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Reclassification of the genus Leuconostoc and proposals of Fructobacillus fructosus gen. nov., comb. nov., Fructobacillus durionis comb. nov., Fructobacillus ficulneus comb. nov. and Fructobacillus pseudoficulneus comb. nov.

¹ NODAI Culture Collection Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
² Division of Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry and Narcotics, National Institute of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya, Tokyo 158–8501, Japan
³ Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
⁴ Department of Applied Biology and Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan

Correspondence
Akihito Endo
pegaman{at}hotmail.co.jp

A taxonomic study was made of the genus Leuconostoc. The species in the genus were divided into three subclusters by phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The three subclusters were the Leuconostoc mesenteroides subcluster (comprising L. carnosum, L. citreum, L. gasicomitatum, L. gelidum, L. inhae, L. kimchii, L. lactis, L. mesenteroides and L. pseudomesenteroides), the L. fructosum subcluster (L. durionis, L. ficulneum, L. fructosum and L. pseudoficulneum) and the L. fallax subcluster (L. fallax). Phylogenetic trees based on the sequences of the 16S–23S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region, the rpoC gene or the recA gene indicated a good correlation with the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The species in the L. fructosum subcluster were morphologically distinguishable from the species in the L. mesenteroides subcluster and L. fallax as species in the L. fructosum subcluster had rod-shaped cells. In addition, the four species in the L. fructosum subcluster needed an electron acceptor for the dissimilation of D-glucose and produced acetic acid from D-glucose rather than ethanol. On the basis of evidence presented in this study, it is proposed that the four species in the L. fructosum subcluster, Leuconostoc durionis, Leuconostoc ficulneum, Leuconostoc fructosum and Leuconostoc pseudoficulneum, should be transferred to a novel genus, Fructobacillus gen. nov., as Fructobacillus durionis comb. nov. (type strain D-24^T=LMG 22556^T=CCUG 49949^T), Fructobacillus ficulneus comb. nov. (type strain FS-1^T=DSM 13613^T=JCM 12225^T), Fructobacillus fructosus comb. nov. (type strain IFO 3516^T=DSM 20349^T=JCM 1119^T=NRIC 1058^T) and Fructobacillus pseudoficulneus comb. nov. (type strain LC-51^T=DSM 15468^T=CECT 5759^T). The type species of the genus Fructobacillus is Fructobacillus fructosus gen. nov., comb. nov.. No significant physiological and biochemical differences were found between the species in the L. mesenteroides subcluster and L. fallax in the present study and thus L. fallax remains as a member of the genus Leuconostoc.

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the sequences of the ISR and recA genes of L. carnosum NRIC 1722^T, L. citreum NRIC 1776^T, L. gasicomitatum JCM 12535^T, L. gelidum NRIC 1778^T, L. inhae NRIC 0562^T, L. lactis NRIC 1540^T, L. mesenteroides NRIC 1541^T, L. pseudomesenteroides NRIC 1777^T, F. durionis LMG 22556^T, F. ficulneus JCM 12225^T, F. fructosus NRIC 1058^T, F. pseudoficulneus DSM 15468^T and L. fallax NRIC 0210^T are AB290436–AB29448 and AB354939–AB354951, respectively. The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the sequences of the rpoC genes of L. inhae NRIC 0562^T, L. lactis NRIC 1540^T, F. durionis LMG 22556^T, L. gasicomitatum JCM 12535^T and L. carnosum NRIC 1722^T are AB354934–AB354938, respectively.

Additional phylogenetic trees derived from 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and constructed by using the maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods and growth curves in FYP, GYP and FGYP broth for the Leuconostoc species used in this study are available with the online version of this paper.

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