerre, G., van Berkum, P., Amarger, N. & Prevost, D. (1997). Genetic diversity of rhizobial symbionts isolated from legume species within genera Astragalus, Oxytropis, and Onobrychis. Appl Environ Microbiol 63, 4748–4758.[Abstract]

Li, J., Yu, L., Li, N. & Wang, H. (2000). Astragalus mongholicus and Angelica sinensis compound alleviates nephritic hyperlipidemia in rats. Chin Med J 113, 310–314.[Medline]

Marmur, J. (1961). A procedure for the isolation of DNA from microorganisms. J Mol Biol 3, 208–218.

Marmur, J. & Doty, P. (1962). Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation temperature. J Mol Biol 5, 109–118.[Medline]

Martínez-Romero, E., Segovia, L., Mercante, F. M., Franco, A. A., Graham, P. & Pardo, M. A. (1991). Rhizobium tropici, a novel species nodulating Phaseolus vulgaris L. beans and Leucaena sp. trees. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41, 417–426.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Nagasawa, H., Watanabe, K., Yoshida, M. & Inatomi, H. (2001). Effects of gold banded lily (Lilium auratum Lindl) or Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L) on spontaneous mammary tumourigensis in SHN mice. Anticancer Res 21, 2323–2328.[Medline]

Page, R. D. (1996). TreeView: an application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers. Comput Appl Biosci 12, 357–358.[Free Full Text]

Peng, G. X., Tan, Z. Y., Wang, E. T., Reinhold-Hurek, B., Chen, W. F. & Chen, W. X. (2002). Identification of isolates from soybean nodules in Xinjiang Region as Sinorhizobium xinjiangense and genetic differentiation of S. xinjiangense from Sinorhizobium fredii. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 457–462.[Abstract]

Shon, Y. H., Kim, J. H. & Nam, K. S. (2002). Effects of Astragali radix extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in human amnion. Biol Pharm Bull 25, 77–80.[CrossRef][Medline]

Sneath, P. H. A. & Sokal, R. R. (1973). Numerical Taxonomy. The Principles and Practices of Numerical Classification. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

Sriprang, R., Hayashi, M., Yamashita, M., Ono, H., Saeki, K. & Murooka, Y. (2002). A novel bioremediation system for heavy metals using the symbiosis between leguminous plant and genetically engineered rhizobia. J Biotechnol 99, 279–293.[CrossRef][Medline]

Sullivan, J. T., Eardly, B. D., van Berkum, P. & Ronson, C. W. (1996). Four unnamed species of nonsymbiotic rhizobia isolated from the rhizosphere of Lotus corniculatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 62, 2818–2825.[Abstract]

Tan, Z. Y., Wang, E. T., Peng, G. X., Zhu, M. E., Martínez-Romero, E. & Chen, W. X. (1999). Characterization of bacteria isolated from wild legumes in the north-western regions of China. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 1457–1469.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Thompson, J. D., Gibson, T. J., Plewniak, F., Jeanmougin, F. & Higgins, D. G. (1997). The CLUSTAL_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 4876–4882.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Turner, S. L. & Young, J. P. W. (2000). The glutamine synthetases of rhizobia: phylogenetics and evolutionary implications. Mol Biol Evol 17, 309–319.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Velázquez, E., Igual, J. M., Willems, A. & 9 other authors (2001). Mesorhizobium chacoense sp. nov., a novel species that nodulates Prosopis alba in the Chaco Arido region (Argentina). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 1011–1021.[Abstract]

Vincent, J. M. (1970). A Manual for the Practical Study of Root Nodule Bacteria. IBP Handbook no.15. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.

Wang, S. Y. & Chen, W. X. (1996). Numerical taxonomy and DNA relatedness of rhizobia isolated from Astragalus spp. In Diversity and Taxonomy of Rhizobia, pp. 79–84. Edited by F. D. Li et al. Beijing: China Agricultural Scientech Press.

Wang, E. T., van Berkum, P., Sui, X. H., Beyene, D., Chen, W. X. & Martínez-Romero, E. (1999). Diversity of rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 51–65.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R. & 9 other authors (1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.[Free Full Text]

Wdowiak, S. & Malek, W. (2000). Numerical analysis of Astragalus cicer microsymbionts. Curr Microbiol 41, 142–148.[CrossRef][Medline]

Xu, L. M., Ge, C., Cui, Z., Li, J. & Fan, H. (1995). Bradyrhizobium liaoningense sp. nov., isolated from the root nodules of soybeans. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45, 706–711.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zhang, X. X., Turner, S. L., Gao, X. W., Yang, H. J., Debelle, F., Yang, G. P., Denarie, J., Young, J. P. W. & Li, F. D. (2000). The common nodulation genes of Astragalus sinicus rhizobia are conserved despite chromosomal diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 2988–2995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. Vidal, C. Chantreuil, O. Berge, L. Maure, J. Escarre, G. Bena, B. Brunel, and J.-C. Cleyet-Marel Mesorhizobium metallidurans sp. nov., a metal-resistant symbiont of Anthyllis vulneraria growing on metallicolous soil in Languedoc, France Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2009; 59(4): 850 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. X. Han, L. L. Han, L. J. Wu, W. F. Chen, X. H. Sui, J. G. Gu, E. T. Wang, and W. X. Chen Mesorhizobium gobiense sp. nov. and Mesorhizobium tarimense sp. nov., isolated from wild legumes growing in desert soils of Xinjiang, China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2008; 58(11): 2610 - 2618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. H. Guan, W. F. Chen, E. T. Wang, Y. L. Lu, X. R. Yan, X. X. Zhang, and W. X. Chen Mesorhizobium caraganae sp. nov., a novel rhizobial species nodulated with Caragana spp. in China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2008; 58(11): 2646 - 2653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Y. Hwang and B. C. Cho Cohaesibacter gelatinilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium that forms a distinct branch in the order Rhizobiales, and proposal of Cohaesibacteraceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2008; 58(1): 267 - 277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Q. Wang, E. T. Wang, J. Liu, Q. Chen, X. H. Sui, W. F. Chen, and W. X. Chen Mesorhizobium albiziae sp. nov., a novel bacterium that nodulates Albizia kalkora in a subtropical region of China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2007; 57(6): 1192 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. G. Nandasena, G. W. O'Hara, R. P. Tiwari, A. Willlems, and J. G. Howieson Mesorhizobium ciceri biovar biserrulae, a novel biovar nodulating the pasture legume Biserrula pelecinus L. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2007; 57(5): 1041 - 1045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Supplementary material Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via CrossRef Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X. Agricola Articles by Gao, J.-L. Articles by Chen, W. X.