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Marichromatium bheemlicum sp. nov., a non-diazotrophic, photosynthetic gammaproteobacterium from a marine aquaculture pond

¹ Bacterial Discovery Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Institute of Science and Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad 500 085, India
² Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, PO Central University, Hyderabad 500 046, India
³ Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften, IFM-GEOMAR, Marine Mikrobiologie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany

Correspondence
Ch. Sasikala
r449{at}sify.com or
sasi449{at}yahoo.ie

A rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple sulfur bacterium, strain JA124^T, was isolated in pure culture from a marine aquaculture pond, located near Bhimunipatnam, in a medium that contained 3 % NaCl (w/v). Strain JA124^T is a Gram-negative, motile rod with a single polar flagellum. Strain JA124^T has a requirement for NaCl, with optimum growth at 1.5–8.5 %, and tolerates up to 11 % NaCl. Intracellular photosynthetic membranes are of the vesicular type. Bacteriochlorophyll a and probably carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series are present as photosynthetic pigments. Strain JA124^T was able to utilize sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfate, sulfite, thioglycollate and cysteine as sulfur sources. Strain JA124^T was able to grow photolithoautotrophically, photolithoheterotrophically and photo-organoheterotrophically. Chemotrophic and fermentative growth could not be demonstrated. Strain JA124^T lacks diazotrophic growth and acetylene reduction activity. Pyridoxal phosphate is required for growth. During growth on reduced sulfur sources as electron donors, sulfur is deposited intermediately as a number of small granules within the cell. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JA124^T clusters with species of the genus Marichromatium belonging to the class Gammaproteobacteria. The highest sequence similarities of strain JA124^T were found with the type strains of Marichromatium indicum (98 %), Marichromatium purpuratum (95 %) and Marichromatium gracile (93 %). However, DNA–DNA hybridization with Marichromatium indicum DSM 15907^T revealed relatedness of only 65 % with strain JA124^T. The DNA base composition of strain JA124^T was 67 mol% G+C (by HPLC). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, morphological and physiological characteristics and DNA–DNA hybridization studies, strain JA124^T (=ATCC BAA-1316^T=JCM 13911^T) is sufficiently different from other Marichromatium species to merit its description as the type strain of a novel species, Marichromatium bheemlicum sp. nov.

Phase-contrast and electron micrograph images of cells of strain JA124^T and absorption spectra of a whole-cell extract and acetone-extracted pigments are available as supplementary material with the online version of this paper.

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