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1 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
2 Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, China
Correspondence
Erko Stackebrandt
erko{at}dsmz.de
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ABSTRACT |
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, DSM 10177T, does not cluster unambiguously with the type species, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans DSM 43879T, in phylogenetic analysis. Strain DSM 10177T is moderately related to the recently described species Xylanimonas cellulosilytica, Promicromonospora pachnodae and Xylanibacterium ulmi, forming a lineage that branches between C. cellulans and members of the genus Promicromonospora in most dendrograms generated on the basis of different algorithms and reference strains. The type strains of the two Cellulosimicrobium species resemble each other in morphology, composition of fatty acids, DNA G+C content, phospholipids and the presence of lysine in position 3 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan. However, the two strains differ from each other in cell-wall sugars and in the amino acid composition of the A4
-type peptidoglycan, which contains serine and aspartic acid in C. cellulans, whereas only aspartic acid is present in the interpeptide bridge of C. variabile. This type is also present in Xylanimonas cellulosilytica XIL07T, but not in the neighbouring species P. pachnodae DSM 12657T, which exhibits the L-lys–L-ser–D-Glu type. On the basis of distinct phylogenetic position and the amino acid composition of peptidoglycan, a novel genus and combination for C. variabile, Isoptericola variabilis gen. nov., comb. nov., is proposed. |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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) is a member of the suborder Micrococcineae, order Actinomycetales, class Actinobacteria (Stackebrandt et al., 1997) and is related to the recently described genus Xylanimonas (Rivas et al., 2003), the species Promicromonospora pachnodae (Cazemier et al., 2003) and, more distantly, to the genera Cellulomonas, Terrabacter, Rarobacter and relatives (Schumann et al., 2001; Stackebrandt et al., 2002). The genus Cellulosimicrobium contains two species at the time of writing, Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (Schumann et al., 2001) and Cellulosimicrobium variabile (Bakalidou et al., 2002). In contrast to their generic affiliation (96·6 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), the two species did not group together in 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (GenBank accession numbers are indicated in Fig. 1), as already shown in the original description of C. variabile DSM 10177T (Bakalidou et al., 2002). This strain, together with P. pachnodae (Cazemier et al., 2003), Xylanimonas cellulosilytica (Rivas et al., 2003) and Xylanibacterium ulmi (Rivas et al., 2004), which share 97·0–97·3 % gene sequence similarity, branch within the Promicromonospora subline of descent (Fig. 1). These latter values are only slightly higher than those shared between C. cellulans and the type strains of the four authentic Promicromonospora species (95·2–95·6 %), demonstrating the intermediate position of C. variabile, P. pachnodae, Xylanibacterium ulmi and Xylanimonas cellulosilytica between C. cellulans (94·9–96·6 %) and authentic Promicromonospora species (95·3–96·5 %). By applying different treeing algorithms [such as neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1993) and the additive treeing algorithm of DeSoete (1983)] to sequences of these organisms and relatives, the branching of C. variabile DSM 10177T and Xylanimonas cellulosilytica with members of the genus Promicromonospora was confirmed in most cases. Small changes in branching points of less closely related organisms were observed when the number and selection of reference organisms were changed (data not shown).
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(L-lysine as the diamino acid and aspartic acid in the interpeptide bridge) and galactose and glucose in the cell wall. The description of the peptide structure of C. variabile needs discussion. The murein, as published, contained L-lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine in the molar ratio 1 : 0·9 : 2 : 2, which brings the position of the second molecule of glutamic acid into question (one molecule is known to be at position 2 of the peptide subunit). When analysed in our laboratory, the hydrolysate (120 °C, 6 M HCl, 16 h) of the purified murein revealed that the ratio of L-lysine : aspartic acid : glutamic acid : alanine was 1 : 0·9 : 1 : 2 (Groth et al., 1999). Analysis of partial hydrolysis fragments (Schleifer & Kandler, 1972) indicated the presence of the peptide L-Lys–Asp. Thus, the A4 type is of the variation A11.31 (DSMZ, 2001).
The topologies of 16S rDNA dendrograms recovered by different phylogenetic methods suggest that C. variabile is not an authentic member of the genus Cellulosimicrobium. However, as already discussed in the paper that excluded C. cellulans from the genus Cellulomonas (Schumann et al., 2001), branching points should not be used as the sole criterion for reclassification purposes, inasmuch as the positions of C. cellulans and C. variabile are not supported by bootstrap values of high significance (Fig. 1
). The rationale for the reclassification of C. variabile as the nucleus of a novel genus adjacent to the genera Xylanimonas and Promicromonospora is also based on the presence of the peptidoglycan type L-Lys–Asp, which is found in Xylanimonas cellulosilytica, but not in strains of C. cellulans (L-Lys–Ser–Asp, type A4, variation A11.36) or members of the genus Promicromonospora (L-Lys–Ala, type A3, variation A11.4; see footnote to Table 1). Also, although C. variabile and C. cellulans both possess galactose, rhamnose and glucose in their whole-cell hydrolysates, C. cellulans also possesses fucose and mannose. Another distinguishing feature is the composition of predominant fatty acid methyl esters: C. variabile contains C14 : 0 and ai-C17 : 0, which are absent in C. cellulans. Polar lipids, determined according to the method of Minnikin et al. (1979) and Collins & Jones (1980), are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. This composition differs only quantitatively from that found in C. cellulans. However, differences in fatty acid and polar lipid compositions and whole-cell sugars should not be overvalued and these properties are mainly used for the differentiation of species, not of genera.
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), a (hemi)-cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacterium that was isolated from the hindgut of larvae of the herbivorous beetle Pachnoda marginata. Chemotaxonomic data and thorough phenotypic analysis of the latter prokaryotic organism are lacking. Based on the evidence indicated in Table 1, we propose to reclassify C. variabile as the type species of a novel genus, for which the name Isoptericola variabilis Bakalidou et al. 2002 gen. nov., comb. nov. is proposed. The name has been chosen to depict that C. variabile was isolated from the hindgut of the Australian termite Mastotermes darwiniensis (Froggatt).
Description of Isoptericola gen. nov.
Isoptericola (I.sop.te.ri'co.la. N.L. n. Isoptera order of termites; L. masc. suffix -cola inhabitant; N.L. masc. n. Isoptericola inhabitant of termites).
The following description is based on the description of the species Cellulosimicrobium variabile DSM 10177T (Bakalidou et al., 2002) and our own data (peptidoglycan).
Cells are rod-shaped, V-shaped or coccoid and non-motile. Primary mycelium is formed. Gram-positive. Murein contains the amino acids lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine in a molar ratio of 1 : 0·9 : 1 : 2 and belongs to the peptidoglycan type A4, variation A11.31. N-Glycolylmuramic acid, mycolic acids and hydroxy fatty acids are absent. Whole-cell sugars are galactose, rhamnose and glucose (ratio 4 : 2 : 1). Main menaquinone is MK9(H4). Major fatty acids are ai-C15 : 0 (53·6 %), i-C15 : 0 (17 %), C16 : 0 (7·2 %), i-C16 : 0 (6·0 %), ai-C17 : 0 (7·0 %) and C14 : 0 (6·6 %). i-C14 : 0 (1·5 %), i-C17 : 0 (0·6 %) and C15 : 0 (0·5 %) occur in smaller amounts. Phospholipids are phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and two unknown phospholipids. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic; facultatively anaerobic; acid is produced from some carbohydrates. DNA G+C content is 70–72 mol% (nuclease P1 digest, HPLC). Phylogenetically related to Xylanimonas cellulosilytica, Xylanibacterium ulmi and Promicromonospora pachnodae. The type species is Isoptericola variabilis Bakalidou et al. 2002.
Description of Isoptericola variabilis Bakalidou et al. 2002 corrig., comb. nov.
Isoptericola variabilis (va.ri.a'bi.lis. L. masc. adj. variabilis variable, as cells can be rods or cocci).
The description is the same as that given by Bakalidou et al. (2002) with the modification of the amino acid composition of the murein, as given in the genus description.
The type strain is MX5T (=DSM 10177T=ATCC BAA-303T).
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