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ek2
í Do
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vec1ek1
1 Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Tvrdého 14, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic
2 Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotláská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
3 BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
Correspondence
Ivo Sedláek
ivo{at}sci.muni.cz
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ABSTRACT |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of M. hajekii CCM 4809T, M. brunensis CCM 4811T and M. lamae CCM 4815T are respectively AY119685–AY119687.
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MAIN TEXT |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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, 1998; Murray, 1992; Stackebrandt et al., 1995). Staphylococcal and macrococcal strains are common on the skin of animals and may be differentiated from other Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci by the G+C content of their DNA, their susceptibility to furazolidone (100 µg) (Baker, 1984; Kloos et al., 1998) and resistance to bacitracin (0·04 U) (Falk & Guering, 1983; Kloos et al., 1998). The genus Macrococcus was described by Kloos et al. (1998) with the reclassification of Staphylococcus caseolyticus Schleifer et al. 1982 as Macrococcus caseolyticus and the description of three novel species, Macrococcus carouselicus, Macrococcus equipercicus and Macrococcus bovicus. All these species originate from animal sources (ponies, horses, cows and a food-processing factory) (Kloos et al., 1998). Macrococci are similar to oxidase-positive, novobiocin-resistant staphylococci (Staphylococcus sciuri complex) but differ in their somewhat higher G+C content, larger cells and the inability to produce acid from D-cellobiose (Kloos et al., 1976, 1997, 1998; Webster et al., 1994). Identification of macrococci at the species level on the basis of phenotypic tests alone is unreliable, and molecular and chemotaxonomic methods must be applied. In the present study, eight atypical Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci were isolated from the surface microflora of llamas. Phenotypic tests and selected molecular biological methods were used for their exact taxonomic characterization. All the results obtained indicated that these strains represent three hitherto undescribed macrococcal species, for which we propose the names Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov., Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov. and Macrococcus lamae sp. nov.
Bacterial strains
M. caseolyticus CCM 3540T, M. bovicus CCM 4655T and CCM 4656, M. carouselicus CCM 4650T, CCM 4651 and CCM 4652, M. equipercicus CCM 4653T and CCM 4654, Staphylococcus vitulinus CCM 4511T, Staphylococcus lentus CCM 3472T, S. sciuri subsp. sciuri CCM 3473T, S. sciuri subsp. rodentium CCM 4657T and CCM 4658 and S. sciuri subsp. carnaticus CCM 4835T were used as reference strains. The strains isolated from llamas have been deposited in the Czech Collection of Microorganisms as M. brunensis CCM 4808, CCM 4810, CCM 4811T (=LMG 21712T) and CCM 4813, M. lamae CCM 4812, CCM 4814 and CCM 4815T (=LMG 21713T) and M. hajekii CCM 4809T (=LMG 21711T).
Strain isolation and cultivation
All the strains were isolated from the skin of llamas in Brno Zoo. Samples were collected using sterile swabs from non-hairy parts of the llama's bodies (nostrils, groin and abdomen, around the jaws and under the tail) and cultivated at 36 °C (body temperature of Lama glama L.) on nutrient agar (Oxoid) in the presence or absence of blood for 24–48 h.
Biotyping
Gram-stained cell morphology and cell arrangement were determined on P agar (Kloos et al., 1992) after 24 h; colony morphology and pigment production were determined on P agar after 48–72 h. Cell size was assessed after 24 h on nutrient agar (Oxoid). Haemolysis was tested on tryptic soy agar (Difco) with 5 % sheep blood. Growth was observed on nutrient agar (Oxoid) at different salt concentrations (4, 7·5, 10 and 12 % NaCl) at 36 °C and at different temperatures (4, 15, 36 and 42 °C). Anaerobic growth was observed in thioglycolate semi-solid medium (Oxoid). Hydrolysis of Tween 80, gelatin (Páová & Kocur, 1984), starch (Barrow & Feltham, 1993) and casein (Kurup & Babcock, 1979) and production of DNase (Oxoid), lecithinase (Owens, 1974) and catalase (Hanker & Rabin, 1975) was tested. Acid production from glycerol, D-salicin, D-sorbitol, D-galactose and melezitose (Anonymous, 1965) was studied by conventional methods. Oxidase (OXI test, Pliva-Lachema), pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (Pliva-Lachema) and coagulase (Itest-Plus) activity and the presence of clumping factor (Pastorex Staph Plus) were determined by commercial tests. Further biochemical properties were tested using API STAPH, ID 32 Staph and API ZYM kits (bioMérieux) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disc-diffusion (Woods & Washington, 1995), involving incubation of cultures on Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid) plates at 36 °C for 24 h with a standard set of antibiotic discs for staphylococci (Sanofi Diagnostic Pasteur, Pliva-Lachema, Itest-Plus). The following antibiotics discs were used: furazolidone (100 µg), bacitracin Taxo A (0·04 U), clindamycin (5 IU), novobiocin (1·6 µg), novobiocin (5 µg), oxacillin (1 µg), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1·25/23·75 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), cephalothin (30 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20/10 µg), vancomycin (30 µg) and piperacillin/tazobactam (100/10 µg).
All strains were Gram-positive, catalase- and oxidase-positive cocci. Cells were arranged singly, in pairs and tetrads or in irregular clusters. Colonies grown at 36 °C were 2–5 mm in diameter after 24 h. Strains of M. brunensis sp. nov. and M. hajekii sp. nov. were non-pigmented; strains of M. lamae sp. nov. produced an orange pigment. None of the strains grew in the anaerobic portion of a thioglycolate semi-solid medium. The strains were non-haemolytic on sheep blood (5 %) agar. Phenotypic properties to distinguish the newly isolated taxa and to differentiate them from previously described macrococci and phenotypically closely related staphylococci are summarized in Table 1. All three novel species of macrococci from llamas are clearly separated from other previously described macrococci by their phosphatase production, absence of acid production from glycerol and inability to grow in 7·5 % NaCl. Strains of the three novel species can be distinguished from each other by a combination of the following tests: acid production from sucrose, esterase-lipase production, growth in 4 % NaCl and susceptibility to 5 µg novobiocin (Table 1). All the strains isolated are susceptible to furazolidone and resistant to bacitracin. They were also susceptible to clindamycin, oxacillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam.
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vec et al. (2001a). Both strands of the amplified DNA were sequenced by dideoxynucleotide chain termination sequencing with primers U24 and L20 followed by primer walking with forward primers P1 (5'-TTCGGATCGTAAAACTCTGTTG-3') and P2 (5'-GATGGTACCAAGGGCAACGAAAC-3') and reverse primers P3 (5'-TCTCAGGTCGGCTACGCATCGTC-3') and P4 (5'-AATGATGGCAACTAAGGATAAGG-3'). Primer synthesis and DNA sequencing were performed according to t
pán et al. (2001).
Calculations and data analyses were performed with PHYLIP version 3.6 (Felsenstein, 2001). For estimation of phylogenetic relationships among the species under study, a program was used that implements the maximum-likelihood method for DNA sequences implementing the Hidden Markov Model method of inferring different rates of evolution of different sites (Felsenstein & Churchill, 1996).
The 16S rDNA sequences of type strains from each proposed macrococcal species were determined and compared with 16S rDNA sequences of other species of macrococci, oxidase-positive species of staphylococci and selected oxidase-negative staphylococci (Fig. 1). The phylogenetic positions on the tree confirm that the type strains of M. brunensis sp. nov., M. hajekii sp. nov. and M. lamae sp. nov. are members of the genus Macrococcus. Levels of 16S rDNA sequence similarity among the newly described species are in the range found in known macrococcal species, 98–99 %, except for M. caseolyticus, which shows lower similarity of only 97 %. Most differences in the 16S rDNA sequence (predominate transitions) were found in the region 61–228. The sequences of M. brunensis CCM 4811T and M. bovicus CCM 4655T are characterized by two 1 nt deletions at positions 72 and 84, where A and/or T are present in the other macrococcal species. In M. lamae CCM 4815T and M. brunensis CCM 4811T, there is a 1 nt insertion of G at position 217. The sequence of M. hajekii CCM 4809T differs from the other species in a 1 nt insertion at position 568 and is closely related to the sequences of M. equipercicus CCM 4653T and M. carouselicus CCM 4650T.
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vec et al. (2001b), modified only by using brain heart infusion broth (Oxoid) for cultivation. Hybridization profile analysis and cluster analysis were done using GelCompar II software (Applied Maths). The dendrogram was calculated by UPGMA clustering using the Jaccard coefficient.
The dendrogram (Fig. 2) shows ribotyping (EcoRI) results of representative strains selected from all species analysed. Ribotyping clearly separated the macrococci and staphylococci (similarity was only 17 %). Furthermore, the hybridization profiles of all the macrococcal species are clearly distinguished. All three M. lamae strains have identical hybridization profiles. The M. brunensis strains formed one cluster, with 75 % similarity. The profile of M. hajekii confirmed its separate position.
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). FAMEs were separated on an Agilent 6890A series gas chromatograph with 7683 autoinjector and autosampler tray module (Agilent Technologies). Separation of FAMEs was achieved with a fused-silica capillary column (25 m by 0·2 mm) with cross-linked 5 % phenylmethyl silicone (film thickness 0·33 µm; HP Ultra2). H2 served as carrier gas. Peak integration and identification were performed using the Hewlett Packard Chemstation software and Sherlock software.
The results of this analysis are summarized in Table 2. The novel macrococcal species differ from one another and from previously described species in the composition and percentages of FAMEs. Among the novel taxa, M. brunensis and M. hajekii strains contain predominantly saturated branched-chain (anteiso-15 : 0 and iso-15 : 0) and unsaturated straight-chain (18 : 1
9c, 16 : 111c and iso-17 : 110c) fatty acids. M. lamae strains contain predominantly saturated branched-chain (iso-15 : 0) and saturated straight-chain (16 : 0, 14 : 0 and 20 : 0) fatty acids.
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ek et al. (1999) with the following modifications. The CHEF-Mapper (Bio-Rad) and multistate program conditions were: field inversion gel electrophoresis with increasing pulse times of 0·05 to 1·0 s for 7 h with forward and reverse voltage 8·5 and 5·5 V cm-1, respectively, followed by standard PFGE with reorientation angle 120°, pulse times 4·0–20·0 s and voltage 5·5 V cm-1 for 17 h. Concatemers of lambda phage DNA (Sigma) and molecular mass markers II and X (Roche Diagnostics) were used as size standards.
NotI cleaved the chromosomes of the newly proposed macrococcal species into small numbers of fragments (2–8), so the results were unsuitable for similarity determination. SmaI cleaved them into a larger number of fragments, showing substantial size differences in comparison with other macrococcal species. Restriction endonuclease XbaI was the most satisfactory, since it cleaved all the macrococcal chromosomes into 30–50 fragments that exhibited comparable size ranges; comparison of profiles demonstrated that M. brunensis, M. lamae and M. hajekii strains differed from the type strains of previously described macrococcal species (Fig. 3). All four strains of M. brunensis (CCM 4808, CCM 4810, CCM 4811T and CCM 4813) had very similar macrorestriction patterns (98–99 % similarity), differing in only one or two fragments. Likewise, the three M. lamae strains formed one cluster with similarities of 97–100 %. M. hajekii CCM 4809T showed unique macrorestriction patterns, different from those of M. brunensis and M. lamae strains.
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. The nucleoside mixture obtained was then separated by HPLC using a Waters Symmetry Shield C8 column at 37 °C. The solvent was 0·02 M NH4H2PO4 (pH 4·0) with 1·5 % acetonitrile. Non-methylated lambda phage DNA (Sigma) was used as calibration reference.
The G+C contents of the newly isolated strains ranged from 40 to 42 mol%, values which are within the range of those described for Macrococcus species (Kloos et al., 1998) (Table 3). These values are higher than those of staphylococcal species (30–39 mol%; Kloos et al., 1992) and significantly lower than those of other Gram-positive, oxidase- and catalase-positive cocci belonging to genera such as Kocuria, Dermacoccus, Kytococcus, Micrococcus and Deinococcus, in which the G+C content is 62–76 mol% (Kloos et al., 1992, 1998; Murray, 1992; Stackebrandt et al., 1995).
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with the following modifications. For strains M. caseolyticus CCM 3540T, M. equipercicus CCM 4653T, M. hajekii CCM 4809T, M. brunensis CCM 4811T and CCM 4813 and M. lamae CCM 4815T, the washed cell pellet was resuspended and lysed in a buffer (10 mM Tris/HCl, 100 mM EDTA, pH 8·0) containing RNase (200 µg ml-1; Sigma), mutanolysin (100 U ml-1; Sigma) and lysozyme (25 mg ml-1; SERVA) for 1 h at 37 °C. For strains M. bovicus CCM 4655T and M. carouselicus CCM 4650T, lysostaphin (120 U ml-1; Sigma) was used instead of mutanolysin. Before addition of GES reagent, proteinase K (200 µg ml-1; Merck) was added to the mixture for 15 min. DNA–DNA hybridizations were performed using a modification of the microplate method described by Ezaki et al. (1989), using an HTS7000 Bio Assay Reader (Perkin Elmer) for the fluorescence measurements. Biotinylated DNA was hybridized with single-stranded unlabelled DNA, non-covalently bound to microplate wells. Hybridizations were performed at 35 °C in hybridization mixture (2x SSC, 5x Denhardt's solution, 2·5 % dextran sulfate, 50 % formamide, 100 µg denatured salmon sperm DNA ml-1 and 1250 ng biotinylated probe DNA ml-1).
The DNA–DNA hybridization results are shown in Table 3
. Representative strains from each phenotypic and ribotyping group were chosen to perform DNA–DNA hybridization experiments. The DNA–DNA relatedness values between previously described and newly proposed macrococcal species were lower than 54 %. These data confirmed that the strains from llamas represent three novel species.
Description of Macrococcus brunensis sp. nov.
Macrococcus brunensis (bru.nen'sis. L. adj. brunensis from Bruna, the Roman name of the city of Brno, Czech Republic, where the type strain was isolated).
Colonies reach 2–4 mm in diameter on P agar after 24 h. Cell diameter is 0·89–1·21 µm. Colonies are circular, smooth and glossy, without pigment. Growth is detected under anaerobic conditions at 15–36 °C and in 4 % NaCl but not at 4 or 42 °C. All strains hydrolyse casein and gelatin, but not Tween 80, starch, lecithin, aesculin or tyrosine. Alkaline and acid phosphatases are produced, nitrates are reduced and acid is produced from maltose, D-mannitol, D-fructose, D-trehalose and D-glucose. Acetoin, clumping factor and coagulase are not produced and activities of urease, haemolysis, arginine dihydrolase, arginine arylamidase, ornithine decarboxylase, 
-galactosidase, -glucuronidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, esterase (C4), lipase (C14), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, 
-galactosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase, -fucosidase and esterase-lipase (C8) are negative. Acid is not produced from sucrose, melezitose, xylose, arabinose, turanose, xylitol, D-sorbitol, D-cellobiose, D-salicin, raffinose, D-galactose, lactose, ribose, D-melibiose, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine or methyl -D-glucoside. All strains are resistant to novobiocin. Predominant fatty acids are iso-13 : 0, iso-15 : 0, anteiso-15 : 0, 16 : 111c, iso-17 : 110c and 18 : 19c (Table 2). The G+C content of the DNA is 41–42 mol%.
The type strain, CCM 4811T (=LMG 21712T), was isolated from llama skin. Its characteristics are in full agreement with the species description. The G+C content of the DNA is 42 mol%.
Description of Macrococcus hajekii sp. nov.
Macrococcus hajekii (ha.je'ki.i. N.L. gen. n. hajekii of Hájek, named after Václav Hájek, a Czech microbial taxonomist).
Colonies reach 2–3 mm in diameter on P agar after 24 h. Mean cell diameter is 0·89 µm. Colonies are circular, smooth and glossy, without pigment. Does not grow at 4 or 42 °C or in 4 % NaCl, but grows at 15–36 °C. Hydrolyses casein and gelatin, but not Tween 80, starch, lecithin, aesculin or tyrosine. Alkaline phosphatase is produced, nitrates are reduced and acid is produced from sucrose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-fructose, D-trehalose and D-glucose. Acetoin, clumping factor and coagulase are not produced and activities of urease, haemolysis, arginine dihydrolase, arginine arylamidase, ornithine decarboxylase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, esterase (C4), lipase (C14), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, -galactosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase, -fucosidase, esterase-lipase (C8) and acid phosphatase are negative. Acid is not produced from melezitose, xylose, arabinose, turanose, D-sorbitol, D-cellobiose, xylitol, D-salicin, raffinose, D-galactose, lactose, ribose, D-melibiose, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine or methyl -D-glucoside. Resistant to novobiocin. Dominant fatty acids are iso-13 : 0, iso-15 : 0, anteiso-15 : 0, 16 : 111c, iso-17 : 110c, 18 : 19c and 18 : 36c (Table 2). The G+C content of the DNA is 40 mol%.
The type strain, CCM 4809T (=LMG 21711T), was isolated from llama skin.
Description of Macrococcus lamae sp. nov.
Macrococcus lamae (la'mae. N.L. fem. gen. n. lamae of Lama, the zoological genus name of the llama).
Colonies reach 2–5 mm in diameter on P agar after 24 h. Cell diameter is 0·74–0·92 µm. Colonies are circular, smooth and glossy and have an orange pigment. All the strains tested grow at 15–36 °C. Growth is not detected under anaerobic conditions, in 4 % NaCl or at 4 or 42 °C. Strains hydrolyse casein and gelatin, but not Tween 80, starch, lecithin, aesculin or tyrosine. Alkaline phosphatase and esterase-lipase (C8) are produced. Acid is produced from sucrose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-fructose, D-trehalose and D-glucose. Acetoin, clumping factor and coagulase are not produced and activities of urease, haemolysis, arginine dihydrolase, arginine arylamidase, ornithine decarboxylase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, esterase (C4), lipase (C14), naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, -galactosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, -mannosidase, -fucosidase are not observed. Nitrate is not reduced. Acid is not produced from melezitose, xylose, arabinose, turanose, D-sorbitol, D-cellobiose, D-salicin, raffinose, xylitol, D-galactose, lactose, ribose, D-melibiose, D-mannose, N-acetylglucosamine or methyl -D-glucoside. Strain CCM 4812 does not produce acid phosphatase. Susceptible to novobiocin (5 µg) and intermediate susceptibility to novobiocin (1·6 µg). Predominant fatty acids are iso-13 : 0, 14 : 0, iso-15 : 0, anteiso-15 : 0, ECL 15·669, 16 : 0, 16 : 111c, 18 : 0 and 20 : 0 (Table 2). The G+C content of the DNA is 41–42 mol%.
The type strain, CCM 4815T (=LMG 21713T), was isolated from llama skin. Its characteristics are in full agreement with the species description. The G+C content of the DNA is 41 mol%.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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P. Svec, M. Vancanneyt, I. Sedlacek, K. Engelbeen, V. Stetina, J. Swings, and P. Petras Reclassification of Staphylococcus pulvereri Zakrzewska-Czerwinska et al. 1995 as a later synonym of Staphylococcus vitulinus Webster et al. 1994 Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2004; 54(6): 2213 - 2215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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