IJSEM Journal of Bacteriology
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 (2003), 1553-1559; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.02595-0
© 2003 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Micromonosporaceae

Atsuko Matsumoto1, Yoko Takahashi1, Mayumi Shinose1, Akio Seino1, Yuzuru Iwai2 and Satoshi Omura1,2

1 Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
2 The Kitasato Institute, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan

Correspondence
Yoko Takahashi
ytakaha{at}lisci.kitasato-u.ac.jp


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
A novel actinomycete strain was isolated from a soil sample collected in Japan by using gellan gum as a solidifying agent. Spore-chains from the short sporophores were straight and each had more than 20 spores per chain. Spores possessed no motility. Cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid; whole-cell hydrolysates contained arabinose, galactose and xylose. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. The predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H6); MK-10(H8) was a minor component. Mycolic acids were not detected. The diagostic phospholipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Cellular fatty acids included heptadecenoic (C17 : 1), 14-methylpentadecanoic (i-C16 : 0) and octadecenoic (C18 : 1) acids. The G+C content of the DNA was 70 mol%. On the basis of morphogical and chemotaxonomic properties and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence data, it is proposed that this strain should be classified in a novel genus and species, Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., in the family Micromonosporaceae. The type strain is K97-0003T (=NRRL B-24201T=JCM 11711T).

Abbreviations: DAP, diaminopimelic acid

Published online ahead of print on 11 April 2003 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.02595-0.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rDNA sequence of strain K97-0003T is AB089241.


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Members of the order Actinomycetales offer possibilities for the discovery of new bioactive compounds. Many new bioactive metabolites have been found from Streptomyces strains that were isolated from soil, in which strains of this genus are distributed at a high frequency. An efficient way to find new bioactive metabolites is by the discovery of new micro-organisms and many approaches have been used for this purpose, e.g. isolation from plants or soil in particular environments, pre-treatments of soil samples and changing the formulation of isolation media. As one of these various approaches, we tried to isolate actinomycete strains by using gellan gum, which was used for selective isolation of the genus Actinobispora Jiang et al. 1991Go by Suzuki et al. (1998)Go as a solidifying agent, instead of agar. As a result, we isolated strain K97-0003T, which produces actinohivin, a novel anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) protein found in the culture broth of the strain by a syncytium formation assay system (Chiba et al., 2001Go).

Strain K97-0003T grew better on gellan gum media than on agar media. Morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain indicated that it belonged to the family Micromonosporaceae (Krasil'nikov 1938Go, emend. Koch et al. 1996Go). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequence data showed that the strain formed a lineage within the family Micromonosporaceae, but not within any existing genus. Therefore, we propose that the strain should be classified as a novel genus and species, Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Micro-organisms.
Strain K97-0003T was isolated from a soil sample collected at Suginami, Tokyo, Japan, by culture on water/proline/gellan gum medium [tap water, 1 % proline, 1 % gellan gum (Kanto Chemical); unadjusted pH] at 27 °C.

Morphology.
Morphological characteristics of the strain were observed by scanning electron microscopy (model JSM-5600; JEOL) following incubation on 1/10 V8 juice/gellan gum medium [2 % V8 juice (Campbell's soup), 0·03 % CaCO3, 1 % gellan gum, tap water, pH 7·2] that contained 0·06 % CaCl2.2H2O for 20 days at 27 °C and fixation by 4 % osmium tetroxide vapour.

Cultural and physiological characteristics.
Cultural and physiological characteristics of the strain were determined following incubation for 2 weeks at 27 °C on media recommended by Waksman (1961)Go and the International Streptomyces Project (Shirling & Gottlieb, 1966Go). Colour names and hue numbers were determined according to the Color Harmony Manual (Taylor et al., 1958Go). The ability of the strain to grow on a range of sole carbon sources at 1 % (w/v) was determined in carbon utilization media (Pridham & Gottlieb, 1948Go) with agar or gellan gum and agar medium of yeast nitrogen base without amino acids (Difco), as described by Asano & Kawamoto (1986)Go. NaCl tolerance and pH and temperature ranges for growth were determined on yeast extract/malt extract agar (ISP medium 2). Media for spore formation were as follows: ISP media (2, 3 and 7), glucose/peptone, nutrient, water/proline (1 % proline, tap water), 1/10 V8 and 1/10 V8 that contained 0·06 % CaCl2.2H2O; 1·5 % agar or 1 % gellan gum was used as the solidifying agent.

Chemotaxonomic characterization.
Isomers of diaminopimelic acid (DAP) in whole-cell hydrolysates were determined by TLC following standard methods (Becker et al., 1965Go; Hasegawa et al., 1983Go) and the N-acyl types of muramic acid were determined by the method of Uchida & Aida (1977)Go. Purified cell wall was obtained by the method of Kawamoto et al. (1981)Go and the amino acid composition of hydrolysed cell walls was determined by TLC. Whole-cell sugars were analysed after Becker et al. (1965)Go, presence of mycolic acids was examined by TLC following Tomiyasu (1982)Go and phospholipids were extracted and identified following the method of Minnikin et al. (1977)Go. Menaquinones were extracted and purified by the method of Collins et al. (1977)Go, then analysed by HPLC (model 802-SC; Jasco) on a chromatograph equipped with a CAPCELL PAK C18 column (Shiseido) (Tamaoka et al., 1983Go). Methyl esters of cellular fatty acids were prepared by direct transmethylation with methanolic hydrochloride and analysed by using GLC (model GC-17A; Shimadzu) with a DB-23 capillary column (0·25 mmx30 m; J&W Scientific) (Suzuki & Komagata, 1983Go).

DNA base composition.
Chromosomal DNA was prepared by using the procedure of Marmur (1961)Go and the G+C content of the DNA preparations was determined by the HPLC method of Tamaoka & Komagata (1984)Go.

Analysis of 16S rDNA sequence.
Chromosomal DNA was prepared by using the same method as above. 16S rDNA was PCR-amplified by using previously described methods (Takahashi et al., 2002Go) and was sequenced directly on an ABI model 377A automatic DNA sequencer by using a PRISM Ready Reaction Dye Primer Cycle Sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems). CLUSTAL W software (Thompson et al., 1994Go) was used for multiple alignment of selected sequences, for calculating evolutionary distances (Kimura, 1980Go) and similarity values and for constructing a phylogenetic tree based on the neighbour-joining method (Saitou & Nei, 1987Go). Data were resampled with 1000 bootstrap replications (Felsenstein, 1985Go). For the phylogenetic tree by the maximum-likelihood method, PAUP* version 4.0 beta 8 (Swofford, 2001Go) was used.


   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
Cultural and morphological characteristics
After incubation for 2 weeks at 27 °C, strain K97-0003T grew well on yeast extract/malt extract agar, oatmeal agar, peptone/yeast extract/iron agar and nutrient agar, but aerial mycelia did not grow (Table 1Go). After substitution of agar by gellan gum, aerial mycelia grew slightly on a few media and spores were produced well on 1/10 V8 gellan gum medium that contained CaCl2 (Table 2Go).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Growth and cultural characteristics of strain K97-0003T

Strain K97-0003T did not grow on inorganic salts/starch agar (ISP medium 4), sucrose/nitrate agar, glucose/nitrate agar or glycerol/calcium malate agar. No aerial mycelia were produced on any medium.

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Aerial mycelium formation of strain K97-0003T on various media

-, Negative; +t, trace aerial mycelium observed with a light microscope; +, poor aerial mycelium; ++, aerial mycelium produced (better than +).

 
Short sporophores branched from the vegetative mycelia; spore-chains from the sporophores were straight and each had more than 20 spores per chain. Spores were cylindrical, 0·4–0·5x1·0–1·4 µm and had a smooth surface (Fig. 1Go). Whirls, sclerotic granules, sporangia and flagellated spores were not observed.



View larger version (104K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrograph of spore-chains of strain K97-0003T, grown on 1/10 V8+CaCl2 gellan gum medium for 20 days at 27 °C. Bar, 1 µm.

 
Physiological characteristics
Strain K97-0003T grew at 12–37 °C and the optimum range was 21–33 °C. No melanoid pigment was produced; tests for reduction of nitrate, liquefaction of gelatin and coagulation and peptonization of milk were positive. Hydrolysis of starch was negative on gellan gum medium and the strain did not grow on agar medium. The strain utilized D-glucose, but not L-arabinose, D-fructose, myo-inositol, D-mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose or D-xylose, on agar and gellan gum media. Cellulose was not decomposed. The pH range for growth was 6–9. The strain did not grow in the presence of 2 % NaCl.

Chemotaxonomic characteristics
Strain K97-0003T contained arabinose, galactose and xylose in whole-cell hydrolysates. Cell-wall peptidoglycan contained meso-DAP, glycine, alanine and glutamic acid. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. Predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H6) and a minor menaquinone component was MK-10(H8). Mycolic acids were not detected. The only phospholipid detected was phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid that contains glucosamine were absent. This corresponds to phospholipid pattern II sensu of Lechevalier et al. (1977)Go. Predominant cellular fatty acid components were heptadecenoic (C17 : 1, 24 %), 14-methylpentadecanoic (i-C16 : 0, 20 %) and octadecenoic (C18 : 1, 16 %) acids (Table 3Go). The G+C content of the DNA was 70 mol%.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 3. Fatty acid composition of strain K97-0003T

 
The acyl type of strain K97-0003T was glycolyl; mycolic acids were absent. These two characteristics show that this strain is a member of the family Micromonosporaceae, the family Glycomycetaceae or the genus Microbacterium (Orla-Jensen, 1919Go) in the family Microbacteriaceae (Table 4Go). However, its morphology and chemotaxonomic characters differed from those of members of the genus Microbacterium and of the only genus, Glycomyces (Labeda et al., 1985Go), of the family Glycomycetaceae. As a result, this strain was placed in the family Micromonosporaceae.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 4. Comparison of morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of strain K97-0003T and genera that contain N-glycolyl muramic acid in the peptidoglycan and no mycolic acids

Taxa: 1, K97-0003T; 2, Micromonospora; 3, Actinoplanes; 4, Asanoa; 5, Catellatospora; 6, Catenuloplanes; 7, Couchioplanes; 8, Dactylosporangium; 9, Pilimelia; 10, Spirilliplanes; 11, Verrucosispora; 12, Virgisporangium; 13, Glycomyces; 14, Microbacterium. Data were taken from Labeda et al. (1985)Go, Stackebrandt & Kroppenstedt (1987)Go, Vobis (1989)Go, Goodfellow et al. (1990)Go, Evtushenko et al. (1991)Go, Tamura et al. (1994Go, 1997Go, 2001)Go, Rheims et al. (1998)Go, Takeuchi & Hatano (1998)Go, Kudo et al. (1999)Go, Lee et al. (2000)Go, Lee & Hah (2002)Go and Zlamala et al. (2002)Go. ND, Not determined; D, a substantial proportion of species differ.

 
At present, the family Micromonosporaceae consists of eleven genera: Actinoplanes (Couch, 1950Go), Asanoa (Lee & Hah, 2002Go), Catellatospora (Asano & Kawamoto, 1986Go), Catenuloplanes (Yokota et al., 1993Go), Couchioplanes (Tamura et al., 1994Go), Dactylosporangium (Thiemann et al., 1967Go), Micromonospora (Ørskov, 1923Go), Pilimelia (Kane, 1966Go), Spirilliplanes (Tamura et al., 1997Go), Verrucosispora (Rheims et al., 1998Go) and Virgisporangium (Tamura et al., 2001Go). Although these genera are similar to each other, their cultural, morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics differ somewhat. Genera that have spore-chains similar to those of strain K97-0003T are Asanoa, Catellatospora, Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes and Spirilliplanes. The latter three possess motile spores; the two genera that do not possess them, Asanoa and Catellatospora, share this trait with strain K97-0003T. However, the genera Asanoa and Catellatospora make distinctive spore-chains that are borne directly from the vegetative hyphae that grow on the surface of agar media and do not produce true aerial mycelia. This indicates that strain K97-0003T does not belong to any known genus.

Phylogenetic analysis
The almost-complete 16S rDNA sequence (1496 nt) [positions 10–1506, according to the Escherichia coli numbering system of Brosius et al. (1978)Go] was determined for strain K97-0003T; a 1443 nt fragment, between positions 35 and 1475, was used for phylogenetic analysis and compared with 16S rDNA database sequences of members of the class Actinobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis based on this large dataset revealed that strain K97-0003T fell within the cluster of the family Micromonosporaceae and was clearly separated from members of the genera Glycomyces and Microbacterium (data not shown). Fig. 2Go shows the phylogenetic tree constructed by the neighbour-joining method; this tree revealed that strain K97-0003T branched deeply within the family Micromonosporaceae and belonged to no previously known genera in this family. The tree constructed by the maximum-likelihood method supported this result.



View larger version (50K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree showing the position of strain K97-0003T based on 16S rDNA analysis. Numbers at nodes indicate the level (%) of bootstrap support based on neighbour-joining analysis of 1000 resampled datasets. Only values >50 % are shown. Bar, 1 nucleotide substitution per 100 nucleotides.

 
The pattern of 16S rDNA signature nucleotides (Stackebrandt et al., 1997Go) differed only from that of the family Micromonosporaceae at position 502 (A). Sequence similarity values with other members of the family Micromonosporaceae were also low: Catellatospora citrea subsp. citrea, Virgisporangium aurantiacum, Asanoa ferruginea, Dactylosporangium aurantiacum, Pilimelia terevasa, Catenuloplanes japonicus, Verrucosispora gifhornensis, Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis, Micromonospora chalcea, Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. caeruleus and Actinoplanes philippinensis (91·8–93·0 %).

From the above chemotaxonomic and morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis, we propose that strain K97-0003T should be classified in a novel genus and species, Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov.

Description of Longispora gen. nov.
Longispora (Lon.gi.spo'ra. L. adj. longus long; Gr. fem. n. spora spore; N.L. fem. n. Longispora long spore).

Cells are Gram-positive, aerobic, non-acid-fast and non-motile. Spore-chains are straight and have more than 20 spores on the tip of short sporophores that branch from vegetative mycelia. Cell-wall peptidoglycan contains meso-DAP, glycine and alanine; arabinose, galactose and xylose are detected in whole-cell hydrolysates. The acyl type is glycolyl. Predominant menaquinones are MK-10(H4) and MK-10(H6); a minor component is MK-10(H8). Mycolic acids are not detected. The diagnostic phospholipid is phosphatidylethanolamine (phospholipid type II). Habitat is soil. Mesophilic. The type species is Longispora albida.

Description of Longispora albida sp. nov.
Longispora albida (al.bi'da. L. fem. adj. albida somewhat white).

General morphological, chemotaxonomic and growth characteristics are as given above for the genus. Spores are cylindrical (0·4–0·5x1·0–1·4 µm) and have a smooth surface. Temperature range for growth is 12–37 °C and the optimum range is 21–33 °C. Growth occurs at pH 6–9. Melanoid pigment is not produced; positive for reduction of nitrate, liquefaction of gelatin and coagulation and peptonization of milk. D-glucose is utilized but L-arabinose, D-fructose, myo-inositol, D-mannitol, melibiose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, sucrose and D-xylose are not. Cellulose is not decomposed. Growth is better on gellan gum media than on agar media. No growth in the presence of 2 % NaCl. Predominant cellular fatty acid components are C17 : 1, iso-C16 : 0 and C18 : 1. The G+C content of the DNA is 70 mol%.

The type strain is K97-0003T (=NRRL B-24201T=JCM 11711T).


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
We thank Mitsuko Matsura for assistance in this study. This study was supported in part by the Grant of the 21st Century COE Program, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Asano, K. & Kawamoto, I. (1986). Catellatospora, a new genus of the Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36, 512–517.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Becker, B., Lechevalier, M. P. & Lechevalier, H. A. (1965). Chemical composition of cell-wall preparation from strains of various form-genera of aerobic actinomycetes. Appl Microbiol 13, 236–243.[Medline]

Brosius, J., Palmer, M. L., Kennedy, P. J. & Noller, H. F. (1978). Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75, 4801–4805.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Chiba, H., Inokoshi, J., Okamoto, M. & 11 other authors (2001). Actinohivin, a novel anti-HIV protein from an actinomycete that inhibits syncytium formation: isolation, characterization, and biological activities. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 282, 595–601.[CrossRef][Medline]

Collins, M. D., Pirouz, T., Goodfellow, M. & Minnikin, D. E. (1977). Distribution of menaquinones in actinomycetes and corynebacteria. J Gen Microbiol 100, 221–230.[Medline]

Couch, J. N. (1950). Actinoplanes. A new genus of the Actinomycetales. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc 66, 87–92.

Evtushenko, L. I., Taptykova, S. D., Akimov, V. N., Semyonova, S. A. & Kalakoutskii, L. V. (1991). Glycomyces tenuis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41, 154–157.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Felsenstein, J. (1985). Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39, 783–791.[CrossRef]

Goodfellow, M., Stanton, L. J., Simpson, K. E. & Minnikin, D. E. (1990). Numerical and chemical classification of Actinoplanes and some related actinomycetes. J Gen Microbiol 136, 19–36.

Hasegawa, T., Takizawa, M. & Tanida, S. (1983). A rapid analysis for chemical grouping of aerobic actinomycetes. J Gen Appl Microbiol 29, 319–322.[CrossRef]

Jiang, C., Xu, L., Yang, Y.-R., Guo, G.-Y., Ma, J. & Liu, Y. (1991). Actinobispora, a new genus of the order Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 41, 526–528.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kane, W. D. (1966). A new genus of Actinoplanaceae, Pilimelia, with a description of two species, Pilimelia terevasa and Pilimelia anulata. J Elisha Mitchell Sci Soc 82, 220–230.

Kawamoto, I., Oka, T. & Nara, T. (1981). Cell wall composition of Micromonospora olivoasterospora, Micromonospora sagamiensis, and related organisms. J Bacteriol 146, 527–534.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Kimura, M. (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of based substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J Mol Evol 16, 111–120.[CrossRef][Medline]

Koch, C., Kroppenstedt, R. M., Rainey, F. A. & Stackebrandt, E. (1996). 16S ribosomal DNA analysis of the genera Micromonospora, Actinoplanes, Catellatospora, Catenuloplanes, Couchioplanes, Dactylosporangium, and Pilimelia and emendation of the family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 765–768.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Krasil'nikov, N. A. (1938). Ray Fungi and Related Organisms – Actinomycetales. Moscow: Akademii Nauk SSSR.

Kroppenstedt, R. M. (1985). Fatty acid and menaquinone analysis of actinomycetes and related organisms. In Chemical Methods in Bacterial Systematics, pp. 173–199. Edited by M. Goodfellow & D. E. Minnikin. London: Academic Press.

Kudo, T., Nakajima, Y. & Suzuki, K. (1999). Catenuloplanes crispus (Petrolini et al. 1993) comb. nov.: incorporation of the genus Planopolyspora Petrolini 1993 into the genus Catenuloplanes Yokota et al. 1993Go with an amended description of the genus Catenuloplanes. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 1853–1860.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Labeda, D. P., Testa, R. T., Lechevalier, M. P. & Lechevalier, H. A. (1985). Glycomyces, a new genus of the Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 35, 417–421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Lechevalier, M. P., De Bièvre, C. & Lechevalier, H. A. (1977). Chemotaxonomy of aerobic actinomycetes: phospholipid composition. Biochem Syst Ecol 5, 249–260.[CrossRef]

Lee, S. D. & Hah, Y. C. (2002). Proposal to transfer Catellatospora ferruginea and ‘Catellatospora ishikariense’ to Asanoa gen. nov. as Asanoa ferruginea comb. nov. and Asanoa ishikariensis sp. nov., with emended description of the genus Catellatospora. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 967–972.[Abstract]

Lee, S. D., Kang, S.-O. & Hah, Y. C. (2000). Catellatospora koreensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from a gold-mine cave. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 1103–1111.[Abstract]

Marmur, J. (1961). A procedure for the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid from microorganisms. J Mol Biol 3, 208–218.

Minnikin, D. E., Patel, P. V., Alshamaony, L. & Goodfellow, M. (1977). Polar lipid composition in the classification of Nocardia and related bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 27, 104–117.

Orla-Jensen, S. (1919). The Lactic Acid Bacteria. Copenhagen, Denmark: Høst & Son.

Ørskov, J. (1923). Investigations into the Morphology of the Ray Fungi. Copenhagen, Denmark: Levin & Munksgaard.

Pridham, T. G. & Gottlieb, D. (1948). The utilization of carbon compounds by some Actinomycetales as an aid for species determination. J Bacteriol 56, 107–114.[Free Full Text]

Rheims, H., Schumann, P., Rohde, M. & Stackebrandt, E. (1998). Verrucosispora gifhornensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the actinobacterial family Micromonosporaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 1119–1127.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Saitou, N. & Nei, M. (1987). The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4, 406–425.[Abstract]

Shirling, E. B. & Gottlieb, D. (1966). Methods for characterization of Streptomyces species. Int J Syst Bacteriol 16, 313–340.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Stackebrandt, E. & Kroppenstedt, R. M. (1987). Union of the genera Actinoplanes Couch, Ampullariella Couch, and Amorphosporangium Couch in a redefined genus Actinoplanes. Syst Appl Microbiol 9, 110–114.

Stackebrandt, E., Rainey, F. A. & Ward-Rainey, N. L. (1997). Proposal for a new hierarchic classification system, Actinobacteria classis. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 479–491.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Suzuki, K. & Komagata, K. (1983). Taxonomic significance of cellular fatty acid composition in some coryneform bacteria. Int J Syst Bacteriol 33, 188–200.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Suzuki, S., Takahashi, K., Okuda, T. & Komatsubara, S. (1998). Selective isolation of Actinobispora on gellan gum plates. Can J Microbiol 44, 1–5.

Swofford, D. (2001). PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony, version 4.0 beta 8. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.

Takahashi, Y., Matsumoto, A., Seino, A., Ueno, J., Iwai Y. & Omura, S. (2002). Streptomyces avermectinius sp. nov., an avermectin-producing strain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 2163–2168.[Abstract]

Takeuchi, M. & Hatano, K. (1998). Union of the genera Microbacterium Orla-Jensen and Aureobacterium Collins et al. in a redefined genus Microbacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 739–747.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tamaoka, J. & Komagata, K. (1984). Determination of DNA base composition by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25, 125–128.

Tamaoka, J., Katayama-Fujimura, Y. & Kuraishi, H. (1983). Analysis of bacterial menaquinone mixtures by high performance liquid chromatography. J Appl Bacteriol 54, 31–36.

Tamura, T., Nakagaito, Y., Nishii, T., Hasegawa, T., Stackebrandt, E. & Yokota, A. (1994). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Couchioplanes gen. nov., with descriptions of Couchioplanes caeruleus (Horan and Brodsky 1986) comb. nov. and Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. azureus subsp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 193–203.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tamura, T., Hayakawa, M. & Hatano, K. (1997). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Spirilliplanes gen. nov., with description of Spirilliplanes yamanashiensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47, 97–102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tamura, T., Hayakawa, M. & Hatano, K. (2001). A new genus of the order Actinomycetales, Virgosporangium gen. nov., with descriptions of Virgosporangium ochraceum sp. nov. and Virgosporangium aurantiacum sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51, 1809–1816.[Abstract]

Taylor, H. D., Knoche, L. & Granville, W. C. (editors) (1958). Color Harmony Manual, 4th edn. Chicago: Container Corporation of America.

Thiemann, J. E., Pagani, H. & Beretta, G. (1967). A new genus of the Actinoplanaceae: Dactylosporangium, gen. nov. Arch Mikrobiol 58, 42–52.[CrossRef][Medline]

Thompson, J. D., Higgins, D. G. & Gibson, T. J. (1994). CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22, 4673–4680.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Tomiyasu, I. (1982). Mycolic acid composition and thermally adaptative changes in Nocardia asteroides. J Bacteriol 151, 828–837.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Uchida, K. & Aida, K. (1977). Acyl type of bacterial cell wall: its simple identification by a colorimetric method. J Gen Appl Microbiol 23, 249–260.[CrossRef]

Vobis, G. (1989). Actinoplanetes. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 4, pp. 2418–2450. Edited by S. T. Williams, M. E. Sharpe & J. G. Holt. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Waksman, S. A. (1961). Classification, identification, and description of genera and species. In The Actinomycetes, vol. 2, pp. 1–363. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.

Yokota, A., Tamura, T., Hasegawa, T. & Huang, L. H. (1993). Catenuloplanes japonicus gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev., a new genus of the order Actinomycetales. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43, 805–812.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Zlamala, C., Schumann, P., Kämpfer, P., Valens, M., Rosselló-Mora, R., Lubitz, W. & Busse, H.-J. (2002). Microbacterium aerolatum sp. nov., isolated from the air in the ‘Virgilkapelle’ in Vienna. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 1229–1234.[Abstract]




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
I. Ara, M. A. Bakir, and T. Kudo
Transfer of Catellatospora koreensis Lee et al. 2000 as Catelliglobosispora koreensis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Catellatospora tsunoense Asano et al. 1989 as Hamadaea tsunoensis gen. nov., comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Catellatospora Asano and Kawamoto 1986 emend. Lee and Hah 2002
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2008; 58(8): 1950 - 1960.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
I. Ara, A. Matsumoto, M. A. Bakir, T. Kudo, S. Omura, and Y. Takahashi
Pseudosporangium ferrugineum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2008; 58(7): 1644 - 1652.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
J. Wiese, Y. Jiang, S.-K. Tang, V. Thiel, R. Schmaljohann, L.-H. Xu, C.-L. Jiang, and J. F. Imhoff
A new member of the family Micromonosporaceae, Planosporangium flavigriseum gen. nov., sp. nov.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2008; 58(6): 1324 - 1331.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
C. Thawai, S. Tanasupawat, T. Itoh, and T. Kudo
Actinocatenispora thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2006; 56(Pt 8): 1789 - 1794.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
T. Tamura, K. Hatano, and K.-i. Suzuki
A new genus of the family Micromonosporaceae, Polymorphospora gen. nov., with description of Polymorphospora rubra sp. nov.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2006; 56(Pt 8): 1959 - 1964.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
L. A. Maldonado, W. Fenical, P. R. Jensen, C. A. Kauffman, T. J. Mincer, A. C. Ward, A. T. Bull, and M. Goodfellow
Salinispora arenicola gen. nov., sp. nov. and Salinispora tropica sp. nov., obligate marine actinomycetes belonging to the family Micromonosporaceae
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2005; 55(5): 1759 - 1766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
N. A. Magarvey, J. M. Keller, V. Bernan, M. Dworkin, and D. H. Sherman
Isolation and Characterization of Novel Marine-Derived Actinomycete Taxa Rich in Bioactive Metabolites
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., December 1, 2004; 70(12): 7520 - 7529.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via CrossRef
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Matsumoto, A.
Right arrow Articles by Omura, S.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL MICROBIOLOGY J GEN VIROL
J MED MICROBIOL ALL SGM JOURNALS