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Halomonas neptunia sp. nov., Halomonas sulfidaeris sp. nov., Halomonas axialensis sp. nov. and Halomonas hydrothermalis sp. nov.: halophilic bacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal-vent environments

¹ University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
² Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain

Correspondence
Jonathan Z. Kaye
jzkaye{at}ocean.washington.edu

To assess the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of culturable halophilic bacteria in deep-sea hydrothermal-vent environments, six isolates obtained from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, sulfide rock and hydrothermal plumes in North and South Pacific Ocean vent fields located at 1530–2580 m depth were fully characterized. Three strains were isolated on media that contained oligotrophic concentrations of organic carbon (0·002 % yeast extract). Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that all strains belonged to the genus Halomonas in the -subclass of the Proteobacteria. Consistent with previously described species, the novel strains were slightly to moderately halophilic and grew in media containing up to 22–27 % total salts. The isolates grew at temperatures as low as -1 to 2 °C and had temperature optima of 30 or 20–35 °C. Both the minimum and optimum temperatures for growth were similar to those of Antarctic and sea-ice Halomonas species and lower than typically observed for the genus as a whole. Phenotypic tests revealed that the isolates were physiologically versatile and tended to have more traits in common with each other than with closely related Halomonas species, presumably a reflection of their common deep-sea, hydrothermal-vent habitat of origin. The G+C content of the DNA for all strains was 56·0–57·6 mol%, and DNA–DNA hybridization experiments revealed that four strains (Eplume1^T, Esulfide1^T, Althf1^T and Slthf2^T) represented novel species and that two strains (Eplume2 and Slthf1) were related to Halomonas meridiana. The proposed new species names are Halomonas neptunia (type strain Eplume1^T=ATCC BAA-805^T=CECT 5815^T=DSM 15720^T), Halomonas sulfidaeris (type strain Esulfide1^T=ATCC BAA-803^T=CECT 5817^T=DSM 15722^T), Halomonas axialensis (type strain Althf1^T=ATCC BAA-802^T=CECT 5812^T=DSM 15723^T) and Halomonas hydrothermalis (type strain Slthf2^T=ATCC BAA-800^T=CECT 5814^T=DSM 15725^T).

Published online ahead of print on 31 October 2003 as DOI 10.1099/ijs.0.02799-0.

The GenBank accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains Eplume1^T, Eplume2, Esulfide1^T, Althf1^T, Slthf1 and Slthf2^T are respectively AF212202, AF212201, AF212204, AF212206, AF212217 and AF212218.

Details of growth rates of the novel isolates under varying temperatures and salt concentrations, transmission electron micrographs of cells and a 16S rDNA-based maximum-likelihood tree including a wider range of reference species are available as supplementary material in IJSEM Online.

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