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1 School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
2 Vakgroep BFM WE10V, Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
Correspondence
Niall A. Logan
N.A.Logan{at}gcal.ac.uk
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ABSTRACT |
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Details of the fatty acid methyl ester compositions of B. shackletonii strains are available as supplementary data in IJSEM Online.
Present address: Government Dairy Research Station, Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090 Melle, Belgium. 
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reported the isolation of aerobic, endospore-forming bacteria from six soil samples collected during the 1996–1997 austral summer from different parts of northern Candlemas Island in the South Sandwich archipelago (see figures and plates in Tomblin, 1979; Fig. 1 in Logan et al., 2000). The northern part of Candlemas Island is actively volcanic and comprises a roughly circular mass of five main lava flows surrounding Lucifer Hill, which is a complex of scoria cones with active fumaroles. The east flow is one of the oldest and bears an ash mantle, while the youngest, north, lava field is very recent (Tomblin, 1979). Samples of mossy soil, whose temperatures ranged from 85 °C at the summit of the hill to 0 °C at its base, were collected by British Antarctic Survey personnel for the purpose of investigating the aerobic, endospore-forming bacterial flora. It was found that two strains (LMG 18422T and LMG 18435T) represented unidentifiable species of Bacillus, while other samples yielded unidentified members of Paenibacillus. Further isolations from the soil sample that yielded LMG 18422T led to the proposal of the novel species Bacillus luciferensis (Logan et al., 2002). The present note describes the isolation and characterization of LMG 18435T and five other isolates found in a sample of unheated soil taken from the east lava flow, and proposes the novel species Bacillus shackletonii sp. nov.
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. Strain LMG 18435T (=B1724T) and the further strains R-11667, R-11668, R-14112, R-14113 and R-14114 (=B1725, B1726, B1843, B1844 and B1845, respectively) were isolated from a sample of unheated mossy soil collected at the north-western margin of the east lava flow near the foot of Lucifer Hill (temperature range 0–15 °C; altitude 30 m; site 6 in Logan et al., 2000); this flow forms a plain, known as Breakbones Plateau, that is covered by a mantle of stratified ash (Holdgate & Baker, 1979; Tomblin, 1979). Strains were phenotypically characterized as described by Logan & Berkeley (1984) and Logan et al. (2000); anaerobic growth was tested using a GasPak jar (Becton Dickinson) with a methylene blue indicator strip, and an aerobic control culture. All six strains were subjected to GC analysis of methylated fatty acids, SDS-PAGE analysis, amplified rDNA restriction analysis and DNA base composition analysis; strain LMG 18435T was also subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing, as described by Logan et al. (2000, 2002). The G+C content of the DNA was determined by HPLC (Mesbah et al., 1989) using further specifications given by Logan et al. (2000). Antibiotic sensitivities were measured using Mastrings (MAST Laboratories) on Iso-Sensitest agar (Oxoid).
All of the strains were found to be Gram-negative, aerobic, motile rods that formed ellipsoidal spores lying subterminally, and sometimes paracentrally, in sporangia that were usually slightly swollen (Fig. 1
). The strains gave similar patterns of results in the phenotypic analyses, although many reactions were weak, and they clustered together at 95 % similarity in a UPGMA cluster analysis (not shown) based upon these characteristics; this cluster merged with strains of Bacillus firmus at only 85 % similarity and with strains of B. luciferensis, Bacillus oleronius and Bacillus sporothermodurans at 82·5 % similarity, indicating that the novel strains form a group that is phenotypically distinct. The characteristics that differentiate this group of strains from phenotypically similar species are shown in Table 1. Although the six strains were isolated from the same sample of soil, they showed sufficient phenotypic variation to suggest that they are not merely repeated isolations of the same strain. Comparison of the amplified rDNA restriction analysis pattern of strain LMG 18435T with a database of over 1000 authentic strains of species of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria did not yield a clear-cut identification; the highest similarities were only 84 % to the type strain of Bacillus smithii and 82 % to the type strain of B. sporothermodurans. The six strains subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis showed at least 86 % similarity, reflecting limited intraspecies variation (Fig. 2), which, given the high similarity between these strains in terms of the other phenotypic characteristics, remains consistent with the view that these strains belong to the same species (strain R-11668 is not included in Fig. 2 as it gave a weak pattern). The six strains also showed very similar profiles for major cellular fatty acids; these were dominated by anteiso C15 : 0, iso C15 : 0, iso C16 : 0 and anteiso C17 : 0 components, which respectively represented about 35, 31, 6 and 18 % of total fatty acids (details available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online). In 16S rDNA sequence comparisons with entries in the EMBL database, the closest matches achieved for LMG 18435T were with B. oleronius (96·6 % similarity) and B. sporothermodurans (97·2 % similarity) (Fig. 3). Our failure to identify the Candlemas Island strains by means of the genotypic and phenotypic methods tried, and the strong phenotypic similarities among the strains, support the proposal of a novel species, Bacillus shackletonii sp. nov., with LMG 18435T as the type strain.
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Isolated from unheated volcanic soil taken from the east lava flow of Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago. Cells are motile, round-ended rods (0·7–0·9x2·5–4·5 µm) occurring singly. Gram-variable; Gram-positive reactions are only seen in cultures at 18 h or at temperatures below 30 °C. Endospores are ellipsoidal, lie subterminally and occasionally paracentrally, and usually cause the sporangia to swell (Fig. 1). After 2 days on trypticase soy agar, colonies are 2–5 mm in diameter, have a granular appearance and butyrous texture, have opaque, cream-coloured centres and have translucent, irregular margins. The minimum temperature for growth lies between 15 and 20 °C, the optimum temperature for growth is 35–40 °C and the maximum growth temperature is 50–55 °C. The minimum pH for growth lies between 4·5 and 5·0, the optimum pH for growth is 7·0 and the maximum pH for growth lies between 8·5 and 9·0. Organisms are strictly aerobic and catalase-positive. They do not grow readily on casein agar but, when they do grow on it, they may hydrolyse the casein. Starch is not hydrolysed. In the API 20E strip (bioMérieux) incubated at 30 °C, ONPG is hydrolysed slowly; reactions for arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, citrate utilization, hydrogen sulphide production, urease, tryptophan deaminase, indole production, the Voges–Proskauer reaction, gelatin hydrolysis and nitrate reduction are negative (in the API 20E strip incubated at 40 °C, citrate may be utilized slowly, gelatin may be hydrolysed slowly and the Voges–Proskauer reaction may be positive). In the API 50 CH gallery (bioMérieux), hydrolysis of aesculin is positive. Acid without gas is produced from the following carbohydrates in the API 50 CH gallery using the CHB suspension medium (bioMérieux): amygdalin, cellobiose, D-glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and salicin; weak acid reactions were detected for arbutin, D-fructose, galactose, 
-gentiobiose, lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, ribose, D-tagatose and D-trehalose. Acid is not produced from the following carbohydrates: adonitol, D- and L-arabinose, D- and L-arabitol, dulcitol, erythritol, D- and L-fucose, gluconate, glycerol, glycogen, meso-inositol, inulin, 2-keto-D-gluconate, 5-keto-D-gluconate, D-lyxose, D-melezitose, melibiose, methyl 
-D-glucoside, methyl -D-mannoside, methyl xyloside, D-raffinose, rhamnose, sorbitol, L-sorbose, starch, sucrose, D-turanose, xylitol and D- and L-xylose. Cells are sensitive to filter-paper disks containing the following antibiotics: ampicillin (25 µg), chloramphenicol (50 µg), colistin sulphate (100 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), nitrofurantoin (50 µg), streptomycin (25 µg) and tetracycline (100 µg). The major cellular fatty acids are anteiso C15 : 0, iso C15 : 0, iso C16 : 0 and anteiso C17 : 0 (respectively representing about 35, 31, 6 and 18 % of total fatty acids). The following fatty acids were present in smaller amounts (between about 1 and 3 %): C14 : 0, iso C14 : 0, iso C16 : 1
11c, summed feature 4 (C17 : 1 iso I and/or C17 : 1 anteiso B) and iso C17 : 110c. Details of the fatty acid methyl ester composition are available as supplementary data in IJSEM Online. The G+C content of the DNA varies between 35·4 mol% (type strain) and 36·8 mol%.
The type strain is LMG 18435T (=CIP 107762T=Logan collection number B1724T=isolate SSI024T).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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Logan, N. A. & Berkeley, R. C. W. (1984). Identification of Bacillus strains using the API system. J Gen Microbiol 130, 1871–1882.[Medline]
Logan, N. A., Lebbe, L., Hoste, B., Goris, J., Forsyth, G., Heyndrickx, M. & De Vos, P. (2000). Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria from geothermal environments in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, and Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago, with the proposal of Bacillus fumarioli sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1741–1753.[Abstract]
Logan, N. A., Lebbe, L., Verhelst, A., Goris, J., Forsyth, G., Rodriguez-Diaz, M., Heyndrickx, M. & De Vos, P. (2002). Bacillus luciferensis sp. nov., from volcanic soil on Candlemas Island, South Sandwich archipelago. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1985–1989.[Abstract]
Mesbah, M., Premachandran, U. & Whitman, W. B. (1989). Precise measurement of the G+C content of deoxyribonucleic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39, 159–167.
Tomblin, J. F. (1979). The South Sandwich Islands: II. The geology of Candlemas Island. Br Antarct Surv Sci Rep 92, 1–33.
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