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International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, Vol 51, 2145-2165, Copyright © 2001 by Society for General Microbiology

Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and 'HGE agent' as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila

JS Dumler, AF Barbet, CPJ Bekker, GA Dasch, GH Palmer, SC Ray, Y Rikihisa and FR Rurangirwa
Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Meyer B1-193, 600 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA

The genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Cowdria, Neorickettsia and Wolbachia encompass a group of obligate intracellular bacteria that reside in vacuoles of eukaryotic cells and were previously placed in taxa based upon morphological, ecological, epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Recent genetic analyses of 16S rRNA genes, groESL and surface protein genes have indicated that the existing taxa designations are flawed. All 16S rRNA gene and groESL sequences deposited in GenBank prior to 2000 and selected sequences deposited thereafter were aligned and phylogenetic trees and bootstrap values were calculated using the neighbour-joining method and compared with trees generated with maximum-probability, maximum-likelihood, majority-rule consensus and parsimony methods. Supported by bootstrap probabilities of at least 54%, 16S rRNA gene comparisons consistently clustered to yield four distinct clades characterized roughly as Anaplasma (including the Ehrlichia phagocytophila group, Ehrlichia platys and Ehrlichia bovis) with a minimum of 96.1% similarity, Ehrlichia (including Cowdria ruminantium) with a minimum of 97.7% similarity, Wolbachia with a minimum of 95.6% similarity and Neorickettsia (including Ehrlichia sennetsu and Ehrlichia risticii) with a minimum of 94.9% similarity. Maximum similarity between clades ranged from 87.1 to 94.9%. Insufficient differences existed among E. phagocytophila, Ehrlichia equi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent to support separate species designations, and this group was at least 98.2% similar to any Anaplasma species. These 16S rRNA gene analyses are strongly supported by similar groESL clades, as well as biological and antigenic characteristics. It is proposed that all members of the tribes Ehrlichieae and Wolbachieae be transferred to the family Anaplasmataceae and that the tribe structure of the family Rickettsiaceae be eliminated. The genus Anaplasma should be emended to include Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) phagocytophila comb. nov. (which also encompasses the former E. equi and the HGE agent), Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) bovis comb. nov. and Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) platys comb. nov., the genus Ehrlichia should be emended to include Ehrlichia (Cowdria) ruminantium comb. nov. and the genus Neorickettsia should be emended to include Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) risticii comb. nov. and Neorickettsia (Ehrlichia) sennetsu comb. nov.


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A. Draghi II, V. L. Popov, M. M. Kahl, J. B. Stanton, C. C. Brown, G. J. Tsongalis, A. B. West, and S. Frasca Jr.
Characterization of "Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis" (Order Chlamydiales), a Chlamydia-Like Bacterium Associated With Epitheliocystis in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2004; 42(11): 5286 - 5297.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CVIHome page
D. G. Scorpio, M. Akkoyunlu, E. Fikrig, and J. S. Dumler
CXCR2 Blockade Influences Anaplasma phagocytophilum Propagation but Not Histopathology in the Mouse Model of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2004; 11(5): 963 - 968.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. W. IJdo and A. C. Mueller
Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase Is Reduced at the Anaplasma phagocytophilum Phagosome
Infect. Immun., September 1, 2004; 72(9): 5392 - 5401.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
M. Kawahara, Y. Rikihisa, E. Isogai, M. Takahashi, H. Misumi, C. Suto, S. Shibata, C. Zhang, and M. Tsuji
Ultrastructure and phylogenetic analysis of 'Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis' in the family Anaplasmataceae, isolated from wild rats and found in Ixodes ovatus ticks
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, September 1, 2004; 54(5): 1837 - 1843.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Pathol.Home page
J. P. Olano, G. Wen, H.-M. Feng, J. W. McBride, and D. H. Walker
Histologic, Serologic, and Molecular Analysis of Persistent Ehrlichiosis in a Murine Model
Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2004; 165(3): 997 - 1006.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
J.-z. Zhang, H. Guo, G. M. Winslow, and X.-j. Yu
Expression of Members of the 28-Kilodalton Major Outer Membrane Protein Family of Ehrlichia chaffeensis during Persistent Infection
Infect. Immun., August 1, 2004; 72(8): 4336 - 4343.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. A. Carlyon, D. A. Latif, M. Pypaert, P. Lacy, and E. Fikrig
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Utilizes Multiple Host Evasion Mechanisms To Thwart NADPH Oxidase-Mediated Killing during Neutrophil Infection
Infect. Immun., August 1, 2004; 72(8): 4772 - 4783.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
Y. Rikihisa, C. Zhang, M. Kanter, Z. Cheng, N. Ohashi, and T. Fukuda
Analysis of p51, groESL, and the Major Antigen P51 in Various Species of Neorickettsia, an Obligatory Intracellular Bacterium That Infects Trematodes and Mammals
J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2004; 42(8): 3823 - 3826.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
H. Polin, P. Hufnagl, R. Haunschmid, F. Gruber, and G. Ladurner
Molecular Evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus Ticks and Wild Animals in Austria
J. Clin. Microbiol., May 1, 2004; 42(5): 2285 - 2286.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Pathol.Home page
M Bayard-Mc Neeley, A Bansal, I Chowdhury, G Girao, C B Small, K Seiter, J Nelson, D Liveris, I Schwartz, D F Mc Neeley, et al.
In vivo and in vitro studies on Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of the myeloid cells of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
J. Clin. Pathol., May 1, 2004; 57(5): 499 - 503.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Microbiol. Rev.Home page
D. A. Drevets, P. J. M. Leenen, and R. A. Greenfield
Invasion of the Central Nervous System by Intracellular Bacteria
Clin. Microbiol. Rev., April 1, 2004; 17(2): 323 - 347.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Wildl DisHome page
L. A. Magnarelli, J. W. IJdo, U. Ramakrishnan, D. W. Henderson, K. C. Stafford III, and E. Fikrig
USE OF RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS OF BORRELIA BURGDORFERI AND ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILUM IN ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS TO DETECT ANTIBODIES IN WHITE-TAILED DEER
J. Wildl. Dis., April 1, 2004; 40(2): 249 - 258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 MicrobiologyHome page
A. N. J. Casey, R. J. Birtles, A. D. Radford, K. J. Bown, N. P. French, Z. Woldehiwet, and N. H. Ogden
Groupings of highly similar major surface protein (p44)-encoding paralogues: a potential index of genetic diversity amongst isolates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Microbiology, March 1, 2004; 150(3): 727 - 734.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
S. Felek, S. Telford III, R. C. Falco, and Y. Rikihisa
Sequence Analysis of p44 Homologs Expressed by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Infected Ticks Feeding on Naive Hosts and in Mice Infected by Tick Attachment
Infect. Immun., February 1, 2004; 72(2): 659 - 666.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Appl. Environ. Microbiol.Home page
M. J. Benson, J. D. Gawronski, D. E. Eveleigh, and D. R. Benson
Intracellular Symbionts and Other Bacteria Associated with Deer Ticks (Ixodes scapularis) from Nantucket and Wellfleet, Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Appl. Envir. Microbiol., January 1, 2004; 70(1): 616 - 620.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
J. Park, K.-S. Choi, D. J. Grab, and J. S. Dumler
Divergent Interactions of Ehrlichia chaffeensis- and Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Infected Leukocytes with Endothelial Cell Barriers
Infect. Immun., December 1, 2003; 71(12): 6728 - 6733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
F. Fenollar, B. La Scola, H. Inokuma, J. S. Dumler, M. J. Taylor, and D. Raoult
Culture and Phenotypic Characterization of a Wolbachia pipientis Isolate
J. Clin. Microbiol., December 1, 2003; 41(12): 5434 - 5441.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
F. D. von Loewenich, B. U. Baumgarten, K. Schroppel, W. Geissdorfer, M. Rollinghoff, and C. Bogdan
High Diversity of ankA Sequences of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among Ixodes ricinus Ticks in Germany
J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2003; 41(11): 5033 - 5040.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
Y. Rikihisa, C. Zhang, and B. M. Christensen
Molecular Characterization of Aegyptianella pullorum (Rickettsiales, Anaplasmataceae)
J. Clin. Microbiol., November 1, 2003; 41(11): 5294 - 5297.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J Med MicrobiolHome page
X.-F. Zhang, J.-Z. Zhang, S. W. Long, R. P. Ruble, and X.-J. Yu
Experimental Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in beagles
J. Med. Microbiol., November 1, 2003; 52(11): 1021 - 1026.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
J. A. Carlyon, M. Akkoyunlu, L. Xia, T. Yago, T. Wang, R. D. Cummings, R. P. McEver, and E. Fikrig
Murine neutrophils require {alpha}1,3-fucosylation but not PSGL-1 for productive infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Blood, November 1, 2003; 102(9): 3387 - 3395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Clin. Microbiol. Rev.Home page
K. M. Kocan, J. de la Fuente, A. A. Guglielmone, and R. D. Melendez
Antigens and Alternatives for Control of Anaplasma marginale Infection in Cattle
Clin. Microbiol. Rev., October 1, 2003; 16(4): 698 - 712.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
A. M. Liddell, S. L. Stockham, M. A. Scott, J. W. Sumner, C. D. Paddock, M. Gaudreault-Keener, M. Q. Arens, and G. A. Storch
Predominance of Ehrlichia ewingii in Missouri Dogs
J. Clin. Microbiol., October 1, 2003; 41(10): 4617 - 4622.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Yago, A. Leppanen, J. A. Carlyon, M. Akkoyunlu, S. Karmakar, E. Fikrig, R. D. Cummings, and R. P. McEver
Structurally Distinct Requirements for Binding of P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 and Sialyl Lewis x to Anaplasma phagocytophilum and P-selectin
J. Biol. Chem., September 26, 2003; 278(39): 37987 - 37997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CVIHome page
J. P. Olano, W. Hogrefe, B. Seaton, and D. H. Walker
Clinical Manifestations, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Monocytotropic Ehrlichiosis in a Commercial Laboratory Setting
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2003; 10(5): 891 - 896.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CVIHome page
K. J. Sumption, E. A. Paxton, and L. Bell-Sakyi
Development of a Polyclonal Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2003; 10(5): 910 - 916.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 CVIHome page
L. Bell-Sakyi, E. B. M. Koney, O. Dogbey, K. J. Sumption, A. R. Walker, A. Bath, and F. Jongejan
Detection by Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays of Antibodies to Ehrlichia ruminantium in Field Sera Collected from Sheep and Cattle in Ghana
Clin. Vaccine Immunol., September 1, 2003; 10(5): 917 - 925.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
U. G. Munderloh, C. M. Tate, M. J. Lynch, E. W. Howerth, T. J. Kurtti, and W. R. Davidson
Isolation of an Anaplasma sp. Organism from White-Tailed Deer by Tick Cell Culture
J. Clin. Microbiol., September 1, 2003; 41(9): 4328 - 4335.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
A. D. Loftis, R. F. Massung, and M. L. Levin
Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Detection of Ehrlichia chaffeensis
J. Clin. Microbiol., August 1, 2003; 41(8): 3870 - 3872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
J. S. Dumler, K. M. Asanovich, and J. S. Bakken
Analysis of Genetic Identity of North American Anaplasma phagocytophilum Strains by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
J. Clin. Microbiol., July 1, 2003; 41(7): 3392 - 3394.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am J Trop Med HygHome page
H. K. GOETHERT and S. R. TELFORD III
ENZOOTIC TRANSMISSION OF THE AGENT OF HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS AMONG COTTONTAIL RABBITS
Am J Trop Med Hyg, June 1, 2003; 68(6): 633 - 637.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.Home page
F. Fenollar, M. Maurin, and D. Raoult
Wolbachia pipientis Growth Kinetics and Susceptibilities to 13 Antibiotics Determined by Immunofluorescence Staining and Real-Time PCR
Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., May 1, 2003; 47(5): 1665 - 1671.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am J Trop Med HygHome page
W.-C. CAO, Q.-M. ZHAO, P.-H. ZHANG, H. YANG, X.-M. WU, B.-H. WEN, X.-T. ZHANG, and J. D. F. HABBEMA
PREVALENCE OF ANAPLASMA PHAGOCYTOPHILA AND BORRELIA BURGDORFERI IN IXODES PERSULCATUS TICKS FROM NORTHEASTERN CHINA
Am J Trop Med Hyg, May 1, 2003; 68(5): 547 - 550.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 BloodHome page
D. L. Borjesson, S. I. Simon, E. Hodzic, H. E. V. DeCock, C. M. Ballantyne, and S. W. Barthold
Roles of neutrophil beta 2 integrins in kinetics of bacteremia, extravasation, and tick acquisition of Anaplasma phagocytophila in mice
Blood, April 15, 2003; 101(8): 3257 - 3264.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
H. Scaife, Z. Woldehiwet, C. A. Hart, and S. W. Edwards
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Reduces Neutrophil Apoptosis In Vivo
Infect. Immun., April 1, 2003; 71(4): 1995 - 2001.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 Infect. Immun.Home page
N. H. Ogden, A. N. J. Casey, Z. Woldehiwet, and N. P. French
Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to Ixodes ricinus Ticks from Sheep in the Acute and Post-Acute Phases of Infection
Infect. Immun., April 1, 2003; 71(4): 2071 - 2078.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
P. Parola, J.-P. Cornet, Y. O. Sanogo, R. S. Miller, H. V. Thien, J.-P. Gonzalez, D. Raoult, S. R. Telford III, and C. Wongsrichanalai
Detection of Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Rickettsia spp., and Other Eubacteria in Ticks from the Thai-Myanmar Border and Vietnam
J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1600 - 1608.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
J. de la Fuente, R. A. Van Den Bussche, T. M. Prado, and K. M. Kocan
Anaplasma marginale msp1{alpha} Genotypes Evolved under Positive Selection Pressure but Are Not Markers for Geographic Isolates
J. Clin. Microbiol., April 1, 2003; 41(4): 1609 - 1616.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am J Trop Med HygHome page
A. L. RICHARDS, S. RATIWAYANTO, E. RAHARDJO, D. J. KELLY, G. A. DASCH, D. J. FRYAUFF, and M. J. BANGS
SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF INFECTION WITH EHRLICHIAE AND SPOTTED FEVER GROUP RICKETTSIAE AMONG RESIDENTS OF GAG ISLAND, INDONESIA
Am J Trop Med Hyg, April 1, 2003; 68(4): 480 - 484.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Immunol.Home page
W. C. Brown, K. A. Brayton, C. M. Styer, and G. H. Palmer
The Hypervariable Region of Anaplasma marginale Major Surface Protein 2 (MSP2) Contains Multiple Immunodominant CD4+ T Lymphocyte Epitopes That Elicit Variant-Specific Proliferative and IFN-{gamma} Responses in MSP2 Vaccinates
J. Immunol., April 1, 2003; 170(7): 3790 - 3798.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.Home page
A.-V. Taillardat-Bisch, D. Raoult, and M. Drancourt
RNA polymerase {beta}-subunit-based phylogeny of Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Neorickettsia spp. and Wolbachia pipientis
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol, March 1, 2003; 53(2): 455 - 458.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Clin. Microbiol.Home page
M. Q. Arens, A. M. Liddell, G. Buening, M. Gaudreault-Keener, J. W. Sumner, J. A. Comer, R. S. Buller, and G. A. Storch
Detection of Ehrlichia spp. in the Blood of Wild White-Tailed Deer in Missouri by PCR Assay and Serologic Analysis
J. Clin. Microbiol., March 1, 2003; 41(3): 1263 - 1265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Vet PatholHome page
C. Arraga-Alvarado, M. Palmar, O. Parra, and P. Salas
Ehrlichia platys (Anaplasma platys) in Dogs from Maracaibo, Venezuela: An Ultrastructural Study of Experimental and Natural Infections
Vet. Pathol., March 1, 2003; 40(2): 149 - 156.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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