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Microbial Exopolysaccharide Research Group, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cartuja Campus, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
Correspondence
Emilia Quesada
equesada{at}ugr.es
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ABSTRACT |
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-Proteobacteria and form an independent genetic line. Phenotypically, they share the characteristics of Halomonas and differ from the most closely related species, Halomonas campisalis, in the following features: they are strictly aerobic and, because of their production of exopolysaccharides, form cream-coloured, mucoid colonies; they produce phosphatase and grow within narrow pH and temperature ranges; and they are susceptible to kanamycin and streptomycin. Their G+C content varies between 60·0 and 61·4 mol%. The name Halomonas anticariensis sp. nov. is proposed for these isolates. Strain FP35T (=LMG 22089T=CECT 5854T) is the type strain. The bacterium grows best in 7·5 % (w/v) NaCl and does not require magnesium or potassium salts for growth, although they do stimulate growth somewhat when present. Its major fatty acids are 18 : 1
7c, 16 : 0, 16 : 17c, 15 : 0 iso 2-OH, 12 : 0 3-OH, 12 : 0, 10 : 0 and 19 : 0 cyclo 8c. Its predominant respiratory lipoquinone is ubiquinone with nine isoprene units (Q-9).
Published online ahead of print on 9 February 2004 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.63108-0.
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rDNA sequences of strains FP35T, FP34 and FP36 are AY489405, AY489406 and AY489407, respectively.
Supplementary tables giving phenotypic characteristics and figures showing a dendrogram, a phylogenetic tree including Halomonas species and other Gram-negative halophilic species, and a transmission electron micrograph of strain FP35T are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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MAIN TEXT |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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; Heyrman et al., 2002; Kaye et al., 2004; Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004a; Mata et al., 2002; Reddy et al., 2003; Romanenko et al., 2002; Ventosa et al., 1998; Vreeland et al., 1980). Within this genus we have described three species that produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with potential applications in biotechnology: Halomonas eurihalina (Quesada et al., 1990), Halomonas maura (Bouchotroch et al., 2001) and Halomonas ventosae (Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004a). The taxonomic relationship between EPS-producing bacterial strains gathered from 18 hypersaline habitats has recently been investigated (Martínez-Cánovas et al., 2004b; Quesada et al., 2004). Our results show that besides the three species cited above, there exist in hypersaline habitats other EPS-producing bacterial strains that cannot be assigned to any of the currently recognized halophilic species. The aim of this communication is to describe a novel species of the genus Halomonas, with the proposed name of Halomonas anticariensis sp. nov.
The bacterial strains in question, FP34, FP35T and FP36, were isolated from samples of soil taken from the temporally emerged banks of the Laguna Redonda in the Fuente de Piedra saline-wetland wildfowl reserve in the area of Antequera in the province of Málaga, southern Spain. All three strains were initially identified as Halomonas species by Martínez-Cánovas et al. (2004b). They were maintained and routinely grown in MH medium (Quesada et al., 1983) at 32 °C.
The procedures followed for phenotypic characterization have been described by Mata et al. (2002). Characteristics common to all three strains are given in the species description. Phenotypic features differentiating between the three strains are given in Table A, available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online. We compared the novel strains with 22 species of Halomonas and six other related taxa of Gram-negative halophilic bacteria by numerical analysis based on data derived from 122 phenotypic characteristics carried out as described by Martínez-Cánovas et al. (2004b). Computer analysis was made with the program TAXAN (Information Resources Group, Maryland Biotechnology Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, USA). A dendrogram based on the simple matching coefficient and UPGMA method (Fig. A, available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online) shows that, at 88 % similarity, the three strains group into one phenon, which shares less than 80 % similarity with the rest of the species of the genus Halomonas. Table B (available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online) shows the main phenotypic differences between the three strains assigned to Halomonas anticariensis and other related species of the genus.
The G+C DNA content of strains FP36 and FP34 was estimated from the midpoint value (Tm) of the thermal denaturation profile, as described by Martínez-Cánovas et al. (2004b) for strain FP35T. The values were 60·0 mol% for strain FP36 and 60·2 mol% for strain FP34.
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were made as described by Bouchotroch et al. (2001). The almost complete 16S rDNA sequences of the three strains were determined (FP34, 1447 bp; FP35T, 1464 bp; and FP36, 1428 bp). The fragment analysed contained the 15 signature nucleotides defined for Halomonadaceae (Dobson & Franzmann, 1996). Phylogenetic trees constructed using the neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony algorithms are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online (Figs B1 and B2). The three sequences share a high degree of similarity and are on the same separate phylogenetic branch. The taxa included in the tree in Fig. 1(a) and (b) represent only the nearest neighbours.
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), although it also contains relatively high proportions of C10 and C12 fatty acids.
Salt requirements and growth rate under optimum conditions were determined for strain FP35T in MY medium at 32 °C according to the methods described by Bouchotroch et al. (2001). Strain FP35T grew between 0·5 and 15 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum growth at 7·5 % (w/v) NaCl (growth rate of 0·22 h–1). The bacterium did not require additional magnesium or potassium salts for growth, although it did grow faster in their presence [7·5 % (w/v) NaCl plus 0·1 % (w/v) K+ plus 0·34 % (w/v) Mg2+], reaching a growth rate of 0·30 h–1.
The cell size and morphology of strain FP35T, as well as its EPS, are shown in Fig. C, available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online. The transmission electron micrograph was made as described by Bouchotroch et al. (2001).
On the basis of the data discussed and the full description provided below, we propose that a novel species of the genus Halomonas, named Halomonas anticariensis sp. nov., should be admitted to include the EPS-producing strains FP34, FP35T and FP36.
Description of Halomonas anticariensis sp. nov.
Halomonas anticariensis (an.ti.ca.ri.en'sis. N.L. fem. adj. anticariensis, pertaining to Antequera, originally the Roman city of Anticaria, in the province of Málaga, southern Spain, where the strains were isolated).
Straight, Gram-negative rods, 3·00–3·50x0·75–1·00 µm, appearing either singly or in pairs. Cells are encapsulated and motile by peritrichous flagella. Accumulates poly-
-hydroxyalkanoates and does not form endospores. Colonies are circular, convex, cream-coloured and mucoid. Their growth pattern is uniform in a liquid medium. Moderately halophilic and capable of growth in 0·5–15·0 % (w/v) NaCl; optimum growth observed at 7·5 % (w/v) NaCl. Grows at 20–45 °C and pH 6–9. Chemo-organotrophic. Metabolism is respiratory with oxygen as terminal electron acceptor. Does not grow anaerobically in the presence of nitrate, nitrite or fumarate. Catalase and oxidase are produced. Does not produce acids from sugars. Indole, methyl red and Voges–Proskauer are negative. Reduces selenite and nitrate, but not nitrite. Does not hydrolyse starch, casein, gelatin, Tween 80, aesculin or lecithin. Produces phosphatase, but not phenylalanine deaminase. Gluconate is oxidized. Does not produce H2S from L-cysteine, grow on cetrimide agar or haemolyse blood. Acetate, L-arabinose, citrate, fumarate, DL-glycerol, D-gluconate, D-glucose, myo-inositol, D-mannitol, D-mannose and D-trehalose are acceptable as sole carbon and energy sources, whereas D-cellobiose, formate, lactate, lactose, malonate, propionate and salicin are unacceptable. L-Alanine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine and L-serine are used as sole sources of carbon, nitrogen and energy, whereas L-cysteine and L-methionine are not. Susceptible to amoxycillin (25 µg), ampicillin (10 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), cefoxitin (30 µg), chloramphenicol, (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), nitrofurantoin (300 µg), polymyxin B (300 IU), rifampicin (30 µg), sulfamide (250 µg), streptomycin (10 µg), tobramycin (10 µg) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (1·25–23·75 µg).
The type strain is FP35T (=LMG 22089T=CECT 5854T). The description of the type strain is the same as that of the species, with the following additional features. Does not grow at pH 10 or on MacConkey agar. Hydrolyses DNA, urea and Tween 20, but not tyrosine. Adonitol, aesculin and D-fructose are acceptable as sole carbon and energy sources. Does not grow on ethanol, D-galactose, L-lysine, maltose, starch, D-sorbitol or succinate. Resistant to erythromycin (15 µg). Principal fatty acids are (%): 18 : 17c (47·59); 16 : 0 (25·49); 16 : 17c/15 : 0 iso 2-OH (12·48); 12 : 0 3-OH (5·24); 12 : 0 (3·36); 10 : 0 (2·72); and 19 : 0 cyclo 8c (1·07). The predominant respiratory lipoquinone is ubiquinone with nine isoprene units (Q-9). DNA G+C content is 61·4 mol% (Tm method).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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Dobson, S. J. & Franzmann, P. D. (1996). Unification of the genera Deleya (Bauman et al. 1993), Halomonas (Vreeland et al. 1980), and Halovibrio (Fendrich 1988) and the species Paracoccus halodenitrificans (Robinson and Gibbons 1952) into a single genus, Halomonas, and placement of the genus Zymobacter in the family Halomonadaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 550–558.
Heyrman, J., Balcaen, A., De Vos, P. & Swings, J. (2002). Halomonas muralis sp. nov., isolated from microbial biofilms colonizing the walls and murals of the Saint-Catherine chapel (Castle Herberstein, Austria). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 2049–2054.[Abstract]
Kaye, J. Z., Márquez, C., Ventosa, A. & Baross, J. A. (2004). Halomonas neptunia sp. nov., Halomonas sulfidaeris sp. nov., Halomonas axialensis sp. nov., and Halomonas hydrothermalis sp. nov.: halophilic bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal-vent environments. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 499–511.
Martínez-Cánovas, M. J., Quesada, E., Llamas, I. & Béjar, V. (2004a). Halomonas ventosae sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, denitrifying, exopolysaccharide-producing bacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54, 733–737.
Martínez-Cánovas, M. J., Quesada, E., Martínez-Checa, F. & Béjar, V. (2004b). A taxonomic study to establish the relationship between exopolysaccharide-producing bacterial strains living in diverse hypersaline habitats. Curr Microbiol 48, 348–353.[CrossRef][Medline]
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Quesada, E., Ventosa, A., Rodríguez-Valera, F., Megías, L. & Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1983). Numerical taxonomy of moderately halophilic Gram-negative bacteria from hypersaline soils. J Gen Microbiol 129, 2649–2657.
Quesada, E., Valderrama, M. J., Béjar, V., Ventosa, A., Gutiérrez, M. C., Ruíz-Berraquero, F. & Ramos-Cormenzana, A. (1990). Volcaniella eurihalina gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic nonmotile Gram-negative rod. Int J Syst Bacteriol 40, 261–267.
Quesada, E., Béjar, V., Del Moral, A. & 8 other authors (2004). Moderately halophilic, exopolysaccharide-producing bacteria. In Halophilic Microorganisms, pp. 297–314. Edited by A. Ventosa. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
Reddy, G. S. N., Raghavan, P. U. M., Sarita, N. B., Prakash, J. S. S., Nagesh, N., Delille, D. & Shivaji, S. (2003). Halomonas glaciei sp. nov. isolated from fast ice of Adelie Land, Antarctica. Extremophiles 7, 55–61.[Medline]
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Ventosa, A., Nieto, J. J. & Oren, A. (1998). Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62, 504–544.
Vreeland, R. H., Litchfield, C. D., Martin, E. L. & Elliot, E. (1980). Halomonas elongata, a new genus and species of extremely salt-tolerant bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30, 485–495.
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