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1 Food Safety and Quality National Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, 5403 1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
4 Calgary Zoo Animal Health Centre, 1625 Centre Avenue E, Calgary, AB, T2E 8K2, Canada
Correspondence
G. Douglas Inglis
inglisd{at}agr.gc.ca
Ten isolates of an unknown Campylobacter species were isolated from cloacal swabs obtained from captive adult whooping cranes (Grus americana). All isolates were identified as Campylobacter based on generic PCR and grouped with other Campylobacter species based on 23S rRNA gene sequence. None of the isolates could be identified by species-specific PCR for known taxa, and all ten isolates formed a robust clade that was very distinct from known Campylobacter species based on 16S rRNA, rpoB and cpn60 gene sequences. The results of 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequence (
92 % sequence similarity to recognized Campylobacter species) and genomic DNA (no detectable relatedness) analyses were consistent with novel species status. Cells of the Campylobacter from whooping cranes were uniflagellar and typically sigmoid to allantoid in shape (0.48 µm wide and 2.61 µm long), but also spheroid to coccoid (0.59 µm wide and 0.73 µm long). The bacterium was oxidase-positive, able to reduce nitrite, able to grow at 3 ° and 42 °C, and grew anaerobically, as well as in an atmosphere devoid of H2, and on MacConkey agar. It was not 
-haemolytic and was negative for hippurate and indoxyl acetate hydrolysis and alkaline phosphatase. It also was susceptible to cephalotin and was unable to grow on nutrient agar, on a medium containing 3.5 % NaCl or in ambient O2. The bacterium was unable to grow at 25 °C and growth was negative or very restricted at 30 °C. Fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis indicated that nine of the recovered isolates were genetically distinct. A species-specific primer set targeting the cpn60 gene was developed. The name Campylobacter canadensis sp. nov. is proposed for the novel species, with the type strain L266T (=CCUG 54429T =LMG 24001T).
The GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession numbers for the 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA, rpoB and cpn60 gene sequences of the novel isolates determined in this study are EF621904 and EF621905 (23S rRNA), EF621894–EF621903 (16S rRNA), EF621885–EF621893 (rpoB) and EF621906–EF621915 (cpn60), as detailed in Figs 2–5; the accession numbers for strain L266T are respectively EF621904, EF621894, EF621885 and EF621906.
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