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1 Institut für Bakteriologie, Mykologie und Hygiene, Veterinärmedizinische Universität, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
2 Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Universität Wien, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
3 Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, POB 56, FIN 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
4 Area de Biotecnologia, GridSystems, ParcBIT, Son Espanyol, E-07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
5 Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
Correspondence
Hans-Jürgen Busse
hans-juergen.busse{at}vu-wien.ac.at
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ABSTRACT |
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The EMBL accession numbers for the 16S rDNA sequences of Sphingomonas aurantiaca strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90, Sphingomonas faeni MA-olkiT and Sphingomonas aerolata NW12T are respectively AJ429236–AJ429240.
Riboprints of the novel isolates and the results of TLC analysis of the polar lipids of a representative strain are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
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TOPABSTRACTMAIN TEXTREFERENCES |
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). During studies on dustborne bacteria in Finland (Andersson et al., 1999) and airborne bacteria in England (Brimblecombe et al., 1999), five orange-pigmented bacterial strains were isolated. Preliminary analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences of the five strains revealed their affiliation with the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto as defined by Takeuchi et al. (2001). The ability to survive when suspended in the air has not been reported for members of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto and, what is more, orange pigmentation is not given in the description of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto, which encompasses only yellow- or off-white-pigmented species (Takeuchi et al., 2001).
The genus Sphingomonas, originally described by Yabuuchi et al. (1990), has recently been dissected into four genera (Takeuchi et al., 2001). The genus name Sphingomonas was retained for those species that are most closely related to Sphingomonas paucimobilis, the type species of the genus (cluster I according to Takeuchi et al., 2001). Species of Sphingomonas sensu stricto can be distinguished from species of other genera of the family Sphingomonadaceae by the presence of sym-homospermidine as the predominant compound in the polyamine patterns, several signature nucleotides in the 16S rDNA sequences and a combination of other phenotypic markers. The presence of sym-homospermidine as a distinguishing character within the family Sphingomonadaceae is not considered in taxonomic considerations by some scientists (Yabuuchi et al., 1990, 2002), although it reflects the separate phylogenetic position of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto. Thus, we strongly support the proposal to retain the genus name Sphingomonas only for the members of cluster I, and the nomenclature of Takeuchi et al. (2001) is used in this report.
Here, classification of these five isolates and two Antarctic Sphingomonas strains (Aislabie et al., 2000; Christner et al., 2000) and their description as three novel species of the genus Sphingomonas are reported.
Isolation and cultivation
Strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 were isolated in Spring 1990 and strain MA-olkiT was isolated in December 1998 from cow-barn air when bales of hay and straw were broken open (Andersson et al., 1999). Isolation was done on TSA at 16–18 °C. Strain NW12T was isolated on CasMM agar (Altenburger et al., 1996) in December 1996 during a campaign for collection of airborne micro-organisms in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich, UK (Brimblecombe et al., 1999) and was subcultivated at room temperature on PYES agar (Buczolits et al., 2002).
16S rDNA sequence analysis
16S rDNA was amplified and analysed as described previously (Abraham et al., 1999). Sequence comparisons (ungapped) using FASTA3 (Pearson & Lipman, 1988) revealed: 99·7 % similarity between strain MA-olkiT and the three strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90; 99·6 % similarity between strain NW12T and strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90; and 99·3 % similarity between strains NW12T and MA-olkiT. Highest similarities were found with sequences of established species of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto including Sphingomonas aquatilis KCTC 2881T (96·4–96·6 %), Sphingomonas mali IFO 15500T (95·7–96·1 %), Sphingomonas pruni IFO 15498T (95·6–96·0 %), Sphingomonas asaccharolytica IFO 15499T (95·5–96·0 %), Sphingomonas adhaesiva GIFU 11458T (95·4–96·0 %) and Sphingomonas echinoides DSM 1805T (95·9–96·0 %). These results clearly demonstrate that the five isolates are members of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto. Assignment to the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto was also confirmed by the presence in the sequences of the five isolates of all signature nucleotides that characterize the genus (Takeuchi et al., 2001). However, the 16S rDNA sequences of the five isolates shared highest similarities with sequences of Sphingomonas strain Ant 20, isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soils around Scott Base, Antarctica (Aislabie et al., 2000), Sphingomonas strain M3C203B-B, isolated from ice of Taylor Dome, Antarctica (Christner et al., 2000, 2001), and Sphingomonas strain V21 (accession no. AF324199), isolated from Lake Vostok accretion ice, Antarctica (Christner et al., 2001). Both strains Ant 20 and M3C203B-B showed 99·9 % sequence similarity to strain NW12T, 99·6 % to strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 and 99·3 % to strain MA-olkiT. The sequence of strain V21 was 98·2 % similar to those of strains MA101bT, MA306a, MA405/90 and MA-olkiT and 97·3 % similar to that of strain NW12T. Like our air- and dustborne isolates, strain Ant 20 forms orange-pigmented colonies (Aislabie et al., 2000), as does strain M3C203B-B, whereas V21 is yellow-pigmented (unpublished results). Orange pigmentation is rare among members of the family Sphingomonadaceae and this trait, in addition to psychrotolerance and extraordinarily high sequence similarities, indicated a relationship between strains Ant 20, M3C203B-B and NW12T at the species level. Thus, strains Ant 20 and M3C203B-B were included in our study. Strain V21 was not included since it is not orange-pigmented and its 16S rDNA sequence similarity to the group of orange-pigmented strains was significantly lower than the similarities between strains within this group.
Nucleotide sequences were aligned with reference 16S rDNA sequences using evolutionarily conserved primary sequence and secondary structure (Gutell et al., 1985) as references. Evolutionary distances (Jukes & Cantor, 1969) were calculated from nearly complete sequence-pair dissimilarities using only homologous, unambiguously determined nucleotide positions. Bootstrap analysis and phylogenetic trees were constructed using programs implemented in the PHYLIP package (Felsenstein, 1993). Phylogenetic analysis of nearly full-length 16S rDNA sequences of the five isolates confirmed that they are closely related to each other, as already indicated from sequence similarities, and that they are members of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto (Takeuchi et al., 2001), forming a distinct phylogenetic lineage (Fig. 1).
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; Kämpfer et al., 1991), except that the tests were incubated at room temperature for 7 days. Additionally, the strains were studied using API 20NE and API ZYM galleries (bioMérieux), according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Biochemical characteristics were studied as described by Kämpfer et al. (1991). For 103 characteristics tested (Table 1), strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 were homogeneous and differed from each other in not more than five traits. Another homogeneous group was formed by NW12T, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B, which again differed from each other in not more than five characteristics. These two groups could be distinguished from each other by five traits and from strain MA-olkiT by seven and ten traits, respectively.
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. The results of DNA–DNA hybridizations (Table 2) demonstrate that strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 are members of a single species, that strains NW12T, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B represent another species and that strain MA-olkiT represents a third species. Analysis of genomic DNA using ERIC-PCR (enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR) and BOX-PCR (BOX element PCR) (Wieser & Busse, 2000) revealed unique band patterns (Fig. 2) for strains MA-olkiT, NW12T and MA405/90, whereas genomic fingerprints from strains MA101bT and MA306a were almost indistinguishable. This observation indicates that the latter two strains are clonally related. MA405/90 shared one characteristic band with MA101bT and MA306a in the ERIC-PCR fingerprint (at approx. 400 bp) and BOX-PCR fingerprint (at approx. 300 bp), suggesting moderate relatedness. No significant similarities were observed between the ERIC- and BOX-PCR-generated genomic fingerprints of strains NW12T, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B (results not shown). Riboprints were analysed as described previously (Busse et al., 2000). High degrees of similarity were observed between the riboprints of strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 (>63 %) and strains Ant 20 and M3C203B-B (76 %). No significant similarities (<54 %) were detected between other riboprints (see Supplementary Fig. A in IJSEM Online). The G+C contents of the genomic DNAs were determined from HPLC analyses of nucleosides (Kaneko et al., 1986; Busse et al., 2002). The G+C contents of strains MA-olkiT, NW12T and MA101bT were respectively 63·1, 65·4 and 64·7 mol%.
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; Busse et al., 1997). The polyamine patterns of our five isolates and the two Antarctic strains contained predominantly sym-homospermidine. Other polyamines were only detected in trace amounts. This polyamine pattern is a characteristic feature of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto as defined previously (Busse et al., 1999; Takeuchi et al., 2001). The quinone systems of the five strains, which were determined by HPLC (Tindall, 1990; Altenburger et al., 1996), consisted predominantly of ubiquinone Q-10 (82–96 %), with small amounts of Q-9 (3–12 %) and Q-8 (1–6 %). This is in accordance with results for other members of the Sphingomonadaceae (Busse et al., 1999).
Polar lipid profiles were analysed according to the method of Ventosa et al. (1993). For comparability with results from our previous work (Busse et al., 1999), the same designations for unknown lipids that display similar chromatographic and staining behaviour are used here. The profiles of strains MA-olkiT, MA101bT and MA405/90 were almost identical. They were characterized by the presence of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, diphosphatidyl glycerol and sphingoglycolipid as the predominant lipids, moderate amounts of phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids (PL3, PL6) and traces of phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine. Additionally, MA-olkiT contained minor amounts of an unidentified aminophospholipid (APL1). NW12T could be distinguished from the strains mentioned above by the presence of an unidentified phospholipid (PL5), an aminophospholipid (APL2) and three glycolipids (GL1, GL4, GL5) (see Supplementary Fig. B in IJSEM Online). The polar lipid profile of strain M3C203B-B was almost identical to that of NW12T. The polar lipid profile of strain Ant 20 resembled those of NW12T and M3C203B-B, but it could be distinguished from these two strains by the presence of small amounts of three unidentified, additional phospholipids and an aminophospholipid. These polar lipid profiles clearly distinguished the strains studied here from members of the Sphingomonadaceae (Busse et al., 1999), including Blastomonas natatoria DSM 3183T, a strain that turns from yellow to orange as cultures age.
During analysis of polar lipids, it was revealed that the orange pigmentation of the isolates resulted from the presence of different orange compounds. Analysis of acetone-extracted pigments (Denner et al., 2001) of the seven strains displayed spectra that were indicative only for yellow pigments. The spectra obtained were similar, but not identical, to those reported for other sphingomonads, including strains of Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Sphingomonas trueperi (Jenkins et al., 1979), Sphingomonas pituitosa DSM 13101T (Denner et al., 2001), Novosphingobium capsulatum LMG 2830T (Bally et al., 1990), Sphingomonas xenophaga DSM 6383T (Stolz et al., 2000), which can be considered to be a member of the genus Sphingobium (Takeuchi et al., 2001), and Erythrobacter citreus DSM 14432T (Denner et al., 2002). The spectral characteristics of the extracted pigments of the strains were as follows: MA101bT, MA306a, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B, 
max at 458 and 478 nm; MA405/90, max at 457 and 478 nm; MA-olkiT, max at 458 and 474 nm; and NW12T, max at 458 and 476–477 nm. Several spectra showed slight inflexions at approximately 425 nm.
Fatty acids were analysed from biomass that was grown for 72 h on TSA at 28 °C as described by Kämpfer et al. (1997). The seven strains displayed almost identical fatty acid profiles, including the presence of C14 : 0 2-OH and the absence of any 3-OH fatty acids (Table 3). These profiles are in excellent agreement with those of representatives of the genus (Kämpfer et al., 1997; Busse et al., 1999; Denner et al., 2001) and their assignment to the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto.
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) indicated that strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 are strains of a single species, NW12T, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B are members of another species and MA-olkiT represents a third species (results not shown). These observations are in agreement with results from 16S rDNA sequence comparisons, DNA–DNA hybridizations and polar lipid profiles.
Taxonomic considerations
Polyphasic classification of the dustborne strains MA101bT, MA306a, MA405/90 and MA-olkiT, the airborne strain NW12T and the two Antarctic strains Ant 20 and M3C203B-B demonstrated that they are closely related to each other and members of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto (Takeuchi et al., 2001). Results from 16S rDNA analyses, DNA–DNA hybridizations, riboprint analyses, ERIC- and BOX-PCR, polar lipid profiles and protein patterns separated strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90 from the other four strains. 16S rDNA analyses, DNA similarities and protein patterns suggest that strains NW12T, M3C203B-B and Ant 20 form a second group that is heterogeneous in terms of genomic fingerprints and partly heterogeneous in polar lipid profiles and riboprint patterns. Strain MA-olkiT can be distinguished from the other strains by its 16S rDNA sequence, DNA similarity data, genomic fingerprints, riboprint patterns, protein patterns and polar lipid profiles. Biochemical traits support the distinction of the seven strains into three groups. Based on these results, it is concluded that our five isolates and the two Antarctic strains represent three novel species of the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto. Therefore, the names Sphingomonas aerolata sp. nov. (for strains NW12T, Ant 20 and M3C203B-B), Sphingomonas faeni sp. nov. (for strain MA-olkiT) and Sphingomonas aurantiaca sp. nov. (for strains MA101bT, MA306a and MA405/90) are proposed.
The affiliation of these species, which differ from the genus description in their pigmentation and cell sizes, to the genus Sphingomonas sensu stricto (Takeuchi et al., 2001), as well as the lack of information concerning polar lipid compositions within the genus (Busse et al., 1999), suggests that the description of the genus Sphingomonas should be emended.
Emended description of the genus Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al. 1990 emend. Takeuchi et al. 2001
Cells are 0·3–0·8x1·0–2·7 µm. Colonies are off-white-, yellow- or orange-pigmented. The polar lipid profiles contain the following, in addition to sphingoglycolipid: phosphatidyl glycerol as predominant lipid, moderate to large amounts of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline, varying amounts of phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine and varying numbers of unidentified polar lipids (Busse et al., 1999). Other characteristics of the genus are those given by Takeuchi et al. (2001).
Description of Sphingomonas aerolata sp. nov.
Sphingomonas aerolata (ae.ro.la'ta. Gr. fem. n. aer air; L. part. adj. lata carried; N.L. part. adj. aerolata airborne).
Cells are small rods, 0·6–0·8x1·5–2·6 µm. Growth is observed on Czapek–Dox, R2A, CasMM, PYES and TSA, but not on MacConkey agar. Cells occur singly or sometimes in short chains. Cells grow at 4–28 °C, but not at 37 °C. Gram-negative as determined by Gram staining, KOH and aminopeptidase tests. Motile. Endospores not observed. Colonies are circular, slightly convex, opaque and orange-pigmented. Aerobic. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Nitrate is not reduced. Strain Ant 20 mineralizes phenanthrene and 1-methyl naphthalene (Aislabie et al., 2000). Other physiological and biochemical traits are shown in Table 1
. Polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, diphosphatidyl glycerol, sphingoglycolipid and unknown glycolipid 1 as the predominant lipids, moderate amounts of phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine, three unidentified phospholipids and two glycolipids and traces of phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophospholipid. Three unidentified phospholipids and an aminophospholipid may also be present. Predominant compounds in the fatty acid profile are summed feature 7 (C18 : 1
7c, C18 : 19t and/or C18 : 112t), summed feature 4 (C16 : 17c and/or C15 : 0 iso 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH. Major quinone is ubiquinone Q-10. Predominant polyamine is sym-homospermidine. Acetone-soluble pigment is characterized by max at 458 and 476–478 nm. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the type strain is 65·4 mol%.
The type strain, NW12T (=DSM 14746T=LMG 21376T), was isolated from air in the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK. Strain Ant 20 (=NCMP 13599) was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soils around Scott Base, Antarctica (Aislabie et al., 2000), and strain M3C203B-B (=SMCC M3C203B-B) was isolated from 4200-year-old ice of Taylor Dome, Antarctica (Christner et al., 2000, 2001).
Description of Sphingomonas faeni sp. nov.
Sphingomonas faeni (fae'ni. L. gen. n. faeni of hay).
Cells are small rods, 0·6–0·8x2·0–2·6 µm. Growth is observed on Czapek–Dox, R2A, CasMM, PYES and TSA, but not on MacConkey agar. Cells occur singly or sometimes in short chains. Cells grow on TSA at 4–28 °C, but not at 37 °C. Gram-negative as determined by Gram staining, KOH and aminopeptidase tests. Motile. Endospores not observed. Colonies are circular, slightly convex, opaque and orange-pigmented. Aerobic. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Nitrate is not reduced. Other physiological and biochemical traits are shown in Table 1. Polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, diphosphatidyl glycerol and sphingoglycolipid as the predominant lipids, moderate amounts of phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids and traces of phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine and an unidentified aminophospholipid. Predominant compounds in the fatty acid profile are summed feature 7 (C18 : 17c, C18 : 19t and/or C18 : 112t), summed feature 4 (C16 : 17c and/or C15 : 0 iso 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH. Major quinone is ubiquinone Q-10. Predominant polyamine is sym-homospermidine. Acetone-soluble pigment is characterized by max at 457–458 and 478 nm. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the type strain is 63·1 mol%.
The type strain, MA-olkiT (=DSM 14747T=LMG 21379T), was isolated from whirled-up dust in a cow barn, Finland.
Description of Sphingomonas aurantiaca sp. nov.
Sphingomonas aurantiaca (au.ran.ti.a'ca. M.L. fem. adj. aurantiaca orange-coloured).
Cells are small rods, 0·6–0·8x1·0–2·7 µm. Growth is observed on Czapek–Dox, R2A, CasMM, PYES and TSA, but not on MacConkey agar. Cells occur singly or sometimes in short chains. Cells grow on TSA at 4–28 °C, but not at 37 °C. Gram-negative as determined by Gram staining, KOH and aminopeptidase tests. Motile. Endospores not observed. Colonies are circular, slightly convex, opaque and orange-pigmented. Aerobic. Catalase- and oxidase-positive. Nitrate is not reduced. Other physiological and biochemical traits are shown in Table 1. Polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline, diphosphatidyl glycerol and sphingoglycolipid as the predominant lipids, moderate amounts of phosphatidyl dimethylethanolamine and two unidentified phospholipids and traces of phosphatidyl monomethylethanolamine. Predominant compounds in the fatty acid profile are summed feature 7 (C18 : 17c, C18 : 19t and/or C18 : 112t), summed feature 4 (C16 : 17c and/or C15 : 0 iso 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C14 : 0 2-OH. Major quinone is ubiquinone Q-10. Predominant polyamine is sym-homospermidine. Acetone-soluble pigment is characterized by max at 458 and 476–477 nm. The G+C content of genomic DNA of the type strain is 64·7 mol%.
The type strain, MA101bT (=DSM 14748T=LMG 21377T), and strains MA405/90 (=DSM 14749=LMG 21378) and MA306a were isolated from whirled-up dust in a cow barn, Finland.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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D. Asker, T. Beppu, and K. Ueda Sphingomonas jaspsi sp. nov., a novel carotenoid-producing bacterium isolated from Misasa, Tottori, Japan Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2007; 57(7): 1435 - 1441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. K. Kim, K. Schubert, W.-T. Im, K.-H. Kim, S.-T. Lee, and J. Overmann Sphingomonas kaistensis sp. nov., a novel alphaproteobacterium containing pufLM genes Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2007; 57(7): 1527 - 1534. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. S. N. Reddy and F. Garcia-Pichel Sphingomonas mucosissima sp. nov. and Sphingomonas desiccabilis sp. nov., from biological soil crusts in the Colorado Plateau, USA Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2007; 57(5): 1028 - 1034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. A. Romanenko, M. Uchino, G. M. Frolova, N. Tanaka, N. I. Kalinovskaya, N. Latyshev, and V. V. Mikhailov Sphingomonas molluscorum sp. nov., a novel marine isolate with antimicrobial activity Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, February 1, 2007; 57(2): 358 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. L. Brodie, T. Z. DeSantis, J. P. M. Parker, I. X. Zubietta, Y. M. Piceno, and G. L. Andersen Urban aerosols harbor diverse and dynamic bacterial populations PNAS, January 2, 2007; 104(1): 299 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Geueke, H.-J. Busse, T. Fleischmann, P. Kampfer, and H.-P. E. Kohler Description of Sphingosinicella xenopeptidilytica sp. nov., a beta-peptide-degrading species, and emended descriptions of the genus Sphingosinicella and the species Sphingosinicella microcystinivorans Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2007; 57(1): 107 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Buczolits, E. B. M. Denner, P. Kampfer, and H.-J. Busse Proposal of Hymenobacter norwichensis sp. nov., classification of 'Taxeobacter ocellatus', 'Taxeobacter gelupurpurascens' and 'Taxeobacter chitinovorans' as Hymenobacter ocellatus sp. nov., Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens sp. nov. and Hymenobacter chitinivorans sp. nov., respectively, and emended description of the genus Hymenobacter Hirsch et al. 1999. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2006; 56(Pt 9): 2071 - 2078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-H. Yoon, M.-H. Lee, S.-J. Kang, S.-Y. Lee, and T.-K. Oh Sphingomonas dokdonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2006; 56(Pt 9): 2165 - 2169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D.-C. Yang, W.-T. Im, M. K. Kim, H. Ohta, and S.-T. Lee Sphingomonas soli sp. nov., a beta-glucosidase-producing bacterium in the family Sphingomonadaceae in the {alpha}-4 subgroup of the Proteobacteria. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2006; 56(Pt 4): 703 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-G. Chen, W.-J. Li, X.-P. Tian, L.-H. Xu, and C.-L. Jiang Sphingomonas yunnanensis sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative bacterium from a contaminated plate Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2005; 55(6): 2361 - 2364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-J. Busse, E. Hauser, and P. Kampfer Description of two novel species, Sphingomonas abaci sp. nov. and Sphingomonas panni sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2005; 55(6): 2565 - 2569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Xiang, T. Yao, L. An, B. Xu, and J. Wang 16S rRNA Sequences and Differences in Bacteria Isolated from the Muztag Ata Glacier at Increasing Depths Appl. Envir. Microbiol., August 1, 2005; 71(8): 4619 - 4627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-H. Yoon, C.-H. Lee, S.-H. Yeo, and T.-K. Oh Sphingopyxis baekryungensis sp. nov., an orange-pigmented bacterium isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea in Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2005; 55(3): 1223 - 1227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-H. Yoon and T.-K. Oh Sphingopyxis flavimaris sp. nov., isolated from sea water of the Yellow Sea in Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 369 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Rivas, A. Abril, M. E. Trujillo, and E. Velazquez Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae sp. nov., from the phyllosphere of Acacia caven in Argentina Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2004; 54(6): 2147 - 2150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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-D-glucopyranoside, 2-deoxythymidine-5'-pNP phosphate, L-alanine p-nitroanilide (pna) and L-glutamate-
-chymotrypsin, 