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Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov., an obligate alkaliphile that reduces indigo dye

¹ Research Institute of Genome-based Biofactory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukisamu-Higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo 062-8517, Japan
² Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
³ Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan
⁴ Institute for Biological Resources and Functions, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan

Correspondence
Isao Yumoto
i.yumoto{at}aist.go.jp

Indigo-reducing, obligately alkaliphilic strains A11^T, F11 and F12 were isolated from indigo fermentation liquor obtained from Tokushima Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. The isolates grew at pH 9.0–12.3, but not at pH 7.0–8.0. The optimum pH range for growth was 9.5–11.5. They were Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped strains with peritrichous flagella. The isolates grew in 0–14 % (w/v) NaCl, with optimum growth at 1–11 %. They grew at temperatures of 15–35 °C with optimum growth at around 20–30 °C. DL-Lactate was the major end product from D-glucose. No quinones were detected. The peptidoglycan type was A4, L-Lys (L-Orn)–D-Asp. The major cellular fatty acids were C_{16 : 0}, C_{16 : 1}7c and C_{18 : 1}9c. The DNA G+C contents were 47.0–47.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data indicated that the isolates belong to the genus Alkalibacterium. DNA–DNA hybridization revealed low relatedness values between the isolates and the three phylogenetically most closely related species, Alkalibacterium olivapovliticus, Alkalibacterium psychrotolerans and Alkalibacterium iburiense (<41 %). On the basis of phenotypic characteristics, including hydrolysis of cellulose and fermentation of carbohydrates, and chemotaxonomic characteristics, phylogenetic data and DNA–DNA relatedness data, it is concluded that the isolates merit classification as representatives of a novel species of the genus Alkalibacterium, for which the name Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of this species is A11^T (=JCM 14232^T=NCIMB 14253^T).

The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains A11^T, F11 and F12 are AB268549–AB268551, respectively.

A supplementary table showing the fatty acid profiles of Alkalibacterium indicireducens sp. nov. and related species is available with the online version of this paper.