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1 BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
2 DANONE Vitapole, Vitavaleur, Palaiseau, France
3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Correspondence
M. Vancanneyt
marc.vancanneyt{at}ugent.be
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rDNA sequences of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens LMG 19149T and R-14703 and Lactobacillus kefirgranum LMG 15132T and R-12929 are AJ575259, AJ575260, AJ575261 and AJ575262, respectively.
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; Toba, 1987; Halle, 1992; Halle et al., 1994). Four novel Lactobacillus species were identified in the kefir microflora: Lactobacillus kefiri (Kandler & Kunath, 1983), Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens (Fujisawa et al., 1988) and, more recently, Lactobacillus parakefiri and Lactobacillus kefirgranum (Takizawa et al., 1994). L. kefiranofaciens and L. kefirgranum are both homofermentative lactobacilli that seem to be major microbial constituents of kefir grains. L. kefiranofaciens strains form very viscous colonies and are responsible for the formation of kefiran, one of the major polysaccharides that forms kefir grains (Mukai et al., 1990; Yokoi et al., 1991).
In the process of a biodiversity study of several kefir grains and kefir fermented milks, a large number of bacterial strains were isolated on MLR medium (milk-based agar) after anaerobic incubation at 30 °C. MLR medium was prepared by mixing 1 vol. 3 % agar solution in water (autoclaved for 15 min at 120 °C and cooled to 60 °C) with 1 vol. UHT (ultra high temperature-treated) milk that contained 10 g filter-sterilized yeast extract l-1 and 10 g filter-sterilized glucose l-1 and was acidified to pH 5·4 with acetic acid. All strains were cultivated and maintained on MLR medium unless indicated otherwise. Bacteriological purity was checked by plating and examining living and Gram-stained cells. Fourteen isolates were selected for further research. Sources of the new isolates studied and the type strains of L. kefirgranum and L. kefiranofaciens are given in Table 1.
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).
Carbohydrate fermentation tests were carried out by using API 50CH galleries, following the instructions of the manufacturer (bioMérieux). Strains were cultivated for 4 days at 25 °C under anaerobic conditions in MRSfpH5·4 [MRS medium (Difco), acidified to pH 5·4 with acetic acid and sterilized by filtration through 0·22 µm filters]. The same grouping of the 14 isolates was found as was obtained on the basis of morphological criteria (see above). Strains that were assigned morphologically to L. kefirgranum tested positive for hydrolysis of aesculin and acid production from salicin and trehalose, whereas all strains with the L. kefiranofaciens morphotype tested negative for these features. High overall correspondence was obtained with the original species descriptions (Takizawa et al., 1994, 1998; Fujisawa et al., 1988). In these studies, acid production from salicin and trehalose was positive for most strains of L. kefirgranum and negative for all L. kefiranofaciens strains. Fermentation patterns of other carbohydrates did not provide additional distinguishing features between the taxa (see descriptions below).
All strains studied were investigated further by using PAGE of whole-cell proteins. Cultures were pre-cultivated for 24 h on MLR medium and were then transferred to MRSfpH5·4 for 24 h. Whole-cell protein extracts were prepared and SDS-PAGE was performed as described by Pot et al. (1994). Densitometric analysis, normalization and interpolation of the protein profiles and numerical analysis were performed by using the Gelcompar software package, versions 3.1 and 4.0, respectively (Applied Maths). Duplicate protein extracts were prepared, in order to check reproducibility of the growth conditions and preparation of the extracts. The correlation level for duplicate protein patterns was r>0·94. Whole-cell protein profiles of newly isolated strains were compared with patterns of the type strains of L. kefiranofaciens and L. kefirgranum (Fig. 1). All strains that were assigned phenotypically to L. kefiranofaciens showed a very similar profile to that of the type strain, whereas strains with the L. kefirgranum phenotype could be differentiated visually from each other by a varying position of a dominant protein band with a molecular mass of 38–60 kDa (Fig. 1). The latter dense band largely influenced the numerical analysis; both taxa clustered separately and PAGE could be used as a tool for differentiation only after omitting this variable region from the cluster analysis. Strain-specific variable dense bands in L. kefirgranum may indicate the presence of a surface (S)-layer on the outside of the bacteria, as was demonstrated previously for other species of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group (Boot et al., 1996).
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. 16S rDNA was amplified by using oligonucleotide primers that were complementary to highly conserved regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. The forward primer was 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' (which hybridizes at positions 8–27, according to the Escherichia coli numbering system) and the reverse primer was 5'-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3' (positions 1541–1522). PCR products were purified by using a QIAquick PCR Purification kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Purified PCR products were sequenced by using an ABI Prism BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction kit and an Applied Biosystems 377 DNA sequencer, using the protocols of the manufacturer (Applied Biosystems). The eight sequencing primers used were listed by Coenye et al. (1999). Sequence assembly was performed by using the program AutoAssembler (Applied Biosystems). Determined 16S rRNA gene sequences (a continuous stretch of 1516 bp for all four strains tested) and sequences of strains that were retrieved from GenBank/EMBL were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbour-joining method, using the Bionumerics 3.50 software package (Applied Maths). Unknown bases were discarded from the analysis. Bootstrapping analysis was undertaken to test the statistical reliability of the topology of the neighbour-joining tree by using 500 bootstrap resamplings of the data (Fig. 2). Comparison of the four complete sequences revealed 100 % similarity among all strains. Further comparison with sequences from GenBank/EMBL classified the strains in the L. acidophilus group (Schleifer & Ludwig, 1995), with Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus hamsteri, Lactobacillus amylovorus, Lactobacillus amylolyticus, Lactobacillus intestinalis and L. acidophilus as nearest neighbours (95·6–97·7 % similarity).
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with the following modifications: cell pellets (LMG 19149T and R-14703 received an additional washing step with 0·1 M NaOH) were washed with RS buffer (0·15 M NaCl, 10 mM EDTA, pH 8·0) and resuspended in a buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl, 300 mM EDTA, pH 8·0) that contained RNase (200 µg ml-1; Sigma), mutanolysin (200 U ml-1; Sigma) and lysozyme (25 mg ml-1; Serva) and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C. At 15 min before the addition of GES reagent, proteinase K (200 µg ml-1; Merck) was added to the mixture. DNA was dissolved in 0·1x SSC (0·15 M NaCl, 0·015 M citric acid, 0·4 M NaOH, pH 7·0) to obtain a concentration of 0·3–0·8 mg ml-1. For determination of the DNA G+C content, DNA was degraded enzymically into nucleosides and separated by HPLC, as described by Mesbah et al. (1989). The measured DNA G+C contents for L. kefirgranum LMG 15132T and R-12929 were 38·2 and 38·1 mol%, respectively, which conforms to the range of 34·3–38·6 mol% reported for the species (the lowest aberrant value was found for only one strain; Takizawa et al., 1994). For L. kefiranofaciens LMG 19149T and R-14703, the measured DNA G+C contents were 37·6 and 37·3 mol%, respectively; these values are somewhat higher than the reported values of 34·3–35·4 mol% (Fujisawa et al., 1988) and 36·0–36·8 mol% (Takizawa et al., 1994, 1998). This variation may be explained by the different procedures that were used for analysis: HPLC (present study) versus the thermal melting-point (Tm) method (Marmur & Doty, 1962), which was used for data in the literature.
DNA–DNA hybridizations were performed between L. kefirgranum LMG 15132T and R-12929 and L. kefiranofaciens LMG 19149T and R-14703 (DNA was prepared as above). The microplate method was used, as described by Ezaki et al. (1989) and Goris et al. (1998), using an HTS7000 Bio Assay reader (Perkin Elmer) for fluorescence measurements. Biotinylated DNA was hybridized with unlabelled ssDNA, which was bound non-covalently to microplate wells. Hybridizations were performed at 36·1 °C in a hybridization mixture that contained 2x SSC, 5x Denhardt's solution, 2·5 % dextran sulphate, 50 % formamide, 100 µg denaturated salmon sperm DNA ml-1 and 1250 ng biotinylated probe DNA ml-1. DNA relatedness values are mean percentages, based on at least two independent hybridization experiments. Reciprocal reactions were performed and variation was within the limit of this method (Goris et al., 1998). Hybridization values between two representative strains of L. kefirgranum, LMG 15132T and R-12929, yielded a binding value of 86 %. Two L. kefiranofaciens strains, LMG 19149T and R-14703, were also closely related, with a DNA binding value of 96 %. When determining DNA relatedness among strains of both species, high binding values (79–91 %) were obtained, indicating clearly that both taxa belong to the same genospecies. The latter results contradict those given by Takizawa et al. (1994), who reported a low homology of 30 % between the type strains of both taxa. Unfortunately, these authors performed only a single hybridization experiment between one strain of each species. In a later study by the same authors on the biodiversity of kefir grains (Takizawa et al., 1998), the same DNA–DNA binding value of 30 % is given between the type strain of L. kefiranofaciens and ‘isolate no. 41’, which belonged to L. kefirgranum. We observed, however, that the DNA homology data given in the latter paper are a duplication of results given in the earlier paper (Takizawa et al., 1994) and do not provide additional confirmation of low homology between L. kefiranofaciens and L. kefirgranum. Comparison of data from Takizawa et al. (1998) with their earlier paper (Takizawa et al., 1994) is confusing, as the same data were reported without making reference to the original strain designations and without indication of the type strain of L. kefirgranum.
Morphological and phenotypic data from the present study confirm that we are working with the authentic type strains and well-characterized isolates of both L. kefiranofaciens and L. kefirgranum. Phylogenetic and genotypic data on the type and other representative strains indicate clearly that both taxa belong to the same genospecies and are synonyms. According to nomenclatural rules, the name of the earlier synonym, i.e. L. kefiranofaciens, is retained, whereas the name of the later synonym, i.e. L. kefirgranum, becomes its heterotypic synonym. Due to the very different morphological features of both taxa, linked with their suggested specific roles in kefir grain formation and the availability of a number of differentiating phenotypic features, we propose that L. kefirgranum should be reclassified as a subspecies of L. kefiranofaciens. Below, we give an emended description of L. kefiranofaciens and propose a description of two novel subspecies, L. kefiranofaciens subsp. kefiranofaciens subsp. nov. and L. kefiranofaciens subsp. kefirgranum subsp. nov., based on data from the literature (Fujisawa et al., 1988; Takizawa et al., 1994, 1998) and from the present study.
Emended description of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens Fujisawa et al. 1988
Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens (ke.fi.ra.no.fa'ci.ens. N.L. n. kefiran a polysaccharide of kefir grain, kefiran; L. v. facio produce; N.L. part. adj. kefiranofaciens kefiran-producing).
Gram-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming rods that are generally 0·5–1·2x3·0–20 µm in size and occur singly, in pairs or occasionally in short chains. Colony morphology is subspecies-dependent (see below). There is weak or no growth at 15 °C and no growth at 45 °C. Facultatively anaerobic and produces DL-lactic acid homofermentatively. Catalase is not produced. Hydrolysis of aesculin is variable. Gas is not produced from glucose or gluconate. Arginine is not deaminated. Milk is curdled. Acid is produced from galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose and lactose, but not from adonitol, D-arabinose, L-arabinose, D-arabitol, L-arabitol, dulcitol, erythritol, D-fucose, L-fucose, gluconate, 2-ketogluconate, 5-ketogluconate, methyl 
-D-glucoside, glycerol, glycogen, inositol, D-lyxose, mannitol, D-mannose, methyl -D-mannoside, melezitose, rhamnose, ribose, sorbitol, L-sorbose, starch, D-tagatose, xylitol, D-xylose, L-xylose or methyl 
-xyloside. Acid production from amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, -gentiobiose, N-acetylglucosamine, inulin, maltose, melibiose, D-raffinose, salicin, sucrose, trehalose and D-turanose is strain-dependent. DNA G+C content is 37·3–38·2 mol% (HPLC) or 34·3–38·6 mol% (Tm).
The type strain is LMG 19149T (=JCM 6985T=ATCC 43761T). The habitat of the species is kefir grains.
Description of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens subsp. kefiranofaciens subsp. nov.
The description is as that for the species, with the following additional characteristics. Cells are capsulated. On modified KPL agar (pH 5·5) at 30 °C after 10 days, colonies are circular or irregular, 0·5–3·0 mm in diameter, convex, transparent to translucent, white, smooth to rough and ropy. On MLR medium under anaerobic conditions after 7–14 days incubation at 25 or 30 °C, colonies are transparent, glossy, convex and extremely slimy. Large amounts of polysaccharides are produced. No growth occurs at 15 °C. Hydrolysis of aesculin is negative. Acid is produced from sucrose, but not from amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, -gentiobiose, inulin, salicin, trehalose or D-turanose. Acid production from N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, melibiose and D-raffinose is strain-dependent.
The type strain is LMG 19149T (=JCM 6985T=ATCC 43761T).
Description of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens subsp. kefirgranum subsp. nov.
Lactobacillus kefirgranum (ke.fir.gra'num. Turkish n. kefir Caucasian sour milk; L. n. granum grain; N.L. adj. kefirgranum kefir grain).
The description is as for the species, with the following additional characteristics. On R-CW agar (Kojima et al., 1993) at 30 °C for 5 days, colonies are 0·5–3·0 mm in diameter, circular to irregular, convex, opaque, white and smooth to rough. On MLR medium under anaerobic conditions after 7–14 days incubation at 25 or 30 °C, colonies are white, dry, compact, dull and bulging. Flocculus or powdery sediment is formed in broth. Weak growth occurs at 15 °C. Hydrolysis of aesculin is positive. Acid is produced from maltose and melibiose and, for nearly all strains, also from D-raffinose, salicin, sucrose and trehalose. Acid production from amygdalin, arbutin, cellobiose, -gentiobiose, N-acetylglucosamine, inulin and D-turanose is strain-dependent.
The type strain is LMG 15132T (=JCM 8572T).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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Coenye, T., Falsen, E., Vancanneyt, M., Hoste, B., Govan, J. R. W., Kersters, K. & Vandamme, P. (1999). Classification of Alcaligenes faecalis-like isolates from the environment and human clinical samples as Ralstonia gilardii sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 405–413.
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