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Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 (2003), 1427-1433; DOI  10.1099/ijs.0.02224-0
© 2003 International Union of Microbiological Societies

Gordonia sihwensis sp. nov., a novel nitrate-reducing bacterium isolated from a wastewater-treatment bioreactor

Kwang Kyu Kim1,2, Chang Soo Lee1,2, Reiner M. Kroppenstedt2, Erko Stackebrandt2 and Sung Taik Lee1

1 Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Yusung, Taejeon, Korea
2 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Mascheroder Weg 1b, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany

Correspondence
Sung Taik Lee
e_stlee{at}kaist.ac.kr


   ABSTRACT
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A nitrate-reducing bacterium, strain SPR2T, was isolated from a sulphur-oxidizing, autotrophic denitrification reactor used for advanced treatment of wastewater from the lake of Sihwa, Korea. The strain was aerobic but could grow under anaerobic conditions. It was Gram-positive, exhibited rough white colonies on complex nutrient agar, produced elementary branching hyphae that fragmented into rod/coccus-like elements and showed chemotaxonomic markers that were consistent with classification in the genus Gordonia, i.e. meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose in whole-cell hydrolysates, N-glycolylmuramic acid in the peptidoglycan wall, unbranched saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids plus tuberculostearic acid (TBSA), mycolic acids that comprised 48–56 carbon atoms and MK-9(H2) as the predominant menaquinone. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain SPR2T showed highest similarity to Gordonia amicalis DSM 44461T and Gordonia hydrophobica DSM 44015T, with values of 98·2 and 97·9 %, respectively. These values were far below 99·5 % (usually found at the intraspecies level) and they were in the range that separates species at the intrageneric level. The separate phylogenetic position of SPR2T was supported by differences in fatty acid and mycolic acid compositions and in carbon utilization tests that distinguished strain SPR2T from all known Gordonia species. Combined genotypic and phenotypic data show that strain SPR2T merits recognition as a novel species within the genus Gordonia, for which the name Gordonia sihwensis sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is SPR2T (=DSM 44576T=NRRL B-24155T).

Published online ahead of print on 21 February 2003 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.02224-0.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rDNA sequence of Gordonia sihwensis is AJ416151.


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Members of the genus Gordonia were originally regarded as opportunistic pathogens that were isolated from sputum of humans suffering from pulmonary diseases, e.g. Gordonia bronchialis, Gordonia aichiensis and Gordonia sputi (Tsukamura, 1971Go, 1978Go, 1982Go). However, many Gordonia isolates are able to degrade xenobiotics, such as benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene by Gordonia desulfuricans and Gordonia amicalis (Kim et al., 1999Go, 2000Go) and alkanes by Gordonia alkanivorans (Kummer et al., 1999Go), whereas Gordonia hydrophobica and Gordonia hirsuta were able to remove malodorous animal emissions such as aldehydes and ketones in biofilters (Bendinger et al., 1995Go; Klatte et al., 1996Go). Gordonia nitida, which degrades 3-ethylpyridine and 3-methylpyridine, was isolated from soil (Yoon et al., 2000Go) and Gordonia polyisoprenivorans was found in fouling water of automobile tyres and metabolizes polyisoprenoids (Linos et al., 1999Go).

The aim of this study was to clarify the taxonomic position of an organism isolated from a sulphur-oxidizing, autotrophic denitrification reactor used for advanced treatment of wastewater from the lake of Sihwa, Korea. Sulphur particles were taken from the reactor and samples from the top layers were diluted serially in 0·85 % saline. Aliquots of each serial dilution were spread on succinate/mineral agar medium [0·04 % (w/v) NH4Cl, 0·08 % (w/v) K2HPO4, 0·03 % (w/v) KH2PO4, 0·27 % (w/v) sodium succinate hexahydrate, 0·01 % (w/v) yeast extract, 0·5 % (v/v) mineral solution, 1·5 % (w/v) Bacto Agar (Difco) (Frankel et al., 1997Go)] and incubated in an anaerobic jar (Difco) at 28 °C, pH 7 for 7 days.

A pinpoint colony, designed SPR2T, was isolated and subcultured on TSB agar medium [3 % (w/v) trypticase soy broth (BBL), 1·5 % (w/v) Bacto Agar (Difco)]. For determination of colour, morphology and biochemical reactions, strain SPR2T was grown on solidified GYM agar medium [0·4 % (w/v) D-glucose, 0·4 % (w/v) yeast extract, 1 % (w/v) malt extract, 1·2 % (w/v) agar no. 1 (Oxoid)] at 28 °C. For biochemical tests, strain SPR2T was harvested from GYM agar after 24 h. Morphological studies and colour examinations were carried out after 1, 3 and 7 days. For analysis of fatty acid and mycolic acid compositions, strain SPR2T was grown on TSB agar at 28 °C for 4 days. For cell-wall and quinone analyses, cells were grown in TSB at 28 °C for 4 days on a rotary shaker, harvested by centrifugation and washed twice with distilled water. For the nitrate-reducing test, strain SPR2T was cultivated in potassium nitrate medium [0·3 % (w/v) beef extract, 0·5 % (w/v) gelatin peptone, 0·1 % (w/v) KNO3] under anaerobic conditions at 28 °C and pH 7.

Macroscopic and microscopic studies and staining procedures followed the instructions of Lefford (1980)Go. Carbon source utilization and quantitative enzyme tests were performed in standard microtitration plates as described previously (Klatte, 1994Go; Linos et al., 1999Go). Amino acid and sugar analyses of whole-cell hydrolysates followed the procedures of Stanek & Roberts (1974)Go. Murein acyl type was determined by a modification of the colorimetric method of Uchida & Aida (1977)Go. In contrast to the original procedure, whole-cell hydrolysate was neutralized by passing it through an ion-exchange column (Analytichem Bond Elut SCX). Isoprenoid quinones were extracted and purified by using the small-scale integrated procedure of Minnikin et al. (1984)Go. Dried preparations were dissolved in 200 µl 2-propanol and 1–10 µl aliquots were separated by HPLC without further purification. Menaquinones were separated by HPLC on a LiChrosorb RP-18 column at 40 °C by using acetonitrile/2-propanol (65 : 35, v/v) as solvent (Kroppenstedt, 1982Go, 1985Go). Polar lipids were extracted, examined by two-dimensional TLC and identified by using published procedures (Minnikin et al., 1977Go). Fatty acid methyl esters and mycolic acid trimethylsilyl ethers were prepared and analysed as described previously (Klatte et al., 1994Go) by using the standard Microbial Identification system (MIDI) for automated GC analyses (Sasser, 1990Go; Kämpfer & Kroppenstedt, 1996Go).

Formation of nitrite in potassium nitrate medium after growth for 3 days was determined by following the method of Griess (1879)Go. Reduction of nitrate was determined by the development of pink to deep red colour when nitrite reacted with 0·6 % (w/v) N,N-dimethyl-{alpha}-naphthylamine and 0·8 % (w/v) sulfanilic acid that were dissolved in 30 % (w/v) glacial acetic acid.

Extraction of genomic DNA, PCR-mediated amplification of 16S rDNA and sequencing of purified PCR product were carried out according to Rainey et al. (1996)Go. Sequence reaction mixtures were electrophoresed by using a model 373A automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems). 16S rDNA sequences were aligned with published sequences from the DSMZ database by using the ae2 editor (Maidak et al., 1994Go) and sequences were retrieved from EMBL. Pairwise similarities and evolutionary distances were calculated by using the methods of De Soete (1983)Go and Jukes & Cantor (1969)Go, respectively. Phylogenetic dendrograms were constructed according to algorithms in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993Go). Stability of branching points was evaluated by bootstrap analysis (Felsenstein, 1989Go). Strain designation and 16S rDNA accession numbers of reference strains are given in Fig. 1Go.



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  		Fig. 1. 16S rDNA dendrogram obtained by distance matrix (neighbour-joining) analysis, showing the position of Gordonia sihwensis SPR2T among species of the genus Gordonia. Species of the genera Williamsia and Skermania were used to define the root. Numbers at branching points refer to bootstrap values. Bar, 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

 
Strain SPR2T produced short, elementary branching hyphae that disintegrated into rod/coccus-like elements, showing the typical rod–coccus growth cycle that is usually found among strains of the genus Gordonia and related taxa, such as Rhodococcus (Goodfellow, 1991Go). Aged cells tended to form aggregates. Upon cultivation on standard nutrient agar, strain SPR2T exhibited white and rough colonies. Cells were Gram-positive, non-acid-fast and non-motile. No spores were detected.

Results of physiological tests obtained from microtitration plates revealed that strain SPR2T was able to utilize 18 of 32 carbon sources by means of the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction test. Two of three chromogenic substrates could be hydrolysed (Table 1Go).


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  		Table 1. Physiological properties of Gordonia sihwensis SPR2T and type strains of the genus Gordonia

Strains: 1, G. sihwensis SPR2T; 2, G. aichiensis DSM 43978T; 3, G. alkanivorans DSM 44369T; 4, G. amarae DSM 43392T; 5, G. amicalis DSM 44461T; 6, G. bronchialis DSM 43247T; 7, G. desulfuricans DSM 44462T; 8, G. hirsuta DSM 44140T; 9, G. hydrophobica DSM 44015T; 10, Gordonia namibiensis DSM 44568T; 11, G. nitida DSM 44499T; 12, G. polyisoprenivorans DSM 44302T; 13, G. rhizosphera NBRC 16068T; 14, G. rubripertincta DSM 43197T; 15, G. sputi DSM 43896T; 16, Gordonia terrae DSM 43249T; 17, G. westfalica DSM 44215T. Assimilation of auxonographic substrate was detected photometrically by means of reduction of the redox dye MTT. +, E540(test)-E540(control)>0·129; -, E540(test)-E540(control)<0·129; ND, not determined.

 
Chemotaxonomic properties of strain SPR2T were also consistent with its classification in the genus Gordonia (Minnikin et al., 1977Go; Stackebrandt et al., 1988Go; Klatte et al., 1994Go). Whole-cell hydrolysates of SPR2T contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the only diamino acid of the peptidoglycan and arabinose plus galactose as major cell-wall sugars. As expected for the genus Gordonia and related taxa, the sugar moiety of the peptidoglycan was glycolated. MK-9(H2) was the predominant menaquinone; a small amount of MK-8(H2) was also present. The polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides and some unspecified glycolipids. The fatty acid pattern was composed of straight-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids plus tuberculostearic acid. Although this pattern is roughly the same in all gordoniae, there are qualitative and quantitative species-specific and often intraspecific differences (Klatte, 1994Go) (Table 2Go). Strain SPR2T also synthesized a homologous series of mycolic acids that ranged from 48 to 56 carbon atoms in length, with C50, C52 and C54 as the three principal mycolic acids. This chain-length was in the range expected for Gordonia species (C48–C66). The pattern of isolate SPR2T is similar to those of Gordonia amarae and G. amicalis, which possess similar-sized mycolic acids with chain-lengths of about C48–C58 (Table 3Go).


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  		Table 2. Cellular fatty acid composition (%) of Gordonia sihwensis SPR2T and type strains of the genus Gordonia

Strains: see legend to Table 1Go. Abbreviations: C18 : 1, octadecenoic acid (oleic acid); TBSA, tuberculostearic acid; 10-methyl C17 : 0, 10-methyl-heptadecanoic acid. In addition, G. polyisoprenivorans contains 2 % C10 : 0.

 

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  		Table 3. Mycolic acid composition (%) of Gordonia sihwensis SPR2T and type strains of the genus Gordonia

Strains: see legend to Table 1Go. The main mycolic acid components are shown, designated by chain-length (no. carbon atoms).

 
Analysis of the almost-complete 16S rDNA sequence of strain SPR2T (1499 nt) indicated membership of the genus Gordonia, the intrageneric relatedness of which ranges from 94·9 to 99·7 % sequence similarity among the type strains of species. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain SPR2T showed highest similarity, with values of 97·9 and 98·2 %, to those of G. hydrophobica and G. amicalis, respectively. Despite the overall high 16S rDNA sequence similarity between the species of this genus, strain SPR2T occupies a distinct phylogenetic position no matter which algorithm is used for the construction of dendrograms (distance matrix or maximum-likelihood). Fig. 1Go displays a neighbour-joining tree. Bootstrap values indicate that only a few branches and branch-clusters are supported by high statistical significance. Several species are significantly more closely related to other Gordonia type strains by 16S rDNA sequence similarity than strain SPR2T, e.g. those of Gordonia westfalica, G. alkanivorans and G. nitida (99·1–99·9 %), G. sputi and G. aichiensis (99·7 %) or Gordonia rhizosphera and G. bronchialis (98·7 %). Analysis of DNA–DNA relatedness between the type strains of G. amicalis and Gordonia rubripertincta (which have 99 % 16S rDNA similarity) revealed only 31 % DNA–DNA similarity (Kim et al., 2000Go), whilst DNA similarity between G. nitida and G. rubripertincta (99 % 16S rDNA similarity) gave a mean value of 42 % (Yoon et al., 2000Go). As these 16S rDNA similarity values are significantly higher than those found for strain SPR2T with the type strain of any other Gordonia species, we conclude that DNA–DNA similarities are not needed to demonstrate convincingly that the isolate represents a novel genomic species. The rationale to describe a novel species for strain SPR2T is justified by considering the differences observed in the chain-length of mycolic acids and physiological properties (Table 4Go).


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  		Table 4. Physiological, morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics of Gordonia sihwensis sp. nov. and comparison with phylogenetically most closely related strains

 
Description of Gordonia sihwensis sp. nov.
Gordonia sihwensis (sih.wen'sis. N.L. fem. adj. sihwensis referring to lake Sihwa in Korea, from where the type strain was recovered).

Aerobic, Gram-positive, nitrate-reducing, non-motile actinomycete that forms rod/coccus-like elements. Colonies are white; colonies of the type strain are rough with irregular margins. Whole-cell hydrolysates contain meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose. Peptidoglycan sugars are glycolated. Predominant menaquinone is MK-9(H2); a small amount of MK-8(H2) is also present. Polar lipids are comprised of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. Major fatty acids are C16 : 1cis-9, C16 : 0, C18 : 1 and 10-methyl C18 : 0. Principal mycolic acids have a chain-length of 50, 52 or 54 carbon atoms. Physiological properties are indicated in Table 1Go.

The type strain is SPR2T (=DSM 44576T=NRRL B-24155T). Isolated from a sulphur-oxidizing autotrophic denitrification reactor used for advanced treatment of wastewater from the lake of Sihwa, Korea.


   ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
 
We would like to thank Ina Kramer, Gabriele Pötter, Michaela Schmidt and Jolante Swiderski for their expert technical assistance during this study. This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the Republic of Korea.


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