| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
2 Laboratorium of Microbiology, University of Ghent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent B-9000, Belgium
3 Laboratorium of BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, University of Ghent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent B-9000, Belgium
Correspondence
Celia J. Hugo
HugoCJ{at}sci.uovs.ac.za
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
). In the present paper, this taxon is further characterized using 16S rDNA sequencing, fatty acid methyl ester analysis and a comparative phenotypic analysis, resulting in the proposal of a novel species, Chryseobacterium joostei sp. nov. (type strain Ix 5aT=LMG 18212T=CCUG 46665T).
Full details of the antimicrobial sensitivity of strains of the novel species and reference strains are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
; Segers et al., 1993; Steyn et al., 1998; Takeuchi & Yokota, 1992; Vancanneyt et al., 1996; Vandamme et al., 1994). The genus Flavobacterium was emended in 1996 (Bernardet et al., 1996) and several former Flavobacterium species, as well as novel species, were classified in the new genera Chryseobacterium, Empedobacter, Myroides, Sphingobacterium and Pedobacter (Bernardet et al., 1996; Steyn et al., 1998; Takeuchi & Yokota, 1992; Vancanneyt et al., 1996; Vandamme et al., 1994; Yabuuchi et al., 1983; Yamaguchi & Yokoe, 2000).
At the time of writing, the genus Chryseobacterium consists of six species, Chryseobacterium balustinum, Chryseobacterium gleum (type species), Chryseobacterium indologenes, Chryseobacterium indoltheticum, Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium scophthalmum, and the recently described protein-deaminating rice-field isolate ‘Chryseobacterium proteolyticum’ (Yamaguchi & Yokoe, 2000). Except for C. meningosepticum, all these species belong to a multispecies taxonomic entity that also includes numerous unidentified clinical and environmental isolates that are often referred to as CDC group IIb (Holmes, 1992; Holmes et al., 1984a, b; Jooste et al., 1985, 1986a, b; King, 1959; Lijnen et al., 2000; Owen & Snell, 1976; Ursing & Bruun, 1991). These organisms can cause a variety of defects in dairy products, such as surface taint and apple odour in butter (Jooste, 1985; Jooste et al., 1986a). The heat-stable metalloproteases of these organisms may also cause problems in the dairy industry (Venter, 1997).
In previous studies (Hugo & Jooste, 1997; Hugo et al., 1999), 103 South African dairy isolates and a large number of reference strains, all identified as, or related to, Chryseobacterium species or CDC group IIb, were studied using a polyphasic approach. Forty of the 103 strains studied could be identified as C. indologenes and one as C. gleum (Hugo et al., 1999). The other strains could not be classified in any of the existing species. Among these unidentified strains, two homogeneous taxa, one large and one small, were delineated. According to DNA–DNA hybridization values (Hugo et al., 1999) and the generally accepted standards for describing novel species (Vandamme et al., 1996; Wayne et al., 1987), only the large taxon (DNA group 3), containing 11 strains, was a candidate for a novel Chryseobacterium species. This taxon was studied extensively in the present work. On the basis of fatty acid methyl ester analysis, 16S rDNA sequence analysis and phenotypic characterizations [biochemical tests, API ZYM (bioMérieux) profiles, antibiotic-susceptibility patterns and scanning and transmission electron microscopy], we propose the name Chryseobacterium joostei sp. nov. for this taxon.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
. C. joostei strains were isolated from raw milk samples from various regions of South Africa (Jooste, 1985; Jooste et al., 1985, 1986a, b; Welthagen & Jooste, 1992). The reference strains were received from culture collections or other research institutes (Mudarris et al., 1994; Ursing & Bruun, 1991). A comparison with ‘C. proteolyticum’ was made using data from the literature (Yamaguchi & Yokoe, 2000), as the proposed type strain was not available at the time of this study. Bergeyella zoohelcum and Empedobacter brevis were included for comparative purposes. All the isolates and reference strains were reactivated in nutrient broth (CM67; Oxoid) and checked for purity on nutrient agar [1·5 % (w/v) agar] at 25 °C for 24–48 h. The strains were maintained in a freeze-dried state on filter-paper discs and stored in screw-capped tubes at -20 °C, and for longer times at -80 °C or by lyophilization.
|
. Part of the rDNA operon, comprising the nearly complete 16S rDNA, was amplified using a PCR. The sequence of the forward primer was 5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3' and that of the reverse primer was 5'-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3' (respectively corresponding to positions 8–27 and 1541–1522 of the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA numbering system). PCR-amplified 16S rDNAs were purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen). Sequence analysis was performed using an Applied Biosystems 377 DNA sequencer and the protocols of the manufacturer with the ABI PRISM BigDye Terminator cycle sequencing ready reaction kit (with AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase, FS). The sequencing primers were those described by Coenye et al. (1999). Sequence assembly was performed by using the program AutoAssembler (Applied Biosystems) and phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the BIONUMERICS software (Applied Maths). The consensus sequence and sequences of strains belonging to the same phylogenetic group (retrieved from the EMBL database) were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was constructed on the basis of the neighbour-joining method.
Fatty acid methyl ester analysis.
Reactivated cultures were streaked on trypticase soy agar [BBL; solidified with 1·5 % (w/v) Difco Bacto agar] and incubated at 28 °C for exactly 24 h. From a loopful of harvested cells, fatty acid methyl esters were prepared, separated by GLC and identified by the Microbial Identification System software package (MIS version 3.9; Microbial ID), as described previously (Vandamme et al., 1992). Mean percentages and standard deviations were calculated for each taxon.
Phenotypic characterization of the isolates.
A battery of tests was selected to differentiate among Gram-negative, yellow-pigmented bacteria (Holmes et al., 1984a). Tests were performed at 25 °C with different incubation times, according to Cowan (1974), MacFaddin (1980) or Gerhardt et al. (1981), unless indicated otherwise.
Colony morphology was observed on nutrient agar and the presence of flexirubin pigments was investigated by flooding the plates with 20 % (w/v) potassium hydroxide (Fautz & Reichenbach, 1980). Pigmentation was also examined on tyrosine agar and fluorescence was assessed using King's medium B (Gerhardt et al., 1981). Gram staining was done using the modified protocol of Lillie, as described by Cowan (1974). Motility was examined by phase-contrast microscopy from cells grown in nutrient broth at 22 and 37 °C. Gliding motility was determined on CY agar, as described by Jooste et al. (1985). Growth was investigated at different concentrations of sodium chloride (0–5 %, w/v), at different temperatures (5, 22, 37 and 42 °C) and on cetrimide agar (Brown & Lowbury, 1965), 
-hydroxybutyrate agar, MacConkey agar and Simmons' citrate agar. Haemolytic activity was determined using sheep-blood (5 %, v/v) agar plates.
Additional biochemical tests were performed: oxidative or fermentative metabolism of glucose; oxidase, catalase, methyl red and Voges–Proskauer reactions; gluconate oxidation; reduction of selenite (0·4 %, w/v), nitrate and nitrite (Cleve's acid was used instead of 
-naphthylamine); alkaline reaction on Christensen's citrate (Holmes et al., 1975); production of hydrogen sulphide (lead acetate paper and triple-sugar-iron methods), indole (Ehrlich's reagent and Kovács' indole reagent), 3-ketolactose; ammonia from arginine; activity of arginine dihydrolase, lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, phosphatase, DNase (Oxoid CM321; supplemented with 0·01 % toluidine blue), -galactosidase (ONPG), lecithinase (opalescence on lecithovitellin agar), phenylalanine deaminase, urease on Christensen's urea agar; hydrolysis of aesculin, casein, gelatin (tube and plate method), starch, Tweens 20 and 80 and tyrosine; potassium cyanide tolerance; malonate utilization; and acid production from 10 % (w/v) glucose and lactose, from 1 % (w/v) adonitol, L-arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, ethanol, D-fructose, D-glucose, glycerol, inositol, lactose, maltose, D-mannitol, raffinose, rhamnose, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose and D-xylose and from 0·5 % (w/v) salicin.
Susceptibility to 26 antimicrobial agents was determined according to the standard methods of the NCCLS (1983). Strains were grown overnight on Mueller–Hinton agar (Oxoid) at 25 °C and the diameters of inhibition zones were measured.
Hydrolysis of 19 substrates was investigated using the API ZYM system according to the recommendations of the manufacturer (bioMérieux). The intensity of the developed colour was measured on a scale from 0 to 5 and interpreted as being negative when values ranged between 0 and 1 and positive for values between 2 and 5 (Mudarris et al., 1994).
Electron microscopy.
Dense suspensions of C. joostei LMG 18212T were cultivated in nutrient broth at 25 °C for 72 h. Cell preparation was done according to Spurr (1969) and Reynolds (1963). For transmission electron microscopy, a Philips CEM 300 electron microscope was used; a JEOL 6400 WINSEM electron microscope was used for scanning electron microscopy.
|
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
) confirmed that C. joostei LMG 18212T and C. scophthalmum LMG 13028T, a species for which no sequence was previously available, are authentic members of the genus (Mudarris et al., 1994). Respective sequence similarities of 97·7 and 97·6 % between C. joostei LMG 18212T and the type strains of C. gleum and C. indologenes did not exclude a possible relationship at the species level with one of these taxa (Vandamme et al., 1996). Similarities in the range 95·8–87·3 % between C. joostei LMG 18212T and reference strains of C. balustinum, C. indoltheticum, C. meningosepticum, ‘C. proteolyticum’, C. scophthalmum, Riemerella anatipestifer, B. zoohelcum, Empedobacter brevis and Weeksella virosa were below the level indicating relatedness at the species level (Stackebrandt & Goebel, 1994).
|
. Fatty acid methyl ester analysis revealed minor differences between C. joostei and its nearest phylogenetic neighbours C. gleum, C. indologenes, C. indoltheticum, C. balustinum and C. scophthalmum. Dominant fatty acids for all strains investigated (mean levels above 5 %) were 15 : 0 iso, 17 : 0 iso 3-OH, 17 : 1 iso 
9c and summed feature 4 (15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or 16 : 17c and/or 16 : 17t; Table 2). This fatty acid composition is characteristic of all of the above-mentioned taxa, including CDC group IIb strains (Hugo et al., 1999). Significant differences were observed between the latter organisms and C. meningosepticum, B. zoohelcum and Empedobacter brevis (Table 2).
|
) and the two species that showed significant 16S rDNA similarity for possible relatedness at the species level, C. gleum and C. indologenes, showed low DNA binding values (19–23 %; Hugo et al., 1999). A separate position for the C. joostei strains with respect to the other Chryseobacterium species was also shown previously by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins (SDS-PAGE group 5; Hugo et al., 1999).
In view of the separate position determined genomically and chemotaxonomically, an extensive comparative phenotypic study was performed. Results from this polyphasic approach confirm that C. joostei constitutes a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium (Mudarris et al., 1994; Vandamme et al., 1994). Phenotypic features that distinguish the novel species from its nearest neighbours are summarized in Table 3.
|
Cells are Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rods, approximately 1·0x0·5 µm with parallel sides and rounded ends (Fig. 2). The cell wall is approximately 50 nm thick (Fig. 2). Cells do not show gliding motility on CY agar and are non-motile after incubation in nutrient broth at 22 and 37 °C (phase-contrast microscopy). Growth is aerobic. Colonies on nutrient agar are smooth, shiny, circular with entire edges and butyrous in consistency, becoming mucoid after incubation for 5 days. A bright-yellow pigment (flexirubin) is produced on nutrient agar: it is non-diffusible, non-fluorescent and turns reddish brown upon the addition of 20 % KOH. A water-soluble, non-diffusible brown pigment is produced on tyrosine agar. Strains grow at 5 °C and room temperature, but not at 37 or 42 °C. Growth is observed on cetrimide agar, MacConkey agar and -hydroxybutyrate (without the production of -hydroxybutyrate inclusion granules), but not on Simmons' citrate agar. All strains show catalase, oxidase, phosphatase, DNase and lecithinase (opalescence on lecithovitellin agar) activity, but not arginine, lysine or ornithine decarboxylase or phenylalanine deaminase activity; there is no gluconate oxidation. They produce indole when Kovács' reagent is used, but not when Ehrlich's reagent is used. Hydrogen sulphide and 3-ketolactose are not produced. Capable of hydrolysing aesculin, casein, gelatin, starch, Tweens 20 and 80 and tyrosine. Negative for the methyl red and Voges–Proskauer tests, does not tolerate KCN (0·0075 %), does not utilize malonate and cannot reduce nitrate, nitrite or 0·4 % selenite. Acid is produced from 1 % (w/v) D-fructose, D-glucose (not 10 %, w/v), maltose and trehalose, but not from L-arabinose, cellobiose, dulcitol, ethanol, inositol, lactose, raffinose, rhamnose, salicin, sorbitol, sucrose or D-xylose. Results from API ZYM tests are given in Table 4. Susceptible to the following antimicrobial agents: chloramphenicol (50 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), novobiocin (5 µg) and sulphamethoxazole (25 µg). Variable results for ampicillin (25 µg), carbenicillin (100 µg), cephaloridine (30 µg) and clindamycin (2 µg); full details are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online. The cellular long-chain fatty acids characterizing the species are 15 : 0 iso, 15 : 0 iso 3-OH, 16 : 0 3-OH, 17 : 0 iso 3-OH, 17 : 1 iso 9c, summed feature 4 (15 : 0 iso 2-OH and/or 16 : 17c and/or 16 : 17t) and two unidentified fatty acids with equivalent chain lengths of 13·566 and 16·580 (Table 2
). The G+C content of the DNA is about 36–37 mol% (36·7 mol% for the type strain).
|
|
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Brown, V. I. & Lowbury, E. J. L. (1965). Use of an improved cetrimide agar medium and other culture methods for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Pathol 18, 752–756.
Coenye, T., Falsen, E., Vancanneyt, M., Hoste, B., Govan, J. R. W., Kersters, K. & Vandamme, P. (1999). Classification of Alcaligenes faecalis-like isolates from the environment and human clinical samples as Ralstonia gilardii sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49, 405–413.
Cowan, S. T. (1974). Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fautz, E. & Reichenbach, H. (1980). A simple test for flexirubin-type pigments. FEMS Microbiol Lett 8, 87–91.
Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. E., Costilow, R. N., Nester, E. W., Wood, W. A., Krieg, N. R. & Phillips, G. B. (1981). Manual of Methods for General Bacteriology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Holmes, B. (1992). The genera Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Weeksella. In The Prokaryotes, 2nd edn, vol. 4, pp. 3620–3630. Edited by A. Balows, H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer. Berlin: Springer.
Holmes, B., Lapage, S. P. & Malnick, H. (1975). Strains of Pseudomonas putrefaciens from clinical material. J Clin Pathol 28, 149–155.
Holmes, B., Owen, R. J. & McMeekin, T. A. (1984a). Genus Flavobacterium Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, 97AL. In Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. 1, pp. 353–361. Edited by N. R. Krieg & J. G. Holt. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Holmes, B., Owen, R. J., Steigerwalt, A. G. & Brenner, D. J. (1984b). Flavobacterium gleum, a new species found in human clinical specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34, 21–25.
Hugo, C. J. & Jooste, P. J. (1997). Preliminary differentiation of food strains of Chryseobacterium and Empedobacter using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Food Microbiol 14, 133–142.
Hugo, C. J., Jooste, P. J., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M. & Kersters, K. (1999). A polyphasic taxonomic study of Chryseobacterium strains isolated from dairy sources. Syst Appl Microbiol 22, 586–595.[Medline]
Jooste, P. J. (1985). The taxonomy and significance of Flavobacterium–Cytophaga strains from dairy sources. PhD thesis, University of the Orange Free State, South Africa.
Jooste, P. J., Britz, T. J. & de Haast, J. (1985). A numerical taxonomic study of Flavobacterium-Cytophaga strains from dairy sources. J Appl Bacteriol 59, 311–323.[Medline]
Jooste, P. J., Britz, T. J. & Lategan, P. M. (1986a). The prevalence and significance of Flavobacterium strains in commercial salted butter. Milchwissenschaft 41, 69–73.
Jooste, P. J., Britz, T. J. & Lategan, P. M. (1986b). Screening for the presence of Flavobacterium strains in dairy sources. S Afr J Dairy Sci 18, 45–50.
King, E. O. (1959). Studies on a group of previously unclassified bacteria associated with meningitis in infants. Am J Clin Pathol 31, 241–247.[Medline]
Lijnen, H. R., Van Hoef, B., Ugwu, F., Collen, D. & Roelants, I. (2000). Specific proteolysis of human plasminogen by a 24 kDa endopeptidase from a novel Chryseobacterium sp. Biochemistry 39, 479–488.[CrossRef][Medline]
MacFaddin, J. F. (1980). Biochemical Tests for Identification of Medical Bacteria, 2nd edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Mudarris, M., Austin, B., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Hoste, B. & Bernardet, J. F. (1994). Flavobacterium scophthalmum sp. nov., a pathogen of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 447–453.
NCCLS (1983). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. Tentative standard, vol. 3, no. 14. Villanove, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.
Owen, R. J. & Snell, J. J. S. (1976). Deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation in the classification of flavobacteria. J Gen Microbiol 93, 89–102.
Reynolds, E. S. (1963). The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17, 208–221.
Segers, P., Mannheim, W., Vancanneyt, M., de Brandt, K., Hinz, K.-H., Kersters, K. & Vandamme, P. (1993). Riemerella anatipestifer gen. nov., comb. nov., the causative agent of septicemia anserum exsudativa, and its phylogenetic affiliation within the Flavobacterium-Cytophaga rRNA homology group. Int J Syst Bacteriol 43, 768–776.
Spurr, A. R. (1969). A low-viscosity epoxy resin embedding medium for electron microscopy. J Ultrastruct Res 26, 31–43.[CrossRef][Medline]
Stackebrandt, E. & Goebel, B. M. (1994). Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species identification in bacteriology. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 846–849.
Steyn, P. L., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Sandra, P., Kersters, K. & Joubert, J. J. (1998). Classification of heparinolytic bacteria into a new genus, Pedobacter, comprising four species: Pedobacter heparinus comb. nov., Pedobacter piscium comb. nov., Pedobacter africanus sp. nov. and Pedobacter saltans sp. nov. Proposal of the family Sphingobacteriaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 165–177.
Takeuchi, M. & Yokota, A. (1992). Proposals of Sphingobacterium faecium sp. nov., Sphingobacterium piscium sp. nov., Sphingobacterium heparinum comb. nov., Sphingobacterium thalpophilum comb. nov., and two genospecies of the genus Sphingobacterium, and synonymy of Flavobacterium yabuuchiae and Sphingobacterium spiritivorum. J Gen Appl Microbiol 38, 465–482.[CrossRef]
Ursing, J. & Bruun, B. (1991). Genotypic heterogeneity of Flavobacterium group IIb and Flavobacterium breve demonstrated by DNA-DNA hybridization. APMIS 99, 780–786.[Medline]
Vancanneyt, M., Segers, P., Torck, U., Hoste, B., Bernardet, J.-F., Vandamme, P. & Kersters, K. (1996). Reclassification of Flavobacterium odoratum (Stutzer 1929) strains to a new genus, Myroides, as Myroides odoratus comb. nov. and Myroides odoratimimus sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46, 926–932.
Vandamme, P., Vancanneyt, M., Pot, B. & 10 other authors (1992). Polyphasic taxonomic study of the emended genus Arcobacter with Arcobacter butzleri comb. nov. and Arcobacter skirrowii sp. nov., an aerotolerant bacterium isolated from veterinary specimens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42, 344–356.
Vandamme, P., Bernardet, J.-F., Segers, P., Kersters, K. & Holmes, B. (1994). New perspectives in the classification of the flavobacteria: description of Chryseobacterium gen. nov., Bergeyella gen. nov., and Empedobacter nom. rev. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44, 827–831.
Vandamme, P., Pot, B., Gillis, M., De Vos, P., Kersters, K. & Swings, J. (1996). Polyphasic taxonomy, a consensus approach to bacterial systematics. Microbiol Rev 60, 407–438.
Venter, H. (1997). Purification and characterisation of a heat stable metalloprotease from a Chryseobacterium of dairy origin. MSc thesis, University of the Orange Free State, South Africa.
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R. & 9 other authors (1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.
Welthagen, J. J. & Jooste, P. J. (1992). Isolasie en karakterisering van gepigmenteerde psigrotrofe bakterieë uit verkoelde roumelk. S Afr J Dairy Sci 24, 47–52 (in Afrikaans).
Yabuuchi, E., Kaneko, T., Yano, I., Moss, C. W. & Miyoshi, N. (1983). Sphingobacterium gen. nov., Sphingobacterium spiritivorum comb. nov., Sphingobacterium multivorum comb. nov., Sphingobacterium mizutae sp. nov., and Flavobacterium indologenes sp. nov.: glucose-nonfermenting gram-negative rods in CDC groups IIK-2 and IIb. Int J Syst Bacteriol 33, 580–598.
Yamaguchi, S. & Yokoe, M. (2000). A novel protein-deamidating enzyme from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum sp. nov., a newly isolated bacterium from soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 3337–3343.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  F. Peng, M. Liu, L. Zhang, J. Dai, X. Luo, H. An, and C. Fang Planobacterium taklimakanense gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Flavobacteriaceae that exhibits swimming motility, isolated from desert soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2009; 59(7): 1672 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Szoboszlay, B. Atzel, J. Kukolya, E. M. Toth, K. Marialigeti, P. Schumann, and B. Kriszt Chryseobacterium hungaricum sp. nov., isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, December 1, 2008; 58(12): 2748 - 2754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hantsis-Zacharov, T. Shaked, Y. Senderovich, and M. Halpern Chryseobacterium oranimense sp. nov., a psychrotolerant, proteolytic and lipolytic bacterium isolated from raw cow's milk Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2008; 58(11): 2635 - 2639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Behrendt, A. Ulrich, and P. Schumann Chryseobacterium gregarium sp. nov., isolated from decaying plant material Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2008; 58(5): 1069 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hantsis-Zacharov, Y. Senderovich, and M. Halpern Chryseobacterium bovis sp. nov., isolated from raw cow's milk Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2008; 58(4): 1024 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. C. Park, M. S. Kim, K. S. Baik, E. M. Kim, M. S. Rhee, and C. N. Seong Chryseobacterium aquifrigidense sp. nov., isolated from a water-cooling system Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, March 1, 2008; 58(3): 607 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Herzog, I. Winkler, D. Wolking, P. Kampfer, and A. Lipski Chryseobacterium ureilyticum sp. nov., Chryseobacterium gambrini sp. nov., Chryseobacterium pallidum sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium molle sp. nov., isolated from beer-bottling plants Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2008; 58(1): 26 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Campbell, R. M. Harada, and Q. X. Li Chryseobacterium arothri sp. nov., isolated from the kidneys of a pufferfish Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2008; 58(1): 290 - 293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Hantsis-Zacharov and M. Halpern Culturable Psychrotrophic Bacterial Communities in Raw Milk and Their Proteolytic and Lipolytic Traits Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 15, 2007; 73(22): 7162 - 7168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Vaneechoutte, P. Kampfer, T. De Baere, V. Avesani, M. Janssens, and G. Wauters Chryseobacterium hominis sp. nov., to accommodate clinical isolates biochemically similar to CDC groups II-h and II-c Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2007; 57(11): 2623 - 2628. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hantsis-Zacharov and M. Halpern Chryseobacterium haifense sp. nov., a psychrotolerant bacterium isolated from raw milk Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2007; 57(10): 2344 - 2348. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Zhou, J. Dong, X. Wang, X. Huang, K.-Y. Zhang, Y.-Q. Zhang, Y.-F. Guo, R. Lai, and W.-J. Li Chryseobacterium flavum sp. nov., isolated from polluted soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2007; 57(8): 1765 - 1769. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Behrendt, A. Ulrich, C. Sproer, and P. Schumann Chryseobacterium luteum sp. nov., associated with the phyllosphere of grasses Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, August 1, 2007; 57(8): 1881 - 1885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Delbes, L. Ali-Mandjee, and M.-C. Montel Monitoring Bacterial Communities in Raw Milk and Cheese by Culture-Dependent and -Independent 16S rRNA Gene-Based Analyses Appl. Envir. Microbiol., March 15, 2007; 73(6): 1882 - 1891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-X. Quan, K. K. Kim, M.-K. Kim, L. Jin, and S.-T. Lee Chryseobacterium caeni sp. nov., isolated from bioreactor sludge Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2007; 57(1): 141 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Kampfer, V. Avesani, M. Janssens, J. Charlier, T. De Baere, and M. Vaneechoutte Description of Wautersiella falsenii gen. nov., sp. nov., to accommodate clinical isolates phenotypically resembling members of the genera Chryseobacterium and Empedobacter. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, October 1, 2006; 56(Pt 10): 2323 - 2329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-Y. Weon, B.-Y. Kim, S.-H. Yoo, S.-W. Kwon, Y.-H. Cho, S.-J. Go, and E. Stackebrandt Chryseobacterium wanjuense sp. nov., isolated from greenhouse soil in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2006; 56(Pt 7): 1501 - 1504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Gallego, M. T. Garcia, and A. Ventosa Chryseobacterium hispanicum sp. nov., isolated from the drinking water distribution system of Sevilla, Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, July 1, 2006; 56(Pt 7): 1589 - 1592. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. de Beer, C. J. Hugo, P. J. Jooste, M. Vancanneyt, T. Coenye, and P. Vandamme Chryseobacterium piscium sp. nov., isolated from fish of the South Atlantic Ocean off South Africa Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, June 1, 2006; 56(6): 1317 - 1322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S. Park, S. R. Jung, K. H. Lee, M.-S. Lee, J. O. Do, S. B. Kim, and K. S. Bae Chryseobacterium soldanellicola sp. nov. and Chryseobacterium taeanense sp. nov., isolated from roots of sand-dune plants Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, February 1, 2006; 56(2): 433 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Shimomura, S. Kaji, and A. Hiraishi Chryseobacterium shigense sp. nov., a yellow-pigmented, aerobic bacterium isolated from a lactic acid beverage Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2005; 55(5): 1903 - 1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. de Beer, C. J. Hugo, P. J. Jooste, A. Willems, M. Vancanneyt, T. Coenye, and P. A. R. Vandamme Chryseobacterium vrystaatense sp. nov., isolated from raw chicken in a chicken-processing plant Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2005; 55(5): 2149 - 2153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Kim, M. K. Kim, J. H. Lim, H. Y. Park, and S.-T. Lee Transfer of Chryseobacterium meningosepticum and Chryseobacterium miricola to Elizabethkingia gen. nov. as Elizabethkingia meningoseptica comb. nov. and Elizabethkingia miricola comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2005; 55(3): 1287 - 1293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F.-T. Shen, P. Kampfer, C.-C. Young, W.-A. Lai, and A. B. Arun Chryseobacterium taichungense sp. nov., isolated from contaminated soil Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, May 1, 2005; 55(3): 1301 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. K. Kim, H.-S. Bae, P. Schumann, and S.-T. Lee Chryseobacterium daecheongense sp. nov., isolated from freshwater lake sediment Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 133 - 138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Yi, H. I. Yoon, and J. Chun Sejongia antarctica gen. nov., sp. nov. and Sejongia jeonii sp. nov., isolated from the Antarctic Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 409 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C.-C. Young, P. Kampfer, F.-T. Shen, W.-A. Lai, and A. B. Arun Chryseobacterium formosense sp. nov., isolated from the rhizosphere of Lactuca sativa L. (garden lettuce) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 423 - 426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. Kim, W.-T. Im, Y. K. Shin, J. H. Lim, S.-H. Kim, B. C. Lee, M.-Y. Park, K. Y. Lee, and S.-T. Lee Kaistella koreensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the Chryseobacterium-Bergeyella-Riemerella branch Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2004; 54(6): 2319 - 2324. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
