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1 Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Prospekt 100 Let Vladivostoku, 159, Russia
2 Institute of Marine Biology, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
3 Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117811 Moscow, Russia
4 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Mascheroder Weg 1b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
Correspondence
Erko Stackebrandt
erko{at}dsmz.de
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The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rDNA sequence of NCIMB 1770T is AJ507251.
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, was revised (Gauthier et al., 1995) with the creation of two genera: Alteromonas (containing a single species, Alteromonas macleodii) and Pseudoalteromonas (including the 12 remaining species that previously belonged to the genus Alteromonas). In the following years, several novel species have been classified as members of the genus Pseudoalteromonas, which (at the time of writing) comprises 29 species with validly described names, including the recently described species Pseudoalteromonas issachenkonii (Ivanova et al., 2002a), Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica (Ivanova et al., 2002b), Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris and Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra (Ivanova et al., 2002c), Pseudoalteromonas translucida and Pseudoalteromonas paragorgicola (Ivanova et al., 2002d), Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans (Romanenko et al., 2003) and Pseudoalteromonas phenolica (Isnansetyo & Kamei, 2003).
Strain NCIMB 1770 was isolated from the diatom Chaetoceros lauderi, collected from sea water of the Marseille Gulf (Berland et al., 1969). The strain was identified as ‘Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa’ on the basis of its phenotypic features, which were originally described by ZoBell & Allen (1935) for another marine agarolytic bacterium named ‘Pseudomonas marinoglutinosa’. DNA–rRNA hybridization experiments revealed that ‘P. marinoglutinosa’ NCIMB 1770 should be assigned to the genus Alteromonas (De Vos et al., 1989). Strain NCIMB 1770 was not included in the phylogenetic study that led to the description of the genus Pseudoalteromonas (Gauthier et al., 1995), hence its taxonomic status was not specified. In the present study, strain NCIMB 1770 was subjected to biochemical and molecular analyses to clarify its taxonomic position. On the basis of phenotypic and molecular properties, Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa sp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov. is proposed.
Strain ‘Alteromonas marinoglutinosa’ NCIMB 1770 was received from the National Collection of Industrial and Marine Bacteria, Aberdeen, UK. It was grown routinely on Marine 2216 Agar (MA), Marine Broth (MB) (both Difco) and nutrient sea-water-containing medium (SWM) at 28 °C. The composition of SWM was as follows (g l-1): peptone, 5·0; yeast extract, 2·5; glucose, 1·0; K2HPO4, 0·2; MgSO4, 0·05; agar, 15·0; sea water, 750 ml and distilled water, 250 ml. The bacterium was stored at -70 °C in liquid nutrient medium that was supplemented with 30 % (v/v) glycerol. Phenotypic properties, including Gram-staining, oxidase, catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, lipase, DNase, amylase and chitinase activities, were tested as described by Smibert & Krieg (1994) and Baumann et al. (1972), by using MA or SWM as basal media. Hydrolysis of 
-carrageenan was determined as described by Yaphe & Baxter (1955). Growth at 4–45 °C and pH 5·0–10·0 was examined on MA and in MB, respectively. Sea-water requirement and tolerance of 0–15 % NaCl were determined using nutrient medium prepared on the artificial sea-water base, supplemented with appropriate amounts of NaCl. The medium of Leifson (1963) was used to test acid production from sugars, with 1 % (w/v) of each test sugar. The agar-diffusion method was applied to test antibiotic sensitivity on MA plates, by using discs impregnated with antibiotics (per disc): ampicillin, 10 µg; benzylpenicillin, 10 U; gentamicin, 10 µg; kanamycin, 30 µg, erythromycin, 30 µg; carbenicillin, 25 µg; lincomycin, 15 µg; oleandomycin, 15 µg; polymyxin, 300 U; streptomycin, 30 µg; tetracycline, 30 µg; O/129, 150 µg; and neomycin, 15 µg. Phenotypic characteristics were additionally determined by using API 20 NE and API ZYM galleries (bioMérieux) and the Biolog GN identification system as recommended by the manufacturers, except that the culture was suspended in 3 % (w/v) NaCl solution. Motility was examined by the hanging-drop method. Cell morphology was examined by transmission electron microscopy of exponential-phase cells grown on MA. DNA G+C content was determined by the methods described by Marmur & Doty (1962) and Owen et al. (1969). DNA–DNA hybridization was performed by the initial reassociation rate kinetic method of De Ley et al. (1970). Cellular fatty acid and lipid compositions were identified as described by Svetashev et al. (1995) and Ivanova et al. (2000b). The 16S rRNA gene sequence was determined as described by Rainey et al. (1996). The 16S rDNA sequence of strain NCIMB 1770 was aligned manually with nucleotide sequences obtained from GenBank/EMBL and phylogenetic dendrograms were constructed by using different treeing algorithms [distance matrix (DeSoete, 1983; Felsenstein, 1993) and neighbour-joining (Felsenstein, 1993)].
16S rDNA similarity values between strain NCIMB 1770 and Pseudoalteromonas prydzensis ACAM 620T (99·3 %) were high, while those with several type strains of the genus Pseudoalteromonas were lower by about 1 %, i.e. Pseudoalteromonas atlantica IAM 12376T (98·2 %), P. issachenkonii KMM 3549T (98·2 %), Pseudoalteromonas espejiana NCIMB 2127T (98·2 %), Pseudoalteromonas distincta KMM 638T (98·1 %), Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii KMM 162T (98·1 %), P. agarivorans KMM 255T (98·1 %), Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora IAM 12662T (98·1 %), Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T (98·0 %), Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens NCIMB 8614T (98·0 %), Pseudoalteromonas undina NCIMB 2128T (98·0 %), Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis IAM 14160T (98·0 %) and P. antarctica CECT 4664T (97·7 %). Type strains of the other species of the genus are less closely related to strain NCIMB 1770. The phylogenetic position of strain NCIMB 1770, obtained by two different algorithms, agrees in the order of the major branches. The statistical significance of the majority of these branching points is confirmed by high bootstrap values. The resolution of lineages defined by highly related organisms is poor, and is not supported by high bootstrap values. Fig. 1 depicts a neighbour-joining dendrogram (Felsenstein, 1993).
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Strain NCIMB 1770 was positive for oxidase, catalase, lipase, caseinase, DNase and gelatinase activities and starch, agar and carrageenan decomposition, when tests were performed by conventional methods. It should be noted that the API ZYM test revealed negative reactions for 
-galactosidase and 
-galactosidase, whereas agarolytic activity was detectable by routine methods. The main phenotypic features of strain NCIMB 1770 and some phylogenetically related species are displayed in Table 1.
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7c (38·9 %) and C17 : 18c (9·4 %). The following were present in smaller amounts (>1·5 %): C14 : 0 (1·7 %), C15 : 0 (3·9 %), iso-C16 : 0 (2·8 %), C17 : 0 (3·9 %) and C18 : 17c (5·9 %). As traces (<1·0 %), the following fatty acids were present: C11 : 0, C12 : 1, iso-C13 : 0, C13 : 0, C13 : 1, iso-C14 : 0, C14 : 17c, C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C15 : 16c, C11 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 15c, C12 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0, C17 : 16c, iso-C18 : 0, C18 : 0, C18 : 111c, C18 : 19c, C19 : 1, C12 : 0, C15 : 18c and anteiso-C17 : 0. Phospholipids included phosphatidylethanolamine (67·1 %), phosphatidylglycerol (28·6 %), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG; 3·2 %) and bis-phosphatidic acid (1·2 %). The presence of smaller amounts of DPG in P. nigrifaciens and P. agarivorans (1·4 and 0·9–1·3 %, respectively) has been reported previously by Frolova et al. (2000) and Romanenko et al. (2003).
16S rDNA sequence analysis (1483 nucleotides) revealed that strain NCIMB 1770 is a member of the genus Pseudoalteromonas. Except for P. prydzensis, with which 99·3 % sequence similarity was shared, all other species had similarity values lower than 98·2 %. Previous DNA–DNA reassociation studies on the phylogenetically closely related type strains depicted in Fig. 1
revealed that DNA relatedness values were significantly lower than 70 % (Ivanova et al., 2000a; Mikhailov et al., 2002; Romanenko et al., 2003). Thus, 97·5 % 16S rRNA gene similarity, indicated to be the threshold value above which it has been advised to perform DNA–DNA reassociation studies to determine species status (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994), is clearly higher for members of the genus Pseudoalteromonas and should be set to 99·0 %. A similar situation has recently been observed for the actinobacterial genus Amycolatopsis (Wink et al., 2003). Although closely related by 99·3 % 16S rRNA gene similarity, strain NCIMB 1770 and its closest phylogenetic relative, P. prydzensis ACAM 620T, share only 35 % DNA–DNA similarity. A selection of nine type strains from the phylogenetically closely related cluster (Fig. 1) confirmed the low DNA–DNA similarity value obtained with strain NCIMB 1770, i.e. similarities with P. elyakovii KMM 162T (45 %), P. carrageenovora IAM 12662T (32 %), P. undina IAM 12922T (42 %), P. distincta KMM 638T (42 %), P. espejiana IAM 13640T (16 %), P. haloplanktis IAM 12915T (15 %), P. tetraodonis IAM 14160T (28 %), P. atlantica IAM 12376T (28 %) and P. agarivorans KMM 255T (16 %) were well below 50 % (P. antarctica CECT 4664T is a patented strain and has not been released for this study). Such low DNA–DNA similarity data indicate that strain NCIMB 1770 does not belong to any previously described species (Wayne et al., 1987). On the basis of the results obtained from the present study, strain ‘Alteromonas marinoglutinosa’ NCIMB 1770 is proposed as the type strain of a novel species, Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa sp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov.
Strain NCIMB 1770T shared some common properties with P. atlantica, P. carrageenovora and P. agarivorans in the hydrolysis of starch, agar and carrageenan, but differed from these species in growth at 37 °C and physiological properties. Growth at 37 °C is shared with P. issachenkonii and some strains of P. elyakovii. Differences in metabolic properties, such as hydrolysis of starch, agar, carrageenan and chitin, as well as the utilization of glucose, L-arabinose, sucrose and N-acetylglucosamine and frequently the DNA G+C content, allow the discrimination of strain NCIMB 1770T from other phylogenetically closely related species (Table 1).
Description of Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa sp. nov., nom. rev., comb. nov.
Pseudoalteromonas mariniglutinosa (ma.ri.ni.glu.ti.no'sa. L. adj. marinus of the sea; L. adj. glutinosa glutinous, slimy; N.L. fem. adj. mariniglutinosa from the sea, forming glutinous, slimy colonies).
Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped cells, 0·6–0·8 µm in diameter and 1·7–2·0 µm in length, motile by a single, polar, unsheathed flagellum. Endospores are not formed. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Na+ is essential for growth; growth is observed in 1–9 % NaCl. Mesophilic and neutrophilic chemo-organotroph. Grows at 5–37 °C with optimal growth at 20–28 °C; no growth at 4 or 40 °C. On complex marine media, smooth, convex, slimy, non-pigmented, whitish or translucent colonies that are depressed into the agar are formed. In addition to the phenotypic characters indicated in Table 1, the type strain exhibits the following reactions: acid is produced from sucrose, maltose, L-arabinose and D-mannitol by using Leifson's method; acid is not produced from glucose, lactose, mannose, D-galactose, D-xylose, melibiose, rhamnose or glycerol. L-Malate, citrate, propionate and L-serine are utilized, whereas caprate and butyrate are not. DNase activity is positive. According to the API 20 NE panel, the following tests are positive: aesculin and gelatin hydrolysis, assimilation of glucose, arabinose, mannose (weakly), mannitol, N-acetylglucosamine, maltose, malate and citrate. The following tests are negative: nitrate reduction, indole production, arginine dihydrolase and urease activities, p-nitrophenyl-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) test, gluconate, caprate, adipate and phenylacetate assimilation. In API ZYM analysis, strain NCIMB 1770T exhibits positive reactions for alkaline phosphatase, esterase-lipase C8 (weakly), leucine arylamidase, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase and N-acetyl--glucosaminidase. Negative reactions are observed for esterase (C4), lipase (C14), valine arylamidase, cystine arylamidase, trypsin, -chymotrypsin, -galactosidase, -galactosidase, -glucuronidase, -glucosidase, -glucosidase, -mannosidase and -fucosidase. As shown by Biolog GN MicroPlate tests, the type strain utilizes -cyclodextran, dextran, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, -D-glucose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, methylpyruvate, mono-methylsuccinate, acetic acid, citric acid, DL-lactic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, L-glutamic acid, L-proline (weak) and L-serine. Negative reactions are observed for utilization of the other organic compounds included in Biolog GN MicroPlate tests. Susceptible to streptomycin, polymyxin, gentamicin (weakly), kanamycin, carbenicillin and neomycin, but resistant to ampicillin, oleandomycin, lincomycin, benzylpenicillin, O/129, oxacillin and tetracycline. Major fatty acids are C16 : 0, C16 : 17c and C17 : 18c. Phospholipids include phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as main components and diphosphatidylglycerol and bis-phosphatidic acid as minor components. The DNA G+C content is 40·3 mol% (thermal denaturation method).
The type strain, NCIMB 1770T (=KMM 3635T), was isolated from the diatom Chaetoceros lauderi.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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Isnansetyo, A. & Kamei, Y. (2003). Pseudoalteromonas phenolica sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium that produces phenolic anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus substances. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53, 583–588.
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