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1 Research School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
2 School of Biology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
Correspondence
Michael Goodfellow
m.goodfellow{at}ncl.ac.uk
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of Williamsia maris SJS0289/JS1T is AB010909.
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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and belongs to the mycolic-acid-containing group of actinomycetes, that is to the suborder Corynebacterineae Stackebrandt et al. 1997. This taxon also contains the genera Corynebacterium, Dietzia, Gordonia, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Skermania and Tsukamurella together with the genus Turicella which lacks mycolic acids (Goodfellow et al., 1998, 1999). Members of these taxa form a distinct phyletic line in the 16S rRNA gene tree and can be distinguished from one another using a combination of phenotypic markers (Goodfellow et al., 1999). The genus Williamsia is currently based on a single species, Williamsia muralis, which contains an organism that was isolated from indoor building material of a children's day care centre in Finland (Kämpfer et al., 1999).
Members of the suborder Corynebacterineae are usually associated with terrestrial habitats, notably soil (Orchard et al., 1977; Wang et al., 1999), though corynebacteria, dietziae, gordoniae, mycobacteria and rhodococci have been recovered from various depths in the Pacific Ocean (Colquhoun et al., 1998a). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of representative isolates from marine habitats indicates the occurrence of novel taxa. It is important to establish the species richness of such strains in the marine ecosystem in order to establish the functional roles of specific taxa and to choose high-quality biological material for biotechnological purposes (Colquhoun et al., 1998b; Brandão et al., 2001).
The present study was designed to establish the taxonomic status of an actinomycete, strain SJS0289/JS1T, which was isolated from the Sea of Japan and considered to be closely related to the genus Gordonia (Colquhoun et al., 1998a). The organism was the subject of a polyphasic study and found to form a distinct phyletic line that is most closely related to W. muralis. It is proposed that the organism be recognized as a new species designated Williamsia maris.
Sediment was collected by the unmanned submersible Dolphin 3K from the Sea of Japan at a depth of 289 m in August 1991 (JAMSTEC dive 3K# 121). The sediment sample was stored at -180 °C until transfer to the UK for subsequent analysis. Strain SJS0289/JS1T was isolated from a suspension of the sediment sample on M3 agar (Rowbotham & Cross, 1977) supplemented with cycloheximide and nystatin (each at 100 µg ml-1). Typical orange–pink colonies resembling gordoniae were seen after incubation for 10 days at 30 °C under atmospheric pressure. Strain SJS0289/JS1T was tested for purity then maintained on glucose/yeast extract agar (GYEA) plates (Gordon & Mihm, 1962) at room temperature and as glycerol suspensions (20 %, v/v) at -20 °C.
Biomass for the chemotaxonomic and molecular systematic studies was prepared by growing the strain in GYE broth in shake flasks for 10 days at 28 °C. The biomass for the chemotaxonomic studies was washed in distilled water and freeze-dried; that for the molecular systematics investigations was washed in NaCl/EDTA buffer (0·1 M EDTA pH 8·0, 0·1 M NaCl) and stored at -20 °C until needed. Standard HPLC and TLC procedures were used to determine the diagnostic isomers of diaminopimelic acid (A2pm; Staneck & Roberts, 1974), major whole-organism sugars (Schaal, 1985), predominant isoprenologues (Collins, 1994) and muramic acid type (Uchida et al., 1999). The test strain and the type strain of W. muralis were examined for their ability to grow on a range of carbohydrates as sole sources of carbon for energy and growth using Stevenson's basal medium (Stevenson, 1967). The colonial, micromorphological and staining properties of the test strain were determined using standard procedures, as described by Isik et al. (1999).
Isolation of chromosomal DNA, PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the purified products of strain SJS0289/JS1T were carried out as described previously (Brandão et al., 2001). The resultant 16S rRNA gene sequence (i.e. 1478 nt) was aligned manually with corresponding sequences of representatives of the genera classified in the suborder Corynebacterineae retrieved from the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases using the PHYDIT program (Chun, 1995). Evolutionary trees were inferred using the least-squares (Fitch & Margoliash, 1967), maximum-likelihood (Felsenstein, 1981), maximum-parsimony (Kluge & Farris, 1969) and neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) treeing algorithms from the PHYLIP suite of programs (Felsenstein, 1993). Evolutionary distance matrices for the least-squares and neighbour-joining methods were generated after Jukes & Cantor (1969). The topologies of the resultant trees were evaluated by bootstrap analyses (Felsenstein, 1985) of the neighbour-joining datasets on 1000 resamplings using the SEQBOOT and CONSENSE options from the PHYLIP package. DNA–DNA relatedness studies were performed between strain SJS0289/JS1T and W. muralis DSM 44343T by the identification service at the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), as described by Kim et al. (1999).
Strain SJS0289/JS1T showed a range of properties that was consistent with its classification in the genus Williamsia (Kämpfer et al., 1999). The organism is an aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid–alcohol-fast, non-motile actinomycete which forms short rods and coccoid-like elements, and small, round, convex, orange colonies on GYEA after 5 days at 28 °C. It contains meso-A2pm and arabinose, galactose, mannose and ribose as major sugars [wall chemotype IV sensu Lechevalier & Lechevalier (1970)], N-glycolated muramic acid residues, dihydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units as the predominant isoprenologue, major amounts of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol as major polar lipids (phospholipid type II; Lechevalier et al., 1977), and mycolic acids which co-migrate with those from W. muralis DSM 44343T. Comparison of the almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence of the test strain with those of corresponding sequences of representatives of the suborder Corynebacterineae confirmed that it belongs to the genus Williamsia (data not shown).
Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain SJS0289/JS1T for the presence of signature nucleotides revealed that it contained all those expected for the suborder Corynebacterineae Stackebrandt et al. 1997. Furthermore, in our alignment, both W. muralis and strain SJS0289/JS1T contained five of the 11 signature nucleotides defined for the family Gordoniaceae [W. muralis was previously reported to contain only one (Kämpfer et al., 1999)]. The isolation of a second Williamsia species allows signature nucleotides to be highlighted: the pattern of 16S rRNA gene signatures for the genus Williamsia consists of nucleotides at positions 293-304 (G-C), 307 (C), 602-636 (U-G), 603-635 (C-G), 612-628 (U-A), 1124-1149 (G-C) and 1445-1457 (C-G). As the genus contains only two species, each based on a single strain, the pattern of signature nucleotides may need to be updated as new species are added.
It is evident from Fig. 1 that strain SJS0289/JS1T is most closely related to the type strain of W. muralis. This association is supported by the results obtained using all four treeing algorithms and by the very high bootstrap value. The two organisms shared a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 96·6 %, a value that corresponds to 45 nt differences out of 1458 locations available for alignment. The two organisms shared a DNA–DNA homology of 23·7 %, a value well below the 70 % cut-off point recommended for the assignment of strains to the same genomic species (Wayne et al., 1987). It is clear from Table 1 that the two strains can be separated on the basis of their ability to grow on a range of sole carbon compounds.
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Description of Williamsia maris sp. nov.
Williamsia maris (mar'is. L. gen. n. maris of the sea).
Aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid–alcohol-fast, non-motile actinomycete which forms short rods and coccoid-like elements and produces round, convex, orange colonies on glucose/yeast extract agar after 5 days incubation at 28 °C; the colonies assume a pinkish hue after 5–10 days incubation. Grows well on modified Bennett's and tryptic soy agars. Growth occurs between 10 and 37 °C, with an optimum around 28 °C. Uses glycogen, glycerol, meso-inositol, (-)-L-rhamnose, (-)-L-sorbose and (+)-D-xylose as sole sources of carbon for energy and growth but not (+)-D-arabitol, (-)-L-arabitol, dextran, dextrin, dulcitol, (+)-D-galactose, inulin, 
-lactose, (+)-D-melezitose, -D-methyl glucopyranoside, (+)-D-raffinose, (-)-D-ribose, (-)-D-salicin, xylan or xylitol. Additional sole carbon source properties are shown in Table 1
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The type and only strain of the species is SJS0289/JS1T (=DSM 44693T=JCM 12070T=KCTC 9945T=NCIMB 13945T). Isolated from sediment collected from the Sea of Japan at a depth of 289 m.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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