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Desulfoluna spongiiphila sp. nov., a dehalogenating bacterium in the Desulfobacteraceae from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba

Young-Beom Ahn^1,, Lee J. Kerkhof² and Max M. Häggblom¹

¹ Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Biotechnology Center for Agriculture and the Environment, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
² Institute for Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

Correspondence
Max M. Häggblom
haggblom{at}aesop.rutgers.edu

A reductively dehalogenating, strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain AA1^T, was isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba collected in the Mediterranean Sea and was characterized phenotypically and phylogenetically. Cells of strain AA1^T were Gram-negative, short, curved rods. Growth of strain AA1^T was observed between 20 and 37 °C (optimally at 28 °C) at pH 7–8. NaCl was required for growth; optimum growth occurred in the presence of 25 g NaCl l^–1. Growth occurred with lactate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, benzoate, glucose and sodium citrate as electron donors and carbon sources and either sulfate or 2-bromophenol as electron acceptors, but not with acetate or butyrate. Strain AA1^T was able to dehalogenate several different bromophenols, and 2- and 3-iodophenol, but not monochlorinated or fluorinated phenols. Lactate, pyruvate, fumarate and malate were not utilized without an electron acceptor. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.5 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C_{14 : 0}, iso-C_{14 : 0}, C_{14 : 0} 3-OH, anteiso-C_{15 : 0}, C_{16 : 0}, C_{16 : 1}7c and C_{18 : 1}7c. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons placed the novel strain within the class Deltaproteobacteria. Strain AA1^T was related most closely to the type strains of Desulfoluna butyratoxydans (96 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Desulfofrigus oceanense (95 %) and Desulfofrigus fragile (95 %). Based on its phenotypic, physiological and phylogenetic characteristics, strain AA1^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Desulfoluna, for which the name Desulfoluna spongiiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AA1^T (=DSM 17682^T =ATCC BAA-1256^T).

Present address: Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079-9502, USA.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain AA1^T is EF187256.

T-RFLP electrophoregrams of sponge enrichments on bromophenols compared with pure culture of strain AA1^T and fatty acid profiles of strain AA1^T and related Desulfoluna and Desulfofrigus strains are available as supplementary material with the online version of this paper.