| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1 GBF-German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Dept Environmental Microbiology, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
2 UMR 6078 CNRS and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Batiment Jean Maetz, F-06230 Villefranche sur Mer, France
Correspondence
Ingrid Brettar
inb{at}gbf.de
 |
ABSTRACT |
|---|
 TOP ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
7c, C17 : 0 iso and C17 : 1 iso 9c. Growth temperature (8–40 °C) influenced the fatty acid composition of the strains in a way that the content of iso-branching fatty acids increased with increasing temperatures, while the mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased with decreasing temperatures. Salinity (1·7–10 % NaCl) had only a minor effect on the fatty acid composition. According to their morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rDNA sequences, strains OS145T and OS146 fitted well into the genus Idiomarina, but could be easily distinguished from the recognized species of the genus. Because of their unique nature, it is proposed that the strains isolated from the Baltic Sea represent a novel species, for which the name Idiomarina baltica (type strain OS145T=DSM 15154T =LMG 21691T) is proposed.
Additional phenotypic (Table 1a) and fatty acid (Table 2a) data for I. baltica are available in IJSEM Online (http://ijs.sgmjournals.org).
|
INTRODUCTION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
). Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two species with those of submitted sequences of clones and isolates showed that related sequences were derived from deep-sea sediments, with sequences from a hydrothermal mound of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge showing the highest similarity, while those of Pacific deep-sea organisms were more distantly related.
An eminent feature of the genus Idiomarina is the unique composition of its fatty acids, with a high percentage of iso-branched fatty acids. Strains OS145T and OS146, isolated from the central Baltic Sea, have an unsaturated iso-branched fatty acid (C17 : 1iso 9c, 8·2 %) in addition to the two iso-branched fatty acids observed for I. abyssalis and I. zobellii (C15 : 0iso and C17 : 0iso) (Ivanova et al., 2000). A high proportion of iso-branching fatty acids is atypical for the Proteobacteria, and has so far only been seen in the Xanthomonas-branch Proteobacteria (Finkmann et al., 2000). Since strains OS145T and OS146 showed broad temperature and salinity spectra for growth, and fatty acids can be crucial for adaptation to temperature (Klein et al., 1999) and salinity (Lopez et al., 1998), the responses of the fatty acid composition of these two strains to temperature and salinity were analysed, and are described here.
In this study, we describe two strictly aerobic strains (OS145T and OS146) of the genus Idiomarina that were isolated from the oxic water column of the Gotland Deep, a basin with anoxic deep water in the central Baltic Sea. The strains were first recognized by their unique low-molecular-weight RNA fingerprints (Höfle & Brettar, 1996). Phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains OS145T and OS146 showed them to be included in the robust cluster formed by the genus Idiomarina and suggest, together with their physiological features, fatty acid compositions and low-molecular-weight RNA fingerprints, that the strains represent a novel species of the genus Idiomarina, for which the name Idiomarina baltica is proposed. This novel species is the only representative of the genus Idiomarina not derived from deep-sea samples, but is instead from the surface water of an estuarine environment, the Baltic Sea.
|
METHODS |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
NaCl) of a basin in the Central Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep; BY 15, 57·1920°N, 20·0302°E). All details on environmental conditions, sampling and isolation procedures have been described previously (Brettar & Rheinheimer, 1991, 1992; Brettar & Höfle, 1993; Höfle & Brettar, 1995, 1996). Medium for isolation of the strains was ZoBell agar (Oppenheimer & Zobell, 1952). Strains grew well on ZoBell agar, in marine broth or on marine agar (Difco).
Physiological and biochemical tests and morphology.
Strains OS145T and OS146 were tested for a number of key characteristics using standard procedures (Gerhardt et al., 1994), such as Gram reaction (Gram-staining, Gram string test), cell size and morphology (phase-contrast microscopy, electron microscopy after negative staining with 1 % uranyl acetate), cytochrome oxidase and catalase (3 % H2O2). Furthermore, production of H2S (Dye, 1968), haemolysis (bovine blood agar), acid production from glucose, ribose and arabinose, and hydrolysis of starch, gelatin, Tween 80 and lecithin were tested. Chitinase activity was tested as described by Cottrell et al. (2000). Strains were additionally characterized by using the whole test spectrum of the identification systems API 50CH, API 20NE and API ZYM (bioMérieux) at 20 °C and BIOLOG GN2 at 28 °C. Growth at different temperatures was assessed at 4, 8, 10, 20, 25, 30, 36, 40, 44, 49 and 60 °C. Growth at different salinities was tested at 0, 0·8, 1, 3, 6 and 10 % NaCl. For these tests we used half-strength marine broth (Difco; catalogue no. 2216), except for the salinity test where half-strength Caso medium (DSMZ; catalogue no. 220) was supplemented with the respective amount of NaCl.
For testing anaerobic respiration, the strains were inoculated into marine broth (Difco) containing the electron acceptors at a final concentration of 10 mmol l-1. Incubation was done anaerobically in the dark for up to 18 days at 20 °C. No growth was observed in marine broth in an anoxic environment without electron acceptor addition. Growth under anoxic conditions in the presence of the added electron acceptors was considered an indicator of electron-acceptor utilization. Additionally, growth on triple-sugar/iron agar (Difco) was tested. Denitrification was studied additionally in nutrient broth (Difco) (plus 20 mmol nitrate l-1) as described in more detail by Brettar & Höfle (1993). As a positive control, Shewanella baltica OS155, a strain isolated from the Baltic Sea and able to use the provided electron acceptors (Ziemke et al., 1998), was used for comparisons.
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons.
Genomic DNA was prepared from individual colonies as described by Moore et al. (1996). 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR (Mullis & Faloona, 1987), and the PCR products were sequenced directly as described previously (Moore et al., 1999).
The 16S rDNA sequences of strains OS145T and OS146 were automatically and then manually aligned by reference to a database of 37 000 already aligned bacterial 16S rDNA sequences. The same sequences were then compared (using BLAST) against the current content of the EMBL database (Bacteria division) to check for the presence of newly submitted related sequences. Phylogenetic trees were constructed according to three different methods (BIONJ, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony). For the neighbour-joining analysis, a matrix distance was calculated according to the Kimura 2-parameter correction. Bootstrapping was done using 500 replications, BIONJ and the Kimura 2-parameter correction. BIONJ was according to Gascuel (1997); maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony programs were from PHYLIP (Felsenstein, 1995). The phylogenetic trees were drawn using NJPLOT (Perrière & Gouy, 1996) and CLARISDRAW software for Apple Macintosh. The nucleotide sequences of strains OS145T and OS146 were deposited in the EMBL DNA database under accession numbers AJ440214 and AJ440215, respectively. Domains used to construct phylogenetic trees were regions of the small-subunit rDNA sequences available for all sequences, and excluded positions likely to show homoplasy.
For the dendrogram shown in Fig. 2, retaining only sequences of related genera, mostly from type strains (26 sequences), allowed us to include in the analysis the almost-complete 16S rDNA sequences, corresponding to nucleotide positions 75–183 and 200–1429, of strains OS145T and OS146. The topology shown is that of the bootstrap analysis, as it has been demonstrated that this topology is often better than that of a simple neighbour-joining analysis (Berry & Gascuel, 1996). As a result, there is no distance bar in this tree; note also that one should consider the distance bar with caution in a simple tree, as the distance bar represents the distances calculated after corrections (Kimura 2-parameter correction; Jukes & Cantor, 1969), and that the lengths of the branches simply do not represent the real number of differences between the sequences themselves.
|
). DNA–DNA hybridization was carried out as described by De Ley et al. (1970) with the modifications described by Huss et al. (1983) and Escara & Hutton (1980) using a Gilford System model 2600 spectrometer. Renaturation rates were calculated with the TRANSFER.BAS program (Jahnke, 1992).
Determination of the DNA G+C content.
For strains OS145T and OS146, this was done using HPLC analysis of hydrolysed DNA according to Tamaoka & Komagata (1984) and Mesbah et al. (1989).
Cellular fatty acids profiles.
Strains OS145T and OS146 were grown on marine agar (Difco) for 24 h at 28 °C. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were obtained from washed cells by saponification, methylation and extraction. Analysis by gas chromatography was controlled by MIS software (Microbial ID), and peaks were automatically integrated and identified by the MICROBIAL IDENTIFICATION software package (Sasser, 1990). In addition to the standard procedure, i.e. growth at 28 °C on marine agar (3·4 % NaCl), the influences of temperature and salinity on the fatty acid pattern were tested. To assess the influence of temperature, strains were grown on marine agar (3·4 % NaCl) at 8 °C (15 days), 10 °C (6 days) and 40 °C (1 day). To assess the influence of salinity, the strains were grown in the presence of 1·7 and 10 % NaCl at 28 °C, and in the presence of 10 % NaCl at 40 °C.
|
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
). Colonies were circular, smooth, opaque and slightly yellowish on marine agar. In terms of their physiological features [Table 1, and supplementary data available in IJSEM Online (http://ijs.sgmjournals.org)], strains OS145T and OS146 showed almost identical responses. The strains were catalase-, cytochrome oxidase- and aminopeptidase-positive. Growth was observed between 8 and 46 °C for strain OS145T, and between 10 and 46 °C for strain OS146. Both strains showed good growth between 20 and 44 °C, and had an optimum between 30 and 40 °C. Growth of the two strains was observed in the presence of 0·8–10 % NaCl, with the optimum being between 3 and 6 % NaCl. Both strains were able to grow in marine broth under oxic conditions. Growth did not occur under anoxic conditions, nor did it occur in the presence of sulphite, nitrate, nitrite, trimethylaminoxide, thiosulfate or ferric iron as electron acceptors. Strains OS145T and OS146 were able to grow in marine broth at pH 5·7. They were also able to produce H2S from cysteine (Dye, 1968). There was no haemolysis of blood. Both strains hydrolysed gelatin and Tween 80, but not starch or lecithin. Acid production by the strains was observed from D-glucose, but not from D-ribose or D-arabinose. The strains were unable to use any of the substrates provided by the API 50CH system or to assimilate the substrates provided by the API NE20 system. Both strains showed a broad spectrum of enzymic activities and were positive for 
-glucosidase, protease (gelatinase) (API 20NE), alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, esterase (C4), lipase (C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cysteine arylamidase, chymotrypsin and naphthol-phosphohydralase activities (API ZYM). In the BIOLOG GN2 test system, strains OS145T and OS146 used Tween 40, Tween 80, L-arabinose, acetic acid, 
-ketobutyric acid and -ketovaleric acid.
|
|
).
Phylogenetic position of strains OS145T and OS146 based on 16S rDNA sequence comparisons
General phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rDNA sequences of the novel strains (Fig. 2) revealed that they were members of the Gammaproteobacteria. More-detailed analyses showed that the strains isolated from the Baltic Sea formed a robust cluster with I. abyssalis and I. zobellii, of the genus Idiomarina. As the Baltic Sea strains were clearly an outgroup to the genus Idiomarina, and according to phylogenetic principles, they could be described as a novel species of the genus Idiomarina or they could be assigned to a novel genus. Phenotypic traits, especially their fatty acids profiles, suggested that strains OS145T and OS146 could be included in the genus Idiomarina. Sequences of strains originating from the Atlantic (i.e. TAG C7 and DIII1c) clustered most closely with the novel strains from the Baltic Sea (Fig. 2).
16S rDNA sequence similarity of strain OS145T with strain OS146 was 99·2 %. Sequence similarity of the two strains with related sequences was highest, in terms of validly described species, with I. zobellii and I. abyssalis (96·8–95·9 %), both of which were isolated from the northwest Pacific Ocean (at depths of 4000–5000 m) (Ivanova et al., 2000). The highest similarity (98·5 % with OS145T) for a submitted sequence was obtained for strain TAG C7, a halophilic bacterium isolated from the TAG hydrothermal mound of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (at a depth of 3700 m). Another strain that showed high 16S rDNA sequence similarity with OS145T (98·3 %) was strain DIII1c, isolated from the New England Shelf sediment (at a depth of 1500 m) (Teske et al., 2000). Isolates and sequences derived from the deep sea of the Pacific Ocean showed a lower level of 16S rDNA similarity with the two Baltic Sea strains, which ranged from 97·1 to 96·5 %, e.g. ‘Idiomarina loihiensis’, a strain derived from the hydrothermal fluids of a submarine volcano at Hawaii, and sequences from northwest Pacific Ocean deep-sea sediments (BD1-9, BD6-1 and BD4-11; from depths of 1160–6300 m) (Li et al., 1999) and the Mariana Trench (Mariana eubacterium no. 1; from a depth of 11 000 m) (Kato et al., 1997). Most of the Pacific Ocean strains and clones clustered more closely with each other than with the ‘Atlantic branch’ represented by strains OS145T and OS146 (Fig. 2).
DNA–DNA hybridization between strains OS145T and OS146 showed 81·6 % DNA similarity (at 66 °C, 2xSSC), indicating that both strains were members of the same species (Wayne et al., 1987). This finding is consistent with 16S rDNA sequence analyses. Therefore, the two strains can be perceived as being members of the same species.
The DNA G+C content values determined for strains OS145T and OS146 were 49·9 and 49·4 mol%, respectively (Table 1). The DNA G+C content values determined for the related species I. abyssalis and I. zobellii were 50 and 48 mol%, respectively, which were within the range of the two novel strains described here.
Cellular fatty acid profiles and changes with temperature and salinity
An important biochemical feature of members of the genus Idiomarina is their high percentage of iso-branched fatty acids, which differentiate them from related Gammaproteobacteria (Table 2). The dominant fatty acids for cells of strains OS145T and OS146 grown at 28 °C were C15 : 0 iso (31·3–36·9 %), C16 : 1 7c (8·4–11·0 %), C17 : 0 iso (9·4–11·2 %), C17 : 1 iso 9c (5·6–10·0 %), C18 : 1 7c (6·0–9·7 %) and C16 : 0 (4·8–9·7 %). These profiles compare well with those of I. abyssalis and I. zobellii, with the only major difference being that C17 : 1 iso 9c was not observed in I. abyssalis and I. zobellii. The cellular fatty acids of all Idiomarina species were dominated by iso-branched fatty acids (OS145T, 73·1 %; OS146, 57·6 %). When iso-branched and mono-unsaturated fatty acids are summarized, they contribute to 83–91 % of the total fatty acid composition of strains OS145T and OS146. A high contribution of iso-branched fatty acids has previously only been seen for the Xanthomonas-branch Proteobacteria (Finkmann et al., 2000), and has not been observed for genera closely related to the genus Idiomarina. Therefore, due to their characteristic fatty acid patterns, a closer relationship between the recognized Idiomarina species and strains OS145T and OS146 can be assumed.
|
), the composition of the fatty acids of strains OS145T and OS146 was analysed after cultivation at lower (10 °C) and higher (40 °C) temperatures in comparison to the standard cultivation at 28 °C (Table 2). At 10 °C, in both strains the proportion of iso-branched fatty acids decreased while the proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids increased, with C16 : 1 7c showing a doubling of its contribution. At 40 °C, the proportion of iso-branched fatty acids increased and the proportion of mono-unsaturated fatty acids decreased. The response of the fatty acid composition to temperature was more pronounced for strain OS145T than for strain OS146, especially for the iso-branched fatty acids. With an increase in the growth temperature from 10 to 40 °C, the proportion of iso-branched fatty acids increased from 63 to 80 % for strain OS145T and from 54 to 65 % for strain OS146, respectively. For the same temperature range, the mono-unsaturated fatty acids decreased from 41 to 20 % for strain OS145T and from 37 to 26 % for strain OS146. By contrast, different salinities (1·7, 3·4 and 10 % NaCl) did not have a major effect on the composition of the fatty acids [Table 2, and supplementary data available in IJSEM Online (http://ijs.sgmjournals.org)].
In terms of the response of their mono-unsaturated fatty acids to temperature, strains OS145T and OS146 are comparable to other marine Gammaproteobacteria such as Shewanella, i.e. the fraction of mono-unsaturated fatty acids increases with decreasing temperatures (Bozal et al., 2002). Temperature effects on the fatty acid compositions of the Xanthomonas-branch Proteobacteria have been reported for Stenotrophomonas maltophila and a narrow temperature range of 30–37 °C (Rahmati-Bahram et al., 1995). The latter study showed a temperature response of the iso-branched and mono-unsaturated fatty acids comparable to our findings. The bacilli can be compared to our strains as they are a well-studied group with a comparable temperature range and a high fraction of iso-branched fatty acids. For bacilli, an increase in the proportion of anteiso-branched fatty acids is considered a major factor allowing adaptation to lower temperatures; this phenomenon has been also been observed for other low-GC Gram-positive organisms (Annous et al., 1997, Klein et al. 1999). By contrast, in strains OS145T and OS146, anteiso-branched fatty acids occurred only at very low concentrations (<1 %) at all culture conditions. As a response to high salinities, bacilli decrease the fraction of iso-branched fatty acids (Lopez et al., 1998), which contrasts with our findings for strains OS145T and OS146. Thus, strains OS145T and OS146 have a fatty acid spectrum that is different from other Gammaproteobacteria, but the temperature response of their fatty acids is most comparable to S. maltophila.
Conclusion
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rDNA sequences, DNA–DNA homology, physiological features and fatty acid profiles suggest that strains OS145T and OS146 belong to the genus Idiomarina and represent a novel species of this genus. The name Idiomarina baltica is proposed for the novel species (type strain OS145T). Physiological features that differentiate I. baltica from recognized Idiomarina species are the different temperature range for growth and the spectrum of utilizable substrates. All Idiomarina species have a comparable pattern of fatty acids dominated by iso-branched fatty acids, with I. baltica also having C17 : 1 iso 9c.
Description of Idiomarina baltica sp. nov.
Idiomarina baltica (bal.ti'ca. N.L. fem. adj. baltica from the Baltic sea, referring to the source of the type strain).
Cells are Gram-negative and polarly flagellated, with one flagellum. Slightly curved rods, with dimensions 0·4–0·7x0·7–1·6 µm. Oxidase- and catalase-positive. Colonies are circular, smooth and non-pigmented to slightly yellowish on marine agar. Aerobic and chemoheterotrophic. Grows between 8 and 46 °C, with optimum growth between 30 and 40 °C. NaCl is needed for growth; tolerant towards high salinities (>6 % NaCl) and shows optimal growth in the presence of between 3 and 6 % NaCl. Dominant fatty acids (>5 %) are C15 : 0iso, C16 : 1 7c, C17 : 0 iso, C17 : 1iso 9c and C18 : 1 7c. Utilizes Tween 40, Tween 80, L-arabinose and acetic acid (BIOLOG GN2). Positive for -glucosidase, protease (API 20NE), alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, esterase (C4 and C8), leucine arylamidase, valine arylamidase, cysteine arylamidase, chymotrypsin, naphthol-phosphohydrolase (API ZYM) and aminopeptidase activities. Hydrolyses Tween 80 and gelatin, but not starch or lecithin. Acid is produced from D-glucose, but not from D-ribose or D-arabinose. Produces H2S from protein. Does not hydrolyse bovine blood. Shows no chitinase activity. Does not utilize fumarate or succinate. Does not grow under anoxic conditions, nor in the presence of nitrate, nitrite and sulfite, trimethylaminoxide, ferric iron or thiosulfate as electron acceptors.
Of marine or estuarine origin. The mean DNA G+C content is 49·7 mol%. The type strain of Idiomarina baltica is OS145T (=DSM 15154T =LMG 21691T).
|
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
|---|
|
REFERENCES |
|---|
|
TOPABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMETHODSRESULTS AND DISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
|---|
Berry, V. & Gascuel, O. (1996). Interpretation of bootstrap trees: threshold of clade selection and induced gain. Mol Biol Evol 13, 999–1011.[Abstract]
Bozal, N., Montes, M. J., Tudela, E., Jimenez, F. & Guinea, J. (2002). Shewanella frigidimarina and Shewanella livingstonensis sp. nov., isolated from Antarctic coastal areas. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52, 195–205.[Abstract]
Brettar, I. & Höfle, M. G. (1993). Nitrous oxide producing heterotrophic bacteria from the water column of the central Baltic: abundance and molecular identification. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 94, 253–265.[CrossRef]
Brettar, I. & Rheinheimer, G. (1991). Denitrification in the Central Baltic: evidence for H2S-oxidation as motor of denitrification at the oxic–anoxic interface. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77, 157–169.
Brettar, I. & Rheinheimer, G. (1992). Influence of carbon availability on denitrification in the water column of the central Baltic. Limnol Oceanogr 37, 1146–1163.
Cashion, P., Holder-Franklin, M. A., McCully, J. & Franklin, M. (1977). A rapid method for base ratio determination of bacterial DNA. Anal Biochem 81, 461–466.[CrossRef][Medline]
Cottrell, M. T., Wood, D. N., Yu, L. & Kirchman, D. L. (2000). Selected chitinase genes in cultured and uncultured marine bacteria in the - and 
-subclasses of the Proteobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 1195–1201.
De Ley, J., Cattoir, H. & Reynarts, A. (1970). The quantitative measurement of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates. Eur J Biochem 12, 133–142.[Medline]
Dye, D. W. (1968). A taxonomic study of the genus Erwinia. N Z J Sci 11, 590–607.
Escara, J. F. & Hutton, J. R. (1980). Thermal stability of renaturation of DNA in dimethylsulphoxide solutions: acceleration of renaturation rate. Biopolymers 19, 1315–1327.[CrossRef][Medline]
Felsenstein, J. (1995). PHYLIP (phylogeny inference package), version 3.57c. Department of Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Finkmann, W., Altendorf, K., Stackebrandt, E. & Lipski, A. (2000). Characterization of N2O-producing Xanthomonas-like isolates from biofilters as Stenotrophomonas nitritireducens sp. nov., Luteimonas mephitis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pseudoxanthomonas broegbernensis gen. nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 273–282.[Abstract]
Gascuel, O. (1997). BIONJ: an improved version of the NJ algorithm based on a simple model of sequence data. Mol Biol Evol 14, 685–695.[Abstract]
Gerhardt, P., Murray, R. G. E., Wood, W. A. & Krieg, N. R. (1994). Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Höfle, M. G. & Brettar, I. (1995). Taxonomic diversity and metabolic activity of microbial communities in the water column of the central Baltic Sea. Limnol Oceanogr 40, 868–874.
Höfle, M. G. & Brettar, I. (1996). Genotyping of heterotrophic bacteria from the central Baltic sea by use of low-molecular-weight RNA profiles. Appl Environ Microbiol 62, 1383–1390.[Abstract]
Huss, V. A. R., Festl, H. & Schleifer, K. H. (1983). Studies on the spectrometric determination of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates. Syst Appl Microbiol 4, 184–192.
Ivanova, E. P., Romanenko, L. A., Chun, J. & 7 other authors (2000). Idiomarina gen. nov., comprising novel deep-sea bacteria from the Pacific Ocean, including description of two species, Idiomarina abyssalis sp. nov. and Idiomarina zobellii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 50, 901–907.[Abstract]
Jahnke, K. D. (1992). Basic computer program for evaluation of spectroscopic DNA renaturation data from GILFORD system 2600 spectrometer on a PC/XT/AT type PC. J Microbiol Methods 15, 61–73.
Jukes, T. H. & Cantor, C. R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism, pp. 21–132. Edited by H. N. Munro. New York: Academic Press.
Kato, C., Li, L., Tamaoka, J. & Horikoshi, K. (1997). Molecular analyses of the sediment of the 11,000-m deep Mariana Trench. Extremophiles 1, 117–123.[CrossRef][Medline]
Klein, W., Weber, M. H. & Marahiel, M. A. (1999). Cold shock response of Bacillus subtilis: isoleucine-dependent switch in the fatty acid branching pattern for membrane adaptation to low temperatures. J Bacteriol 181, 5341–5349.
Li, L., Kato, C. & Horikoshi, K. (1999). Bacterial diversity in deep-sea sediments from different depths. Biodivers Conserv 8, 659–677.[CrossRef]
Lopez, C. S., Heras, H., Ruzal, S. M., Sanchez-Rivas, C. & Rivas, E. A. (1998). Variations of the envelope composition of Bacillus subtilis during growth in hyperosmotic medium. Curr Microbiol 36, 55–61.[CrossRef][Medline]
Mesbah, M., Premachandran, U. & Whitman, W. B. (1989). Precise measurements of the G+C content of the deoxyribonucleic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Syst Bacteriol 39, 159–167.
Moore, E. R. B., Mau, M., Arnscheidt, A., Böttger, E. C., Hutson, R. A., Collins, M. D., Van De Peer, Y., De Wachter, R. & Timmis, K. N. (1996). The determination and comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of species of the genus Pseudomonas (sensu stricto) and estimation of the natural intrageneric relationships. Syst Appl Microbiol 19, 476–492.
Moore, E. R. B., Arnscheidt, A., Krüger, A., Strömpl, C. & Mau, M. (1999). Simplified protocols for the preparation of genomic DNA from bacterial cultures. In Molecular Microbial Ecology Manual, 1.6.1, pp. 1–15. Edited by A. D. L. Akkermans, J. D. van Elsas & F. J. de Bruijn. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Mullis, K. B. & Faloona, F. A. (1987). Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol 155, 335–350.[Medline]
Oppenheimer, C. H. & ZoBell, C. E. (1952). The growth and viability of sixty-three species of marine bacteria as influenced by hydrostatic pressure. J Mar Res 11, 10–18.
Perrière, G. & Gouy, M. (1996). WWW-query: an on-line retrieval system for biological sequence banks. Biochimie 78, 364–369.[Medline]
Rahmati-Bahram, A., Magee, J. T. & Jackson, S. K. (1995). Growth temperature-dependent variation of cell envelope lipids and antibiotic susceptibility in Stenotrophomonas (Xanthomonas) maltophila. J Antimicrob Chemother 36, 317–326.
Sasser, M. (1990). Identification of bacteria by the gas chromatography of cellular fatty acids. MIDI Technical Note 101. Newark, DE: MIDI Inc.
Tamaoka, J. & Komagata, K. (1984). Determination of DNA base composition by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. FEMS Microbiol Lett 25, 125–128.
Teske, A., Brinkhoff, T., Muyzer, G., Moser, D. P., Rethmeier, J. & Jannasch, H. W. (2000). Diversity of thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria from marine sediments and hydrothermal vents. Appl Environ Microbiol 66, 3125–3133.
Wayne, L. G., Brenner, D. J., Colwell, R. R. & 9 other authors (1987). International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology. Report of the ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Bacteriol 37, 463–464.
Ziemke, F., Höfle, M. G., Lalucat, J. & Rosello-Mora, R. (1998). Reclassification of Shewanella putrefaciens Owen's group II as Shewanella baltica sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48, 179–186.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  W. D. Jean, T.-Y. Leu, C.-Y. Lee, T.-J. Chu, S. Y. Lin, and W. Y. Shieh Pseudidiomarina marina sp. nov. and Pseudidiomarina tainanensis sp. nov. and reclassification of Idiomarina homiensis and Idiomarina salinarum as Pseudidiomarina homiensis comb. nov. and Pseudidiomarina salinarum comb. nov., respectively Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2009; 59(1): 53 - 59. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Yoon, S.-Y. Jung, Y.-T. Jung, and T.-K. Oh Idiomarina salinarum sp. nov., isolated from a marine solar saltern in Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2007; 57(11): 2503 - 2506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z.-Y. Hu and Y. Li Pseudidiomarina sediminum sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from coastal sediments of Luoyuan Bay in China Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2007; 57(11): 2572 - 2577. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-H. Lee, C.-H. Lee, T.-K. Oh, J. K. Song, and J.-H. Yoon Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Lipase from a Metagenomic Library of Tidal Flat Sediments: Evidence for a New Family of Bacterial Lipases Appl. Envir. Microbiol., November 1, 2006; 72(11): 7406 - 7409. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.-W. Kwon, B.-Y. Kim, H.-Y. Weon, Y.-K. Baek, B.-S. Koo, and S.-J. Go Idiomarina homiensis sp. nov., isolated from seashore sand in Korea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2006; 56(Pt 9): 2229 - 2233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. D. Jean, W. Y. Shieh, and H.-H. Chiu Pseudidiomarina taiwanensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from shallow coastal water of An-Ping Harbour, Taiwan, and emended description of the family Idiomarinaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, April 1, 2006; 56(Pt 4): 899 - 905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. H. Choi and B. C. Cho Idiomarina seosinensis sp. nov., isolated from hypersaline water of a solar saltern in Korea Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, January 1, 2005; 55(1): 379 - 383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Hou, J. H. Saw, K. S. Lee, T. A. Freitas, C. Belisle, Y. Kawarabayasi, S. P. Donachie, A. Pikina, M. Y. Galperin, E. V. Koonin, et al. Genome sequence of the deep-sea {gamma}-proteobacterium Idiomarina loihiensis reveals amino acid fermentation as a source of carbon and energy PNAS, December 28, 2004; 101(52): 18036 - 18041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. P. Ivanova, S. Flavier, and R. Christen Phylogenetic relationships among marine Alteromonas-like proteobacteria: emended description of the family Alteromonadaceae and proposal of Pseudoalteromonadaceae fam. nov., Colwelliaceae fam. nov., Shewanellaceae fam. nov., Moritellaceae fam. nov., Ferrimonadaceae fam. nov., Idiomarinaceae fam. nov. and Psychromonadaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2004; 54(5): 1773 - 1788. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Martinez-Canovas, V. Bejar, F. Martinez-Checa, R. Paez, and E. Quesada Idiomarina fontislapidosi sp. nov. and Idiomarina ramblicola sp. nov., isolated from inland hypersaline habitats in Spain Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2004; 54(5): 1793 - 1797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Donachie, S. Hou, T. S. Gregory, A. Malahoff, and M. Alam Idiomarina loihiensis sp. nov., a halophilic {gamma}-Proteobacterium from the Lo'ihi submarine volcano, Hawai'i Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, November 1, 2003; 53(6): 1873 - 1879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| INT J SYST EVOL MICROBIOL | MICROBIOLOGY | J GEN VIROL |
| J MED MICROBIOL | ALL SGM JOURNALS | |
