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-alicyclic fatty acids, and emended description of the genus Alicyclobacillus
1 Microbiological and Analytical Group, Food Research Laboratories, Mitsui Norin Co. Ltd, 223-1, Miyahara, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
2 Central Research Laboratories, Tokyo Food Techno Co. Ltd, 223-1, Miyahara, Fujieda, Shizuoka 426-0133, Japan
3 Marine Biotechnology Institute, 3-75-1, Heita, Kamaishi, Iwate 026-0001, Japan
4 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1, Yayoi 1-chome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
Correspondence
Keiichi Goto
kgoto{at}mnk.co.jp
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-alicyclic fatty acids, which are characteristic of the genus Alicyclobacillus, were not found in the strain. Phylogenetic analyses based on both 16S rRNA and gyrB (DNA gyrase B subunit gene) gene sequences showed that strain 3AT falls into the Alicyclobacillus cluster, validated by significant bootstrap values. However, strain 3AT did not show a close relationship to the other species of the cluster. The level of 16S rDNA similarity between strain 3AT and other strains of the cluster was between 92·5 and 95·5 %. The level of gyrB sequence similarity between strain 3AT and other strains of the cluster was between 68·5 and 74·4 %. DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain 3AT and phylogenetically related strains of the genera Alicyclobacillus, Bacillus and Sulfobacillus were under 13 %, indicating that strain 3AT represents a distinct species. On the basis of these results, strain 3AT should be classified as a novel Alicyclobacillus species. The name Alicyclobacillus pomorum is proposed for this organism. The type strain of Alicyclobacillus pomorum is strain 3AT (=DSM 14955T=IAM 14988T).
The DDBJ/GenBank/EMBL accession numbers for the 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequences are AB089840–AB089859.
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) consists of a group of thermo-acidophilic, strictly aerobic, heterotrophic, endospore-forming bacteria. The genus originally consisted of three species, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus. In recent years, four novel species and one subspecies have been formally assigned to the genus; Alicyclobacillus hesperidum (Albuquerque et al., 2000), Alicyclobacillus herbarius (Goto et al., 2002a), Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus (Matsubara et al., 2002), Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis (Tsuruoka et al. 2003) and Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius subsp. rittmannii (Nicolaus et al., 1998). In addition, two genomic species, Alicyclobacillus genomic species 1 (Albuquerque et al., 2000) and Alicyclobacillus genomic species 2 (Goto et al., 2002b), have been reported as genomic species of A. acidocaldarius. All Alicyclobacillus species form one phylogenetic cluster (exclusive of the species Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans) based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis and possess -alicyclic fatty acids (-cyclohexane or -cycloheptane fatty acids) as the major membrane lipid component. The Alicyclobacillus species have been isolated from natural sources such as hot springs and soil (Uchino & Doi, 1967; Darland & Brock, 1971; Hippchen et al., 1981; Deinhard et al., 1987a, b; Hiraishi et al., 1997; Nicolaus et al., 1998; Albuquerque et al., 2000; Goto et al., 2002b, Tsuruoka et al. 2003), as well as secondary spoiled fruit-based beverages (Yamazaki et al., 1996; Goto et al., 2002a; Matsubara et al., 2002). During the course of a microbiological survey of various fruit juices, we isolated an unusual Alicyclobacillus-like organism from a spoiled mixed fruit juice. Based on the results of a polyphasic taxonomic study, a novel and anomalous species of the genus Alicyclobacillus, Alicyclobacillus pomorum sp. nov., is described here.
Strain 3AT was isolated from a spoiled mixed fruit juice (containing fresh orange, apple, mango, pineapple and raspberry juice imported into Japan from the USA) by using the dilution plating technique on a solid medium (YSG agar) containing (l-1) 2 g yeast extract, 1 g glucose, 2 g soluble starch and 15 g agar (pH 3·7 with 1 M H2SO4). Other species isolated at the same time were Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus. Based on partial 16S rDNA sequence analyses (Goto et al., 2000, 2002c), the strain was grouped into the Alicyclobacillus cluster. The strain, however, was found to be distinct from previously described species of the genus Alicyclobacillus.
To investigate the morphological and physiological characteristics of strain 3AT, it was cultured in Bacillus acidocaldarius medium (BAM; Deinhard et al., 1987a) at 45 °C. Arthrobacter globiformis JCM 1332T, Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T, Sulfobacillus acidophilus DSM 10332T, Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans DSM 9293T were also cultivated according to the methods recommended in the corresponding DSM and IFO strain catalogues. Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus TA67T was kindly provided by Motohiro Niwa (Kirin Beverage Corporation, Samukawa-machi, Kanagawa, Japan). Unless indicated otherwise, all morphological and physiological tests have been described in a previous study (Goto et al., 2002a). Since the strain did not grow in the presence of indicators, the degree of acidification was determined by measuring the pH decrease (>0·4) of the culture using BAM basal salts medium without indicator to which a carbon source (2 g l-1) was added. Acidification was observed every day for 7 days and the reading showing the strongest acidification was recorded. All tests were repeated in triplicate.
Cellular fatty acid analysis, menaquinone analysis and the preparation of DNA have been described in previous studies (Goto et al., 2000, 2002a). The DNA G+C content was determined by the method of Tamaoka et al. (1984) using HPLC with a YMC-Pack ODS-AQ AQ302 column (4·6x150 mm; YMC) and 10 mM H3PO4/10 mM KH2PO4 (pH 3·5) as the mobile phase. Almost complete 16S rDNA sequences were determined using the 16S rRNA Gene Kit following the protocols of the manufacturer (Applied Biosystems). DNA–DNA hybridization experiments were performed by the method of Ezaki et al. (1989) using photobiotin-labelled DNA probes and microplates.
Nucleotide sequences of gyrB genes were determined directly from PCR fragments amplified by the methods described by Yamamoto & Harayama (1995) and Kasai et al. (2000). The primers used for gyrB gene amplification were UP-1G (forward: 5'-GAAGTCATCATGACCGTTCTGCAYGCNGGNGGNAARTTYGG-3') and UP-2r (reverse: 5'-AGCAGGGTACGGATGTGCGAGCCRTCNACRTCNGCRTCNGTCAT-3'). Primer UP-1G annealed at positions 274–314 and primer UP-2r annealed at positions 1486–1529 (relative to Escherichia coli K-12 gene numbering). The amplified products were purified by gel electrophoresis on 0·8 % low-melting-point agarose (SeaPlaque GTG; FMC Bioproducts). The purified fragments were recovered from the agarose by a QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen). Sequencing was carried out with an ABI PRISM Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit with sequencing primers UP-1S (forward: 5'-GAAGTCATCATGACCGTTCTGCA-3'; positions 274–296), gyrS-2F (reverse: 5'-GAACAAGCSTTTTTRAATKCCGG-3'; positions 577–599), gyr-Int-R (reverse: 5'-CCGCGVACYTCRCTGTTGCC-3'; positions 1021–1040), gyrS-4R (reverse: 5'-GATTCCAGYACRCTTTTTCGCCG-3'; positions 1177–1199) and UP-2rS (reverse: 5'-AGCAGGGTACGGATGTGCGAGCC-3'; positions 1507–1529). The products were analysed by an ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyser (Applied Biosystems) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Sequence analysis was performed using Gene Works (version 2.0; IntelliGenetics) and the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases. Multiple sequence alignment was performed using CLUSTAL W version 1.8 (Thompson et al., 1994). Also, the gyrB gene sequences and their deduced amino acid sequences were aligned by CLUSTAL W version 1.8 and the alignments were manually corrected. Alignment gaps and unidentified base positions were not taken into account for these calculations. A phylogenetic reconstruction was produced using MEGA2 (Kumer et al., 2001) with the following settings: neighbour-joining (Saitou & Nei, 1987) based on Kimura's two-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) and maximum-parsimony (Lake, 1987) methods. The robustness of individual branches was estimated by bootstrapping with 1000 replicates (Felsenstein, 1985). The DDBJ accession numbers of 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequences used for each phylogenetic analysis are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively.
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-D-glucoside, amygdalin, aesculin, salicin, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, D-turanose, D-tagatose and 5-ketogluconate. The differential phenotypic characteristics of strain 3AT and Alicyclobacillus reference strains are shown in Table 1.
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). In the absence of -alicyclic fatty acids, the fatty acid profile of strain 3AT is clearly different from that of Alicyclobacillus species and thus it is more similar to that of Bacillus tusciae. However, significant differences in the level of iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C18 : 0 distinguished strain 3AT from B. tusciae. The G+C content of strain 3AT was 53·1 mol%, which is in the range for known Alicyclobacillus species (53–63 %) and Sulfobacillus species (52–56 %).
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) for strains 3AT, Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius subsp. rittmannii DSM 11297T, Arthrobacter globiformis JCM 1332T, Sulfobacillus acidophilus DSM 10332T, Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans DSM 9293T were determined. These sequences were aligned with published sequences available from the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases and the phylogenetic position of strain 3AT was inferred by constructing a phylogenetic tree with either the neighbour-joining method (data not shown) or the maximum-parsimony method (Fig. 1
). The phylogenetic analyses, based on 1392 unambiguous nucleotides, showed that strain 3AT fell within the cluster composed of Alicyclobacillus species and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T in both trees and that the cluster was supported by high bootstrap values of 99 % (neighbour-joining tree) and 95 % (maximum-parsimony tree), respectively. However, strain 3AT did not show a close relationship with any other species of the cluster. The same results were obtained when the phylogenetic tree was constructed based on a wider sample of species (available as supplementary material in IJSEM online at http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/). The sequence similarity values between strain 3AT and other strains of the cluster exceeded 92 %, this being the lower limit for Alicyclobacillus species (Wisotzkey et al., 1992). Similarity values between strain 3AT and Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T, Sulfobacillus acidophilus DSM 10332T or S. thermosulfidooxidans DSM 9293T were all below 90 % (Table 3).
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), showed that strain 3AT formed a monophyletic cluster with Alicyclobacillus species and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T in both the neighbour-joining tree (data not shown) and the maximum-parsimony tree (Fig. 2) at bootstrap values of 81 and 87 %, respectively. Strain 3AT clustered with Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus DSM 4006T and Alicyclobacillus herbarius CP1T in the trees, however, without significant bootstrap values (21–68 %). Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T branched off from the main Alicyclobacillus cluster; however, the relative branching order was not well supported by bootstrap values. The gyrB gene sequence of strain 3AT exhibited 68·5–74·4 % identity to other strains of Alicyclobacillus species and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans DSM 12064T. Although the phylogenetic relationships, based on GyrB amino acid sequences (382 unambiguous amino acids), were also investigated using neighbour-joining and maximum-parsimony approaches (data not shown), the topologies of the phylogenetic trees were almost identical between the trees and the accurate phylogenetic position of strain 3AT in the cluster, especially in relation to Alicyclobacillus cycloheptanicus, Alicyclobacillus herbarius and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans, remained ambiguous as described for the nucleic acid data. Determining the relationship between these organisms will require sequence data from additional isolates of Alicyclobacillus and related genera.
The DNA–DNA hybridization values for strain 3AT and phylogenetically related strains of Alicyclobacillus, Bacillus and Sulfobacillus species were 1–13 %, which was well below the 70 % cut-off point recommended by Wayne et al. (1987) for the recognition of a genomic species.
According to the description of the genus Alicyclobacillus by Wisotzkey et al. (1992), the predominant membrane fatty acids of its members are -alicyclic acids that contain six- or seven-carbon rings. These fatty acids have been suggested to play an important role in the growth of Alicyclobacillus in thermal and acidic environments (De Rosa et al., 1971; Kannenberg et al., 1984; Poralla et al., 1984; Krischke & Poralla, 1990; Moore et al., 1997). Although the genus Sulfobacillus has also been reported to possess -alicyclic fatty acids (Golovacheva & Karavaiko, 1979; Dufresne et al., 1996; Norris et al., 1996), Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans is meso-acidophilic, whereas Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans, Sulfobacillus acidophilus and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans are thermo-acidophilic. Furthermore, Curtobacterium pusillum (Suzuki et al., 1981) and Propionibacterium cyclohexanicum (Kusano et al., 1997) also possess -alicyclic acids; however, these organisms are neither thermophilic nor acidophilic (Propionibacterium cyclohexanicum is an acidotolerant bacterium), thus the presence of -alicyclic acids does not necessarily relate to the physiological property of being thermo-acidophilic.
On the other hand, thermo-neutrophilic bacilli, such as Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus (Heyndrickx et al., 1997), Bacillus coagulans (Nazina et al., 2001), Brevibacillus thermoruber (Manachini et al., 1985), Geobacillus species (Nazina et al., 2001), Thermobacillus species (Touzel et al., 2000) and Ureibacillus species (Fortina et al., 2001), possess iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and/or anteiso-C17 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. Also, mesophilic and mildly acidophilic bacilli, such as Bacillus naganoensis (Tomimura et al., 1990) and Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T (Table 2), possess iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and/or anteiso-C17 : 0 as major cellular fatty acids. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain 3AT are iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 and the fatty acid composition is relatively similar to that of Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T. Within this list of species anteiso-C17 : 0 is consistently the most abundant fatty acid. However, strain 3AT could be distinguished from Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T by the relative percentage of iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C18 : 0. Moreover, values of DNA–DNA hybridization and sequence similarity in both 16S rDNA and gyrB genes between strain 3AT and Bacillus tusciae IFO 15312T were lower than for other Alicyclobacillus species.
Although strain 3AT does not possess any -alicyclic fatty acids, the results of this polyphasic taxonomic analysis clearly show that this thermo-acidophilic heterotrophic endospore-forming bacterium represents a hitherto unrecognized species within the genus Alicyclobacillus. Therefore, on the basis of all data obtained, we propose that the unknown bacterium should be classified within the genus Alicyclobacillus, as Alicyclobacillus pomorum sp. nov. In addition, the results of 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analyses strongly suggested that Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans is phylogenetically closely related to the genus Alicyclobacillus rather than the genus Sulfobacillus. However, Alicyclobacillus is heterotrophic while Sulfobacillus is mixotrophic, thus delineating these two genera. Further taxonomic studies are in progress to clarify phylogenetic heterogeneity within the genera Alicyclobacillus and Sulfobacillus.
Emended description of genus Alicyclobacillus Wisotzkey et al. 1992
The description of the genus Alicyclobacillus (Wisotzkey et al., 1992) is emended to reflect the following chemotaxonomic characteristic. The cellular fatty acids profile consists of -alicyclic fatty acids and a small amount of straight- and branched-chain saturated fatty acids or only straight- and branched-chain saturated fatty acids instead of -alicyclic fatty acids.
Description of Alicyclobacillus pomorum sp. nov.
Alicyclobacillus pomorum (po.mo'rum. L. neut. N. pomum fruit; L. gen. pl. neut. n. pomorum of fruits).
Gram-positive, but Gram-variable in old cultures, strictly aerobic, motile, endospore-forming straight rods with rounded ends (2·0–4·0x0·8–1·0 µm). Endospores are oval and subterminal with swollen sporangia. Colonies on BAM agar are circular and 3–4 mm in diameter after 48 h and are not pigmented. Temperature range for growth is 30– 60 °C; optimum growth temperature is 45–50 °C. pH optimum is 4·5–5·0; growth does not occur at pH 2·5 or 6·5. Growth factors are not required, but growth is further increased by adding yeast extract to the inorganic medium. The generation time is 1·5 h. Oxidase- and catalase-positive, but does not reduce nitrate to nitrite. Aesculin, gelatin and starch are hydrolysed, but arbutin, phenylalanine and tyrosine are not. Acid is produced from glycerol, ribose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-sorbose, mannitol, methyl--D-glucoside, amygdalin, aesculin, salicin, maltose, sucrose, trehalose, D-turanose, D-tagatose and 5-ketogluconate. The major fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The main quinone is menaquinone 7. The G+C content is 53·1 mol%. Type strain is strain 3AT (=DSM 14955T=IAM 14988T).
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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C.-Y. Jiang, Y. Liu, Y.-Y. Liu, X.-Y. You, X. Guo, and S.-J. Liu Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans sp. nov., a ferrous-oxidizing bacterium from solfataric soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, December 1, 2008; 58(12): 2898 - 2903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Steven, M. Q. Chen, C. W. Greer, L. G. Whyte, and T. D. Niederberger Tumebacillus permanentifrigoris gen. nov., sp. nov., an aerobic, spore-forming bacterium isolated from Canadian high Arctic permafrost Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2008; 58(6): 1497 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Imperio, C. Viti, and L. Marri Alicyclobacillus pohliae sp. nov., a thermophilic, endospore-forming bacterium isolated from geothermal soil of the north-west slope of Mount Melbourne (Antarctica) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2008; 58(1): 221 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Goto, K. Mochida, Y. Kato, M. Asahara, R. Fujita, S.-Y. An, H. Kasai, and A. Yokota Proposal of six species of moderately thermophilic, acidophilic, endospore-forming bacteria: Alicyclobacillus contaminans sp. nov., Alicyclobacillus fastidiosus sp. nov., Alicyclobacillus kakegawensis sp. nov., Alicyclobacillus macrosporangiidus sp. nov., Alicyclobacillus sacchari sp. nov. and Alicyclobacillus shizuokensis sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2007; 57(6): 1276 - 1285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. I. Karavaiko, T. I. Bogdanova, T. P. Tourova, T. F. Kondrat'eva, I. A. Tsaplina, M. A. Egorova, E. N. Krasil'nikova, and L. M. Zakharchuk Reclassification of 'Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans subsp. thermotolerans' strain K1 as Alicyclobacillus tolerans sp. nov. and Sulfobacillus disulfidooxidans Dufresne et al. 1996 as Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Alicyclobacillus Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, March 1, 2005; 55(2): 941 - 947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. M. Botero, S. D'Imperio, M. Burr, T. R. McDermott, M. Young, and D. J. Hassett Poly(A) Polymerase Modification and Reverse Transcriptase PCR Amplification of Environmental RNA Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 1, 2005; 71(3): 1267 - 1275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Simbahan, R. Drijber, and P. Blum Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis sp. nov., a thermophilic, acidophilic bacterium isolated from Coso Hot Springs, California, USA Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2004; 54(5): 1703 - 1707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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