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1 College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
2 College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Northwest Science and Technology University of Agriculture and Forestry, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
3 Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México, DF, Mexico
Correspondence
Wen Xin Chen
wenxin_chen{at}263.net
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ABSTRACT |
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 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number of the 16S rDNA sequence of strain CCBAU 7190BT is AF364069.
Details of the sources of reference strains used in this study and a 16S rDNA-based phylogenetic tree showing a wider selection of reference rhizobial strains are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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-Proteobacteria, as well as Burkholderia and Ralstonia in the 
-Proteobacteria (Chen et al., 2001
; Moulin et al., 2001). However, the diversity of these bacteria is still far from clear compared with the great number and vast distribution of their leguminous hosts. Also, in these studies, rhizobia were mainly isolated from a small proportion of legumes, mainly crops, such as soybean, common bean and alfalfa. Recently, some rhizobia have been characterized from wild and tree legumes and several novel taxa were proposed on the basis of these studies (Squartini et al., 2002; Wei et al., 2002). Therefore, the characterization of more isolates from different leguminous species is necessary in order to understand the diversity and evolution of rhizobia.
The genus Astragalus, including 1500–2000 species, is one of the largest genera in the family Leguminosae. Many species within this genus are important resources for production of herbal medicines or foliage for wild animals. Nodulation of 90 Astragalus species has been reported (Allen & Allen, 1981), although very little taxonomic work has been done on the microsymbionts associated with these species. Rhizobia isolated from Astragalus sinicus in China have been assigned to Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al., 1991). The genetic diversity among rhizobia from Astragalus adsurgens in different geographical regions of China has been investigated, and bacterial lineages related to Mesorhizobium, Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium were reported (Gao et al., 2001). Different rhizobial groups were also defined among isolates from other Astragalus species in China (Wang & Chen, 1996) and in other countries (Laguerre et al., 1997; Murooka et al., 1993; Novikova et al., 1994; Wdowiak & Malek, 2000).
About 100 species have been described in the leguminous genus Lespedeza, including herbs, semishrubs and shrubs (Allen & Allen, 1981), and 70 Lespedeza species have been found in China. The leaves, stems and roots of many of these plants are used as herbal medicines. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Lespedeza buergeri, Lespedeza bicolor and some other species are used for treating lung infections, for diuresis or for stopping bleeding; Lespedeza pilosa, Lespedeza tomentosa, Lespedeza chinensis and some others are conducive to the health of the stomach. The flowers of some species are also important honey resources. Some rhizobial isolates from Lespedeza species in China and in the USA have previously been characterized (Yao et al., 2002). Most isolates from the USA were identified as Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The isolates from China were classified as Sinorhizobium saheli and a novel species, Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense, as well as some unnamed strains.
Legume species within the genera Astragalus and Lespedeza, as well as many others, are found in the Loess Plateau, which includes parts of the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Located in the north-western region of China, these areas have semi-arid climates and soils poor in organic matter. The leguminous plants that grow there are normally drought-enduring and are held in high esteem as foliage, green-manure crops or honey resources and play an important role in preventing soil erosion and in improving the adverse environment. In recent years, we have investigated rhizobial resources and characterized rhizobial isolates from Amorpha fruticosa, Glycyrrhiza spp., Gueldenstaedtia spp. and some other plants in this region according to their geographical origin or host origin (Peng et al., 2002; Tan et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1999). Novel species within the genera Rhizobium (Tan et al., 2001; Wei et al., 2002), Sinorhizobium (Wei et al., 2002) and Mesorhizobium (Wang et al., 1999) have been described for some of these isolates. This research indicates that rhizobia in temperate regions are as diverse as those in tropical areas.
Considering the potential value of Astragalus and Lespedeza species in sustainable agriculture and the insufficient study on the diversity of rhizobia associated with these plants, we decided to collect and characterize rhizobia associated with these two plant genera in the Loess Plateau. In this research, 29 nodule isolates from Astragalus and Lespedeza species growing in the Loess Plateau were characterized. The aims of the research were to examine the diversity and to clarify the taxonomic position of the isolates by both phenotypic and genetic analyses.
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METHODS |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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). Nodules were collected from wild plants growing in soils poor in organic matter and without the addition of fertilizer. Rhizobia were isolated from fresh nodules by the standard method on YMA medium (Vincent, 1970). Single colonies were picked and checked for purity by repeated streaking and by microscopic examination. Nodulation on the original host plant of each isolate was checked in glass tubes half-filled with vermiculite as described by Vincent (1970). Inoculated plants were grown in a greenhouse at 23 °C during the day and 12 °C during the night and were illuminated with 10 000–20 000 lux for 14 h day-1. Details of the 37 reference strains used in this study are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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) were examined. Generation times of the isolates were determined spectrophotometrically (Yelton et al., 1983) in YM broth (Vincent, 1970).
UPGMA (Sneath & Sokal, 1973) was used for clustering analysis of phenotypic features. The mean similarity for each isolate within a cluster was estimated to present the phenotypic variation in the cluster, as described previously, and the central isolate, representative of the cluster, was identified as the highest mean similarity holder (Sneath & Sokal, 1973).
PCR-based RFLP of 16S rRNA genes.
Procedures described previously (Wang et al., 1998) were used for PCR amplification of almost-complete 16S rRNA genes with primers P1 and P6 (Tan et al., 1997), for digestion of the PCR products with restriction endonuclease MspI, HinfI, HaeI or RsaI and for separation of the digested fragments in 3·0 % agarose gels. Similarities (Sj) among bacteria were estimated using the formula Sj=(a+b)/(a+b+2c), where a is the number of bands unique to strain A, b is the number of bands unique to strain B and c is the number of bands common to the two strains. A dendrogram showing phylogenetic relationships among the bacteria was constructed by using the UPGMA method (Sneath & Sokal, 1973).
Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes.
Full-length 16S rRNA genes (1500 bp) were amplified, cloned and sequenced as described previously (Tan et al., 1997). The 16S rDNA sequences obtained and those of related bacteria from the GenBank database were aligned using the PILEUP program in the GCG package (Genetics Computer Group, 1995). Sequence similarities among the 1500 bp sequences were calculated and a phylogenetic tree was generated and bootstrapped with 1000 subsamples using CLUSTAL W version 1.7 (Thompson et al., 1994). The tree was visualized with the TreeView program (Page, 1996).
Estimation of DNA G+C content and DNA–DNA relatedness.
DNAs were extracted and purified by a standard method (Marmur, 1961). DNA base compositions were determined using the thermal melting protocol (De Ley, 1970) with Escherichia coli K-12 as standard. Levels of DNA relatedness were estimated by measurement of the initial reassociation rate (De Ley et al., 1970).
Distinctive features and host range of the novel group.
Distinctive features were chosen by comparing the phenotypic features of the nine isolates within cluster 2 with those of the most closely related species, Rhizobium galegae and Rhizobium huautlense. In order to test the host range of the novel group, plants inoculated with the rhizobial isolates were grown in pots filled with vermiculite moistened with N-free plant nutrient solution (Vincent, 1970) for 1 month before nodulation and nitrogen fixation was recorded. Cross-nodulation was tested among the isolates within the novel cluster and their host plants, as well as among representatives of the novel groups and recommended legume species (Graham et al., 1991), including Astragalus sinicus, Medicago sativa, Galega orientalis, Lotus corniculatus, Vigna sinensis, Glycine max, Trifolium repens, Phaseolus vulgaris and Caragana korshinskii.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Phenotypic characterization and numerical taxonomy
In this study, the 29 isolates used were fast-growing rhizobia that formed single colonies with diameters of 2–3 mm within 3 days on YMA. All of them were effective symbionts, as evidenced by the formation of pink nodules on their original hosts. None of the tested strains could use adipate, inulin, sorbitol or syringic acid as sole carbon sources. All of the strains were sensitive to kanamycin (100–300 µg ml-1) and neomycin (100 and 300 µg ml-1). No strain could grow in medium supplied with 0·1 % gentian violet or methylene blue or 5 % NaCl. They could not grow at pH 4·0 or at 4 °C. All strains used L-arginine as a sole nitrogen source and were resistant to the antibiotics bacitracin (5–300), erythromycin (5), neomycin (5) and polymyxin (5) (all µg ml-1). All strains grew in medium supplemented with 0·1 % Bismarck brown, Congo red, erythrosin, neutral red, sodium deoxycholate and sodium nitrite and with 1·0 (w/v) NaCl.
The 102 features that varied among the tested strains were used for cluster analysis. Based on these results (Fig. 1), most of the defined species could be separated at a similarity level of 82 %. The exceptions were Rhizobium tropici and Rhizobium hainanense, which were separated at 86 % similarity. Similarities of 96–65 % were found among the novel isolates (Fig. 1), indicating that these isolates represented phenotypically diverse populations. Since the characteristics covered physiological, biochemical and environmental factors and resistance to chemicals and antibiotics, the phenotypic diversity also indicated that the isolates represented a diverse gene pool. The diversity within the rhizobial population could offer advantages in survival and adaptation of nodulation in different environments.
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). These groups and single branches were different from the reference species, and they might infer different species or genera. Some important aspects of the two clusters are described below. Cluster 1 consisted of six fast-growing isolates from five host species within three genera, Astragalus complantus, Astragalus adsurgens, Hedysarum scoparium, Lespedeza davidii and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya. The mean similarity for the isolates ranged from 84 % for CCBAU 71395 to 91 % for CCBAU 71199; the latter was chosen as the central isolate. Colonies were 2–3 mm in diameter after 3 days on YMA at 28 °C. All isolates in this cluster produced acid in YMA, and all isolates grew in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth.
Cluster 2 contained nine isolates from Astragalus scobwerrimus, Astragalus complanatus and Astragalus chrysopterus. The mean similarities ranged from 83 to 99 %. CCBAU 7190BT was chosen as the central isolate. They were fast-growing, acid-producing bacteria with a generation time of 2·2–3·4 h in YM broth, as determined spectrophotometrically. No growth of these isolates was observed in LB broth.
Numerical taxonomy has been used for grouping bacteria and for offering descriptive features for species. Clusters formed in numerical taxonomy often correspond to genomic groups defined by DNA–DNA hybridizations and other genomic analyses (Chen et al., 1991, 1995, 1997; de Lajudie et al., 1994). Therefore, the grouping results obtained in this approach could be a basis for further taxonomic study. Since cluster 1 consisted of only a few isolates, we did not characterize it further and instead focused on cluster 2.
PCR-RFLP of 16S rRNA genes
As a rapid method, this technology has been used for grouping and identifying rhizobia. The grouping results of PCR-RFLP patterns of 16S rRNA genes agree well with those of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, numerical taxonomy and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes (Laguerre et al., 1994; Tan et al., 1999; Wang et al., 1998, 1999). Following the grouping results from numerical taxonomy, three cluster 2 isolates, CCBAU 7190BT, CCBAU 7190A and CCBAU 71240, and reference strains from defined species were chosen for this technique. The three representative isolates of cluster 2 had very similar patterns, with one or two bands different in one or another digestion with MspI, HinfI, HaeI or RsaI (not shown). Distinctive patterns were observed among the rhizobia in cluster 1 and other species (not shown). In a dendrogram constructed based upon the PCR-RFLP patterns of 16S RNA genes (Fig. 2), four groups corresponding to the genera Bradyrhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium could be divided at the level of 80 % similarity. Isolates of cluster 2 formed a subgroup within the genus Rhizobium, together with R. galegae and R. huautlense. These results indicated that cluster 2 was also a group based upon 16S rRNA gene sequences and it was probably related to R. galegae.
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), the phylogenetic relationships among the defined species are similar to those in previously reported trees (de Lajudie et al., 1994, 1998a, b; Tan et al., 1997; Wang et al., 1999). The genera Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium are monophyletic groups; an extended tree including these genera is available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online. The species within the genus Rhizobium form a polyphyletic group. Nine Rhizobium species, including the type species, Rhizobium leguminosarum, formed a monophyletic group. The cluster 2 isolate CCBAU 7190BT, R. galegae and R. huautlense formed another monophyletic group and linked more closely to Agrobacterium species than to other Rhizobium species. This Rhizobium–Agrobacterium group was also polyphyletic, because Agrobacterium vitis and Allorhizobium undicola formed two long branches within the group. The 16S rDNA sequence similarities between CCBAU 7190BT and R. galegae and R. huautlense were respectively 96·8 and 97·5 %, and were greater than those between CCBAU 7190BT and other species within the genera Agrobacterium and Rhizobium (<95·0 %).
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). Another, opposing, suggestion is to combine all the species of Rhizobium, Agrobacterium and Allorhizobium into an emended genus Rhizobium (Young et al., 2001). Our results in this paper show clearly that the R. galegae, R. huautlense and cluster 2 are a monophyletic group, separated from both the other Rhizobium species and Agrobacterium species. The phylogenetic distances shown in Fig. 3 indicate that the relationships among this group and the Agrobacterium species are as distant as those among the genera Mesorhizobium and Sinorhizobium. Moreover, R. galegae and R. huautlense have been grouped with Rhizobium mongolense and Rhizobium gallicum in some previous reports (Wang et al., 1998; Peng et al., 2002). Considering the low bootstrap values at the node separating the R. galegae branch and Agrobacterium species in Fig. 3, characterization of more R. galegae-related bacteria is needed in order to make a confident taxonomic conclusion about R. galegae and related taxa.
DNA G+C contents and DNA–DNA hybridization
DNA–DNA hybridization was done among reference strains chosen according to the clustering results from numerical taxonomy and the phylogenetic relationships in 16S rDNA analyses. DNA G+C contents and DNA–DNA relatedness values are shown in Table 2. The DNA G+C content for the isolates from cluster 2 was 59·1–60·3 mol% (Tm), which is within the range for Rhizobium (Jordan, 1984). The DNA–DNA relatedness among the isolates within cluster 2 ranged from 81·5 to 91·0 % with a mean of 86·1 %, indicating that these isolates were also a genomic group.
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) and Rhizobium indigoferae (Wei et al., 2002) from the Loess Plateau and strains SDW014 and SDW018, representing unnamed rhizobial groups associated with A. adsurgens (Gao et al., 2001), varied from 0 to 48·6 %. Although an intermediate level of DNA–DNA relatedness (40 to 48 %) was detected between isolate CCBAU 7190BT and some reference strains, these values are still much lower than those among strains within the cluster (more than 81 %). From these results, we conclude that the isolates in cluster 2 formed a single genomic group different from the related species.
Based upon the results of numerical taxonomy, 16S rRNA sequence analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization, we conclude that cluster 2 represents a unique group within the genus Rhizobium. Considering the definition of other rhizobial species and the current criteria for description of new rhizobial taxa (Graham et al., 1991), we propose a novel species, Rhizobium loessense sp. nov., for the isolates within cluster 2. The distinctive features and host range of this bacterium were investigated for identification purposes.
Distinctive features and host range of the novel group
Distinctive phenotypic features for cluster 2, R. huautlense, R. galegae and some other related species are presented in Table 3. In addition, PCR-RFLP of 16S rRNA genes and host origin are also valuable for distinguishing the novel species from related bacteria.
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), we did the cross-nodulation tests. However, we believe that the association between rhizobia and their hosts under laboratory conditions is less important than in the natural environment. Some rhizobia can form nodules with a legume under laboratory conditions, such as R. huautlense on Leucaena leucocephala (Wang et al., 1998), from which they have never been isolated in the field.
Description of Rhizobium loessense sp. nov.
Rhizobium loessense (lo.es.sen'se. N.L. neut. adj. loessense referring to the Loess Plateau of China, where the bacterium was isolated).
Short, aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods, 0·5–0·7 µm wide by 1·8–2·1 µm long. Colonies are 2–3 mm in diameter after 2–3 days on YMA at 28 °C. Strains produce acid in YMA and do not grow in LB medium. Generation time is 2·2–3·4 h in PY broth as determined spectrophotometrically. Utilizes D-arabinose, meso-erythritol, D-mannose, sodium citrate, D-ribose, D-sorbitol and dulcitol, but not D-amygdalin, calcium malonate, dulcitol, salicin, D-sodium gluconate or sucrose as sole carbon sources. Utilizes L-glutamic acid and glycine but not L-valine as sole nitrogen sources. Sensitive to 100 µg erythromycin ml-1. Cannot grow in medium supplemented with 0·1 % methyl green or 4·0 % NaCl. Strains have been isolated from Astragalus scobwerrimus, Astragalus complanatus and Astragalus chrysopterus and they can nodulate Astragalus adsurgens under laboratory conditions. The DNA G+C content is 59·1–60·3 mol% (Tm).
The type strain is CCBAU 7190BT (=AS1.3401T=LMG 21975T). Its generation time is 3·1 h and its DNA G+C content is 59·5 mol% (Tm).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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REFERENCES |
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TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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G. Peng, Q. Yuan, H. Li, W. Zhang, and Z. Tan Rhizobium oryzae sp. nov., isolated from the wild rice Oryza alta Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2008; 58(9): 2158 - 2163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Q. Wang, E. T. Wang, J. Liu, Q. Chen, X. H. Sui, W. F. Chen, and W. X. Chen Mesorhizobium albiziae sp. nov., a novel bacterium that nodulates Albizia kalkora in a subtropical region of China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2007; 57(6): 1192 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z.-X. Quan, H.-S. Bae, J.-H. Baek, W.-F. Chen, W.-T. Im, and S.-T. Lee Rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov. isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2005; 55(6): 2543 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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